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Erotic Ecology In Ovid's Heroides, Noah Holt

Foreign Languages & Literatures ETDs

This project demonstrates that natural imagery in the Heroides is an emotionally charged space that exists as more than just background description. The first chapter explores how descriptions of the pastoral landscape reflect the shifting love affair of Oenone and Paris: when the love is reciprocal, the pastoral landscape is idyllic and peaceful; once Oenone realizes her attempt to win Paris back is futile, the pastoral landscape becomes more antagonistic. Ultimately, Oenone’s rusticitas proves to be incompatible with Paris’ newly acquired cultus, which I suggest can be read as an expression of the opposition between modern refinement and renewal …

The Slow Violence Of Eco-Apocalypse In The Poetry Of José Emilio Pacheco, Niels H. Christensen

Theses and Dissertations

Over the course of his fifty-year career, Mexican writer José Emilio Pacheco has almost habitually written poetry about environmental themes especially those related to pollution, extraction, deforestation, and other related themes of destruction. Simultaneously, his work has engaged with questions of temporality, namely the passing of time and the inherent violence of such questions. In this essay, I examine a selection of Pacheco's poetry from the 1970s to the early 2000s, demonstrating Pacheco's marrying of the two concepts: environmental degradation and time. This marriage results in a provocative synthesis of eco-apocalypse, a phenomenon that details a paradoxical end that never …

From Captive To Captor: Hannah Duston And The Indian Removal Act, Olivia Cronquist

Theses and Dissertations

In 1697 Massachusetts settler Hannah Duston was taken captive by a group of Abenaki Indians. Duston and her companions escaped captivity by using a tomahawk to kill ten of her captors. Within her captivity narrative, Duston inhabits the role of captor rather than captive, providing a literary framework for reading and understanding the process of Indian Removal in the nineteenth century. Like white captives in the early colonial period, Native Americans in the nineteenth century faced pressure to assimilate, forced marches through unfamiliar territory, and acts of shocking violence like the Wounded Knee Massacre. During this time period, the United …

Pacification Gone Awry: The U.S Failure To Underpin Hearts And Minds In South Vietnam, 1966–1968, Simon Mai

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Throughout the escalation of American involvement in Vietnam from 1964 – 1968, one key strategy focused on pacification – the winning of the allegiance of South Vietnamese civilians to the Saigon-based Government of Vietnam (GVN). This paper will argue that American/GVN implementation of pacification programs at the provincial and village level revealed three fundamental factors that proved fatal and counterproductive. These factors were the political and social entrenchment of the Viet Cong or National Liberation Front (NLF), the provincial cronyism and corruption of GVN, and the indiscriminate application of American firepower in support of General William Westmoreland’s strategy of …

The Revival Of Termination: Fragmenting John Collier’S Bureau Of Indian Affairs, Jacob Taylor

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: The Indian New Deal has been studied through two opposing lenses. Some historians attempt to paint John Collier, Bureau Commissioner under President Roosevelt, as a visionary who attempted to save Native American sovereignty while others denounce his legislation and time in office as ill-fated and corrupt. These two opposing views fail to illustrate the broader context of Collier’s BIA and do not provide an explanation for the ultimate failure of the Indian New Deal. Furthermore, they offer a largely monocausal explanation for the failure of the Indian New Deal. I argue that the BIA had been faltering for a …

The Cause And Effect Of Paramilitary Groups, Ryan Hill

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: In my paper, I talk about the reasons why paramilitary groups form while listing examples of groups for each factor. I go over items such as vigilantism and I bring up examples of groups in South Africa, such the People Against Gangsterism and Drugs who originally was a political group who staged protests and marches asking the police and government to do something about the gangs which were taking over the community. They later morphed in a vigilante group who began bombing and assassinating drug lords. Ideology is another item I bring up and I use the IRA as …

Sicut Regale: An Analysis Of The Sovereignty And Rule Of The Welsh Marcher Lords, Luke Lambert

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The Welsh kingdoms originally retained their independence after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, but most Normans given fiefs along the Welsh borders gradually expanded into Wales. The result of this ambition was the Marcher Lordships. Warfare was commonplace and lasted until the last Welsh prince was subdued in 1282. Due to the importance of their defensive roles, Marcher lords received or seized authority generally reserved for the crown elsewhere in the realm. They presided over court cases and had their own law codes, often a mix of Norman and native Welsh law codes. Most Marcher Lords commanded sizeable …

Born And Bred In Blood: The Fall Of The Aztec Empire, Melina Arciniega

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521 was a surprising feat given the well-known, vast power, and fighting capabilities of the Aztec people. Many questions since then have arisen as to how such a mighty empire had so rapidly fallen. These theories hold implications that the Aztecs were victims to the incoming disease, famine, and domination inflicted by the Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes. Alongside these proposals I suggest that by examining archaeological and historical evidence, the Aztec traditional practices were also responsible for its society’s collapse. By identifying the significance of the human sacrifices, the cultural, political, and economical …

Changes In The Relationship Between The Horus And Seth: Settling The Score, Gabrielle Goodwin

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

As can be seen in Ancient Egyptian mythology, the gods Horus and Set had a rocky relationship that was most often represented as bitter rivalry. They both contended for the throne left empty by Osiris after his death with Horus eventually emerging victorious. Rather than remaining static in narrative and character, this is a story consistently tweaked across the fabric of Ancient Egyptian history. The Horus and Set of the Archaic Period are very different gods from the Horus and Set of the Late Period though the base story remains the same. By looking at the material and visual culture …

The Manifestation Of Total War In The Mexican Revolution, Craig J. Verniest

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: The concept of total war is typically conceived of as the entirety of a nation’s or other belligerent’s resources and the spheres of non-combatant, civilian-centered life being drawn into the conflict. Total war also includes the methods of warfare being conducted with the intent of exhibiting complete destruction on an enemy’s forces and moral. Although total war in the Mexican Revolution is not typically, if ever, discussed in its historiography, I am arguing that the Mexican Revolution exhibited implementation of total war in its warfare, and therefore should be discussed in its historiography to similar degrees as that of …

The Kings Have Daddy Issues: Masculinity And Generational Kingship Of The Plantagenet Dynasty, Richard Merrell

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Masculinity studies owes a great debt to sociologist R. W. Connell, whose ideas on hegemonic masculinity have created a rich and fruitful field of study. The application of masculinity studies in medieval history is a similarly new field, dominated by Marc Ormrod’s broadly focused studies of the times. My paper does two things: it narrows Ormrod’s focus while introducing a new element of inquiry into the intergenerational relationships that reveal learned masculinity and the creation of symbols of power in Medieval England. I will focus on King Edward III; Edward the Black Prince, and King Richard II to examine …

Settling In A Foreign Land: Women’S Experiences In Exile In Latvian Writer Irma Grebzde’S Prose Fiction, Ingrīda Kupšāne, Sandra Meškova

Journal of International Women's Studies

Exile is a central motif of 20th century European culture, and literature was often tied to historical events throughout this century, especially during World War II. In Latvian literature, this motif was partially the result of the emigration of a great part of the population in 1944; many were fleeing direct warfare and the return of the Soviet army, escaping from Latvia. This paper examines the peculiarities of women’s experiences in exile in the prose fiction of Latvian émigré writer Irma Grebzde (1912–2000). Grebzde was among those 250,000 Latvians who fled as fugitives in 1944 for Sweden and Germany and …

National Identity Attachment And Its Variables, Tri Windari

Journal of International Women's Studies

National identity and nationalism have continued to influence economic, social, and political behavior despite their fluidity in a globalized and modernized world. Drawing on Benedict Anderson’s concept of “imagined communities” and the Social Identity Theory by Henri Tajfel and John Turner, national identity as a part of social identity is dynamic and plastic. It is relatively influenced by external and internal factors of individuals, including time and space. This fluid trait makes national identity difficult to explain and measure. This study utilizes a qualitative method based on secondary sources to analyze national identity attachment variables that affect it by focusing …

Project Mkultra: How The Cia Used The Cold War To Commit Horrors On Us Citizens, Dawson M. Neely

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s covert mind-control program, began in 1953 and operated throughout the 1960s. Evidence from a number of sources, including the transcripts from the Church Committee hearings (1975), and several news reports uncovered the atrocities of the program. One victim of MKULTRA described the effects of his treatment (for falsely diagnosed psychosomatic leg pain) as “mental rape.” These therapies ranged from electroshock, to being unwittingly drugged with LSD. The Church Committee found that these horrific events were not isolated, but rather conducted within universities, research foundations, and even prisons. The Washington Post later editorialized that lawsuits were …

From Counterinsurgency To Chemical Warfare: Technology Dependence And Agent Orange, Sophia Johnson

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy approved the use of chemical defoliants in Vietnam. Taking British use of chemical defoliants during the Malayan Emergency as precedent, American counterinsurgency efforts used the potent “rainbow” herbicides to destroy enemy crops and jungle foliage. Although the use of Agent Orange was intended to be a limited counterinsurgency tactic, the rapid escalation of Agent Orange’s use, negligence in ensuring its safety, and its auxiliary intentional use on humans all indicate an irresponsible exercise in chemical warfare on behalf of the U.S. government. Sources examined include monographs such as David Zierler’s Invention of Ecocide: Agent …

Seamen And Sinners: Piracy And The Labor Culture Of The Early Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World, Avonlea Bowthorpe

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Between 1700 and 1730, the British Atlantic was significantly influenced by two compelling forces. The first was the continued and accelerating growth of competing European empires in the region, who in this period endeavored to define and protect their territorial boundaries whilst setting up profitable economic systems of production and commerce within them. The second was that of the pirates of the Atlantic, who, in a final crescendo of violence and destruction, would take hundreds of ships, disrupt highly valuable trade, and engage in bloody warfare with the Royal Navy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the …

The Blood Logs: Factors In The U.S. Decision To Classify The Japanese Biological And Chemical Warfare Program, Linda R. Zhang

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: The Japanese Imperial Army maintained chemical and biological testing facilities during the Asian Pacific War where unwilling civilians and prisoners of war were subjected to human experiments regarding frostbite, germ warfare, syphilis, weapons testing, and human anatomy. As American forces began occupying Japan and restructuring the country, the Allied Powers established an international tribunal to prosecute Japanese leaders deemed responsible for the war. During this time period, American policymakers would classify the Japanese bio warfare program, essentially protecting Japanese participants in the warfare program from facing trial. My research analyzes why American policymakers would classify Japan’s Biochemical Warfare Program …

Whitworth University’S Response To The Vietnam War: A Historical Record Of News, Kyle Evers

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

This paper attempts to answer the question of how the battle for public opinion regarding the Vietnam War unfolded on the campus of Whitworth College in Spokane, Washington. Specifically, this paper examines the eleven-year period, from 1962 to 1973 by primarily using The Whitworthian, Whitworth University’s student led newspaper and conducting several oral interviews. Twenty-two different articles written by students and staff illustrate the growing support for the antiwar movement as well as the staunch support for the war that persisted for its entire duration. The paper examines the way in which Whitworth students fit into a larger pattern of …

Congress And The Fall Of Jacobo Arbenz: A Narrative Of Cold War Fears And Redemption, David Erik Lindwall

Latin American Studies ETDs

This thesis will examine the statements and actions of U.S. Congressmen and Senators between 1945 and 1996 to understand how they influenced White House policy towards the regime of Jacobo Árbenz. It will show how legislators equated growing communist influence in the Árbenz regime to Cold War struggles going on in Korea, Indochina and Eastern Europe, and how Congressmen from both parties drew on those fears to pressure Presidents Truman and Eisenhower to "neutralize the threat," leading to Árbenz’s fall. When violence erupted again in Guatemala in 1960-1996, Congress reinterpreted the story of Árbenz as Republicans and Democrats were polarized …

“Edna O’Brien: An Interview With Maureen O’Connor”, Maureen O'Connor, Martha Carpentier, Elizabeth Brewer Redwine

Critical Inquiries Into Irish Studies

No abstract provided.

The White Flag, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

In the long history of the American Indians no name is more widely known than Osceola. At the time of his death especially, he was talked of throughout the entire country. Towns in a score of states were named for him, and there are three counties which bear his name - in Iowa, Michigan, and Florida. This was largely because of a small piece of white cloth: the violation of a flag of truce under the orders of General Jesup, then in command of the Army in Florida. Standing under the white flag, Osceola was seized, imprisoned, and died soon …

Notes On Modern Seminole Traditions Of Osceola, William C. Sturtevant

Florida Historical Quarterly

Romantic interest among whites in the figure of Osceola began even before his death, and has continued ever since. His abilities as a warrior, his dramatic flair, and the well publicized circumstances of his capture and of his death in captivity soon thereafter, account for this interest. Many who know nothing else about the Seminole know Osceola’s name and some of the white folklore about him. He is almost certain to crop up in casual questioning of the Seminole today by tourists and others. On one occasion, I was present when a customer asked a leading Seminole enterpreneur in his …

Cuban Bloodhounds And The Seminoles, James W. Covington

Florida Historical Quarterly

Throughout history man has made use of animals in his warfare. During the Middle Ages the “Man on horseback” gained many victories against those on foot who opposed him and it was not until the effective use of the long bow and gun powder that the foot soldier could hold his own in combat. The first animal that European man domesticated was the dog. Even as late as World War II canines of several breeds were used by both sides to guard against surprise attack and to track down fleeing foes and prisoners.

The Marine Forces Of William Augustus Bowles And His State Of Muskogee, Lyle N. Mcalister

Florida Historical Quarterly

Among the host of adventurers, dreamers, filibusters and trouble-makers who have added drama to the pages of Florida history, William Augustus Bowles yields to none. Among his enemies, and these were in the majority, he was referred to by epithets ranging from the relatively mild “that fellow Bowles” to the more emphatic “vagabond,” “desperado,” “Black Guard,” “Captain Liar,” and “desperate vile adventurer.” Among his friends and admirers he was known variously as “Beloved Warrior,” “Captain,” “General,” and “Director General.” In the pursuit of his designs Bowles dreamed great dreams, performed remarkable feats of derring-do, executed spectacular escapes, and by a …

Barcia’S History Of Florida, Albert C. Manucy

Florida Historical Quarterly

This volume is a translation of the noted Ensayo Cronologico, or Chronological Essay on the General History of Florida, Containing the Discoveries and principal events which came to pass in this Vast Kingdom, touching the Spanish, French, Swedish, Danish, English, and other Nations, as between themselves and with the Indians whose Customs, Characteristics, Idolatry, Government, Warfare, and Stratagems are described; and the Voyages of some Captains and Pilots through the Northern Sea in search of a passage to the Orient, or the Union of that land with Asia. As this inclusive title indicates, the book is a detailed history of …

Relations With The Indians In West Florida, 1770-1781, George C. Osborn

Florida Historical Quarterly

As governor of the English Province of West Florida, Peter Chester had many vexing problems to tax his executive abilities and his diplomatic skill. None was more difficult nor more intriguing than that of dealing with the Indians. Even before his arrival in the colony the Indians must have begun to realize that, regardless of which European imperialistic rival eventually won out in the struggle for supremacy in southeastern North America, they were the losers. Friendship proffered by the Spanish, and by the English after 1763 when the Treaty of Paris gave Florida to them and still later by the …

The Railroad Background Of The Florida Senatorial Election Of 1851, Arthur W. Thompson

Florida Historical Quarterly

The national schism concerning the state of the Union following the Mexican War affected the character and intensity of political debate on the Florida scene no less than it did that of other areas throughout the nation. In Congress, Jefferson Davis and other eminent defenders of the Southern position gained the ardent support of Florida’s Democratic senior Senator, David L. Yulee. In his advocacy of the principle of the concurrent majority, as applied to the bicameral nature of the national legislature, Yulee was dealt a devastating blow by Webster and Clay. By late July of 1850, the proponents of the …

St. Augustine During The Civil War, Omega G. East

Florida Historical Quarterly

Three days before Florida seceded from the Union about 125 state artillerymen marched resolutely on Fort Marion’s Federal garrison as ordered by Governor M. S. Perry. The action which resulted cannot be recorded as one of the major engagements of the war, if we are to believe Private J. Gardner (a member of the expedition), who reminisced: “We took possession of the fort, and captured the entire garrison, consisting of one lonely sergeant, well advanced in years, who surrendered very graciously.“

The Tide Is Coming In: Fort Pulaski's Historical Relationship With Water, Sadie Ingram

Honors College Theses

Savannah, Georgia is the fourth busiest port in the United States, processing approximately 4.35 million standard shipping containers every year. The port’s protector Fort Pulaski towers among the coastal marshlands and estuaries of the Savannah River. Located on Cockspur Island at the mouth of the Savannah River, this strategic location allowed the fort to protect Savannah’s vital harbor. Built as part of the United States’ Third System plan to build fortifications along the eastern seaboard, construction of Fort Pulaski began in 1827 and finished twenty years later.

Water has played a pivotal role in the history of Fort Pulaski and …

Risk Transfer Militarism And The Iraq War, Kathleen H. Bannon

Honors Projects in History and Social Sciences

President Barack Obama's military and political strategies during the withdrawal period from January 2009 to December 2011 of Operation Iraqi Freedom (IOF) effectively mitigated the risks of the U.S. forces stationed within the region while also ensuring influence over regional actors' trained military counterparts. By restructuring core military programs, leveraging civilian partnerships, and enacting new military doctrines, the U.S. engaged within the latest iteration of risk-transfer militarism