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Tail-Anchored Protein Insertion Under Er Stress Conditions: Calcium Is Key, Matthew Jordan, Malaiyalam Mariappan
Tail-Anchored Protein Insertion Under Er Stress Conditions: Calcium Is Key, Matthew Jordan, Malaiyalam Mariappan
The Yale Undergraduate Research Journal
Tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins are critical for protein translocation, intracellular trafficking, and programmed cell death. TA proteins contain hydrophobic transmembrane domains and traverse through the cytosol to post-translationally insert into cellular membranes. It is unclear how this post-translational insertion is affected by Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we find that TA protein insertion is significantly reduced with ER stress inducer thapsigargin (Tg), a calcium pump inhibitor that blocks the import of calcium into the ER causing ER stress, but not when treated with other ER stress inducers. Interestingly, out data suggests that increased calcium in the cytosol may decrease TA …
Investigating Factors That Affect Hiv-1 Capsid Stability, Max Mao, Joshua Temple
Investigating Factors That Affect Hiv-1 Capsid Stability, Max Mao, Joshua Temple
The Yale Undergraduate Research Journal
TKH HIV caSVLd, a SURWHLQ VKHOO cRPSRVHd RI PRQRPHULc XQLWV RI CA, IRUPV a IXOOHUHQH cRQH WKaW SURWHcWV HIV¶V YLUaO JHQRPH aQd enzymes during infection. I am interested in elucidating the factors that influence stability of the capsid shell and capturing the structural interactions between HIV capsid, host restriction factors, and small molecules using biochemical and structural biology techniques. HIV capsid shell was broken down and purified into hexamer and pentamer units for in vitro study. Structural assays were performed using X-ray crystallography and biochemical analysis was performed using pelleting assays. By understanding capsid structure with factors that confer stability, …
Altering Sensory Learning By Chronic Inactivation Of Vip Interneurons, Christopher Alba, Hannah Selwyn, Katie Ferguson, Jessica Cardin
Altering Sensory Learning By Chronic Inactivation Of Vip Interneurons, Christopher Alba, Hannah Selwyn, Katie Ferguson, Jessica Cardin
The Yale Undergraduate Research Journal
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing interneurons (VIP-INs) play a key role in the regulation of cortical circuits and are implicated in perceptual function and psychiatric disease. However, their role in perceptual augmentation and learning remains understudied. We performed chronic, localized ablation of VIP-INs in the primary visual cortex of adult mice using caspase-induced apoptosis to better understand how VIP-INs contribute to visual perception and the ability to learn a visual detection task. We find that chronic VIP-IN ablation does not affect naïve performance on a full-screen visual contrast detection task. However, mice with suppressed levels of VIP-INs achieved their final expert state …
A Comparison Of The Evolution, Structure, And Function Of Sars-Cov And Sars-Cov-2 Spike Proteins, Tai Michaels
A Comparison Of The Evolution, Structure, And Function Of Sars-Cov And Sars-Cov-2 Spike Proteins, Tai Michaels
The Yale Undergraduate Research Journal
As the COVID-19 pandemic has developed into the largest pandemic of the twenty-first century, it has become apparent that this disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is unlike anything the modern world has faced before. Not only has the disease infected more than 16 million people worldwide, but its rapid spread has drawn global attention to the gaps in our understanding of its pathogenesis and the development of vaccines and treatments. One of the most important topics of research in the disease is the viral spike (S) protein which facilitates binding and entering host cells and plays a key role …
High-Spatial-Resolution Transcriptomic Map Of The Mouse Lymph Node Microenvironment Using Deterministic Barcoding, Archibald Enninful, Yang Liu, Rong Fan
High-Spatial-Resolution Transcriptomic Map Of The Mouse Lymph Node Microenvironment Using Deterministic Barcoding, Archibald Enninful, Yang Liu, Rong Fan
The Yale Undergraduate Research Journal
Spatial transcriptomics is an emerging approach which characterizes gene expression profiles for a more nuanced understanding of biological processes at a tissue level. This offers significant advantages over traditional omics which require the digestion of tissues and subsequent isolation of cells, during which the spatial information is completely lost. Lymph nodes are an integral part of the immune system and an in-depth analysis of its spatial organization will provide useful insights which can be applicable in the development of novel immunotherapies. In this study, the mouse lymph node is characterized using the newly developed microfluidic-based approach, Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue …