Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of South Florida (149)
- Thomas Jefferson University (124)
- American Dental Association (102)
- Ursinus College (51)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (44)
-
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (39)
- Western Kentucky University (39)
- University of Southern Maine (37)
- Walden University (37)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (36)
- Brigham Young University (35)
- Bridgewater State University (34)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (33)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (32)
- Liberty University (30)
- Chapman University (27)
- University of South Carolina (26)
- University of New Mexico (25)
- University of Kentucky (24)
- University of Louisville (24)
- WellBeing International (24)
- Claremont Colleges (23)
- Design Research Society (22)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (22)
- College of the Holy Cross (20)
- Portland State University (20)
- University of Central Florida (20)
- Marquette University (19)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (18)
- Grand Valley State University (17)
- Keyword
-
- Newspaper (111)
- COVID-19 (79)
- Oral health (78)
- Broadsheet (72)
- Newsletter (72)
-
- Paper (72)
- Professional association (72)
- Thomas Jefferson University (70)
- HIV (68)
- AIDS (65)
- Collegeville (45)
- Pennsylvania (45)
- Pandemic (44)
- Jefferson Alumni Bulletin (42)
- Jefferson Medical College (41)
- History (38)
- Medicine (38)
- Alumni (33)
- Maine (32)
- Public health (31)
- Western Kentucky University (30)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (26)
- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (25)
- Montgomery County (25)
- Trappe (25)
- Health (24)
- Coronavirus (23)
- Yearbook (23)
- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) College of Arts and Sciences (22)
- Norristown (21)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (135)
- ADA News (72)
- The Bulletin (formerly the Jefferson Medical College Alumni Bulletin) (48)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (36)
- All ETDs from UAB (34)
-
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (34)
- Theses and Dissertations (34)
- Journal of International Women's Studies (30)
- WKU Administration Documents (28)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (27)
- New England Journal of Public Policy (27)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (23)
- ESI Publications (23)
- Animal Sentience (20)
- OncoLog MD Anderson's Report to Physicians (All issues) Archives (20)
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College Yearbooks (20)
- Honors Theses (19)
- The Independent Newspaper, 1898-1952 (16)
- DRS Biennial Conference Series (15)
- Newsletter: A Report to Physicians of Texas Archives (15)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (14)
- Code of Ethics (12)
- Modern Surgery, 4th edition, by John Chalmers Da Costa (12)
- Florida Historical Quarterly (11)
- Masters Theses (11)
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College Commencements (11)
- Pacific Studies (10)
- The Waterville Mail (Waterville, Maine) (10)
- AIDS Project Newsletter (1987-1991) (9)
- Dissertations (9)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 391 - 420 of 2160
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Feminism, Sexuality, Gender, Labour: Invisible Stigma Of Sex Work And Menstrual Labour In India, Soma Mandal
Feminism, Sexuality, Gender, Labour: Invisible Stigma Of Sex Work And Menstrual Labour In India, Soma Mandal
Journal of International Women's Studies
This article attempts a feminist analysis of understanding sex workers' limitation to command holistic living practices at all points in their life, based on degenerative quality of sexual labour and degree of violence involved. Combined with the practical limitation of bodies' usage and experiential ways of negotiating routine sexual tasks, the intersecting issue of menstruation in sex workers' lives stands as one of the fundamentally neglected aspects of women's health care service in red light areas. Based on assumptions of the degenerative notion of labour, the stigma associated with sex work and menstrual-related pollution it will explore how gendered, informal …
Transdisciplinary Environmental Work: An Evaluation Of Transdisciplinarity In The Field Of Environmental Science And Its Relevance To South Carolina Conservation Efforts In Lake Wateree And The Catawba Indian Reservation, Olivia Mn Shugart
Senior Theses
Transdisciplinarity describes the integration of knowledge and exchange of ideas across diverse academic disciplines, public stakeholders, and decision-makers. In this paper, I discuss the relevance of transdisciplinarity to the environmental field and offer ways in which its principles could be employed to enhance current South Carolina conservation efforts. I advocate for transdisciplinary work through analyzing existing discourse on the value of transdisciplinary research to the environmental field, and I present some of the challenges associated with this mass integration of knowledge. Finally, I describe three models of transdisciplinary research that have been proposed by scholars to address some of these …
Evaluating The Validity Of Restrictions On Blood Donation Eligibility For Men Who Have Sex With Men (Msm) In The United States, France, And Switzerland, Swathi Gorantla
Evaluating The Validity Of Restrictions On Blood Donation Eligibility For Men Who Have Sex With Men (Msm) In The United States, France, And Switzerland, Swathi Gorantla
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
For the first time in a decade, the number of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses is higher for heterosexual people compared to gay and bisexual men (Florêncio, 2022). Additionally, in the United States, the American Red Cross has declared a national blood crisis due to the nationwide shortage of donated blood. During this crisis, charged with the new information on HIV diagnosis rates, many advocates for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ+) community question why discriminatory policy surrounding gay and bisexual men donating still exist around the world. These policies are changing worldwide – several European countries have …
Exploring The Bedrock For Earth Jurisprudence, Maria Antonia Tigre
Exploring The Bedrock For Earth Jurisprudence, Maria Antonia Tigre
Sabin Center for Climate Change Law
This article calls for a reassessment of our core beliefs on how we relate to the environment through a deep dive into the philosophical foundations of environmental protection. With this purpose, it shows how Earth-centered discourses have existed in human societies and civilizations for millennia. Different religious and philosophical underpinnings all share a view of humanity as an integral part of an organic whole, revering all living things. While recent developments in jurisprudence may appear novel, they are somewhat latent and emergent. Theories of land ethics, rights of nature, Earth-centered environmental ethics, wild law, and Earth jurisprudence all build on …
Epidemiology In Higher Education: Scarlet Fever At Gettysburg College, Addison E. Lomax
Epidemiology In Higher Education: Scarlet Fever At Gettysburg College, Addison E. Lomax
Student Publications
Throughout the early 20th century, the relationship between higher education and the spread of epidemic disease evolved in the United States. Two notable epidemics of scarlet fever in 1915 and 1920 serve as a lens through which the larger roles of disease and higher education can be analyzed. By assessing the roles both the administration and the students played at Gettysburg College, then Pennsylvania College, historians can understand the process of combating health crises in the future. Although the Pennsylvania College scarlet fever epidemics of 1915 and 1920 impacted campus to a smaller extent than the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the …
Migration And Trauma: Memory And The Myths Of El Otro Lado, Elva Moreno Del Rio
Migration And Trauma: Memory And The Myths Of El Otro Lado, Elva Moreno Del Rio
Department of English: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
This thesis is composed of two parts that scrutinize the myth of the United States
and el cuento of El Otro Lado. The first part titled, “The Illness Rooted in the American Myth” connects the U.S. myth to J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur’s piece Letters from an American Farmer, published in 1782. In analyzing the writings of Toni Morrison, James Baldwin, and Eden E. Torres, I indentify the impact that Crevecoeur’s myth had on Black, Indigenous and other people of color. This research illustrates the physical and psychological effects that these ideologies have on the mind and body of …
2022 Research Day Program, Lincoln Memorial University
2022 Research Day Program, Lincoln Memorial University
Research Day
This program contains abstracts and presentation summaries from LMU's 2022 Annual Research Day conference.
Agentic And Receptive Hope: Understanding Hope In The Context Of Religiousness And Spirituality Through The Narratives Of Salvadoran Youth, Jennifer Medina Vaughn, Pamela Ebstyne King, Susan Mangan, Sean Noe, Samuel Hay, Bridget O’Neil, Jonathan M. Tirrell, Elizabeth M. Dowling, Guillermo Alfredo Iraheta Majano, Alistair Thomas Rigg Sim
Agentic And Receptive Hope: Understanding Hope In The Context Of Religiousness And Spirituality Through The Narratives Of Salvadoran Youth, Jennifer Medina Vaughn, Pamela Ebstyne King, Susan Mangan, Sean Noe, Samuel Hay, Bridget O’Neil, Jonathan M. Tirrell, Elizabeth M. Dowling, Guillermo Alfredo Iraheta Majano, Alistair Thomas Rigg Sim
All Faculty Open Access Publications
Hope contributes to positive development in adolescents, and religious and spiritual contexts may be particularly important for developing and supporting hope. However, extant literature on hope, religion, and spirituality neglects their synergistic relation, leaving questions about how they work together to support development. In this study, we explore how religiousness and spirituality (R/S) inform hope by identifying unique synergies that might be particularly useful in difficult contexts. Multilevel qualitative content analyses of interviews conducted with 18 thriving Salvadoran adolescents (50% female, Mage = 16.39 years, SD = 1.83) involved in a faith-based program provided evidence that the ideological and relational …
Angel Babies Ascending To Heaven A Family Saga Of Death Across Cultures, Heidi Riboldi
Angel Babies Ascending To Heaven A Family Saga Of Death Across Cultures, Heidi Riboldi
Undergraduate Honors Theses
This thesis is a microhistory focused on infant death and burial practices in Spain and Argentina at the turn of the twentieth century. The study uses primary sources from biographical journal pages, vital records, and notarial documents. The biographical journal pages are eleven loose pages written by Pablo Montaña that provide information about his family's births, marriages, and deaths, for four generations. Vital records for birth, marriage, and death events were found in the local parish and municipal archives in Cañizo, Spain, and the Catholic Diocese Archive in Zamora, Spain, Archivo Histórico Diocesano de Zamora. Notarial records like wills …
The Effects Of Mosaic Law Observance On Human Health, Emily Uhlmeyer
The Effects Of Mosaic Law Observance On Human Health, Emily Uhlmeyer
Senior Honors Theses
For the people of ancient Israel, life was guided and regulated by adherence to the law of Moses. Dietary restrictions, purification rituals, circumcision, and Sabbath observance were each critical components of this code and were meticulously detailed in the Old Testament, specifically in the Torah. Still today, dietary laws are observed and select rituals practiced by many Jews and Seventh Day Adventists. Although health protection was never the primary purpose of the law, noticeable effects on human health have been connected to its observance. Evaluation of the effects of the Levitical law on human health can be achieved by a …
“Pandemias Políticas: The Effects Of Political And Social Instability On Infectious Disease Epidemiology In Latin America"”, Sarah H. Noonan
“Pandemias Políticas: The Effects Of Political And Social Instability On Infectious Disease Epidemiology In Latin America"”, Sarah H. Noonan
Senior Theses
This paper seeks to analyze the relationship between political and social unrest and conflict and infectious disease epidemiology in Latin America. An analysis of published literature regarding epidemiological, biomedical, political, and historical content was conducted to highlight potential connections between infectious disease epidemics and sociopolitical conflict in the region. Specific analyses of Smallpox, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Chagas disease, Cholera, Dengue, and COVID-19 were conducted, in an effort to uncover potential causations and context of epidemics of these conditions. Results of this analysis depict a necessity for further research into public health and disease control mechanisms during times of conflict and …
A Comparative Analysis Of Migrant Health Policies And Practices In The Us And Switzerland, Rebecca Mak
A Comparative Analysis Of Migrant Health Policies And Practices In The Us And Switzerland, Rebecca Mak
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Migrants compose a large proportion of the population in both the US and Switzerland. The social vulnerability of migrants has been well-established in literature, but few studies have attempted to compare healthcare policies and approaches that most effectively support migrant health using multiple measures.
To fill this gap in the literature, this study will comparatively analyze of the efficacy of US and Switzerland migrant health policies and services by assessing access to and quality of care for migrants in each country. Four main features of healthcare systems were analyzed: insurance policy, healthcare utilization, NCD outcomes, and patient perceptions of care. …
Sacred Scavengers: Vulture Conservation In Nepal, Hans Nedde
Sacred Scavengers: Vulture Conservation In Nepal, Hans Nedde
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
In the 1990s, a veterinary drug used to treat pain and disease in cattle nearly brought the nine vulture species of Nepal to extinction. In a span of 15 years, over 97% of vultures in Nepal perished. For the past 20 years, governments, organizations, and communities have been working together to save these vital scavengers from vanishing. From the lowlands to the Himalayas, vultures have been interacting with the environment and humans for millennia. This study explores the role that vultures play both ecologically and culturally in Nepal. It investigates vultures as a crucial ecological influence and how human action …
The Pandemic's Impact On The Efficacy Of Chaplaincy At The Baldwin State Prison, John Gomez
The Pandemic's Impact On The Efficacy Of Chaplaincy At The Baldwin State Prison, John Gomez
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Chaplains usually provide pastoral care for inmates, staff members, and counseling for offenders and offenders’ families. Because of the pandemic, they have not provided adequate pastoral care and counseling in their respective facilities. The restrictions imposed by the pandemic have negatively impacted the chaplain’s ability to adequately provide pastoral care and counseling in most federal and state correctional institutions. The Department of Georgia Correctional facilities, particularly at the Baldwin State prison, has also experienced this decrease in pastoral care and counseling due to the pandemic. In the Georgia Department of Corrections, all visitations, including lawyers and clergy, have been suspended …
Back To School: Changes In Elementary General Music Curriculum Design After Covid-19, David Christian Moniz
Back To School: Changes In Elementary General Music Curriculum Design After Covid-19, David Christian Moniz
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this project is to identify how elementary general music curriculum can address the negative impacts of the sense of isolation felt by elementary music students because of COVID-19. When designed appropriately, components of the elementary music curriculum can help recover the sense of belonging lost during the implementation of forced remote and hybrid learning platforms. With the use of large-group surveys, this qualitative research study investigates the sense of isolation felt by elementary general music students after remote school attendance, hybrid school attendance, and non-attendance. These perspectives did not exist until recently, as the effects of the …
Resurrecting A Nation Through Silk And Diplomacy: American Material Culture And Foreign Relations During The Reconstruction Era, Paige Weaver
Theses and Dissertations
The Reconstruction Era, a time of immense change in American culture and society, is often conceptualized as a wholly domestic affair; however, a closer analysis of the work of American diplomats scattered throughout the world reveals the impact of foreign policies and relationships on the development of the nation state, as well as cultural values. With this broadened perspective, Reconstruction becomes a more complicated period of entangled international concerns and influences in a globally connected world.
This thesis argues that intricate international relations and complex foreign policies helped shape American identity and values at home. Diplomats abroad in countries such …
Ethical Ramifications Of Xenotransplantation Research And Justification For Potentially Deadly Study Participation, Scott Dyer
Graduate Student Research Symposium
Recent leaps in medical technology now allow humans to utilize organs of animals, specifically pigs, in xenotransplantation procedures. As this science advances, ethical quandaries that must be grappled with will arise while additional clinical trials must be done. Due to the infancy of this technology, science must be cautious in how it moves forward. However, I also argue that anyone, as long as they are of sound mind and deemed to be of proper decision-making capacity, can justifiably participate in any research they want, no matter how deadly the potential consequences. A participant in such research may be getting much …
Orientalism Restated In The Era Of Covid-19, Joey Kim
Orientalism Restated In The Era Of Covid-19, Joey Kim
Asian American Literature: Discourses & Pedagogies
This essay bridges a gap between an analysis of anti-Asian targeting and an analysis of Orientalism. Because histories of Orientalism and anti-Asian targeting pre-date the current moment, I demonstrate the centrality of Orientalism to the evolution of xenophobic language and sentiment in U.S.-foreign historical relations. I recount instances of anti-Asian, xenophobic, and “Yellow-Peril” rhetoric in the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, I examine the racialization of COVID-19 as a trope of orientalism. This racialization, I argue, places the Asian-presenting body in a state of heightened visibility, precarity, and susceptibility to plunder. The newfound precarity of the …
Ada News - 03/07/2022, American Dental Association, Publishing Division
Ada News - 03/07/2022, American Dental Association, Publishing Division
ADA News
Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.
The Cater-Davis Connection, Steve Malone, Manuscripts & Folklife Archives
The Cater-Davis Connection, Steve Malone, Manuscripts & Folklife Archives
Genealogical Records
No abstract provided.
The Five Ministries Of The Church That Have Changed In Post-Covid-19 [To Compare The Church's Five Ministries Before And During Covid-19 And To Predict The Ministries Of The Church In Post-Covid-19], Euntaik Kim
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this thesis project is to find answers to what is the appropriate response to the post-Covid-19 era for the church. To achieve that purpose, this thesis project attempted to predict the direction of the church's ministry after Covid-19 by comparing changes in five important ministries of the church in pre-Covid-19 and during Covid-19. The five major ministries of the church—worship, education, fellowship, evangelism(mission), and service— have been explained in detail in the literature, and the impact of Covid-19 on these five ministries has also been closely investigated. In determining the direction of church ministry in the post-Covid-19 …
Human Papillomavirus Associated Prevention: Knowledge, Attitudes, And Perceived Risks Among Men Who Have Sex With Men And Transgender Women In Pakistan: A Qualitative Study, Muslima Ejaz, Anna Mia Ekström, Alyan Ahmed, Aymen Haroon, Dania Ali, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Mariano Salazar
Human Papillomavirus Associated Prevention: Knowledge, Attitudes, And Perceived Risks Among Men Who Have Sex With Men And Transgender Women In Pakistan: A Qualitative Study, Muslima Ejaz, Anna Mia Ekström, Alyan Ahmed, Aymen Haroon, Dania Ali, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Mariano Salazar
Community Health Sciences
Objectives: Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender individuals are at higher risk of genital warts and anal cancer due to sexually transmitted human papillomavirus infection. This study explores MSM and transgender women's perceptions of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV prevention strategies (screening and vaccination) in Pakistan.
Design: A qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGD) with self-identified MSM, male sex workers and transgender women were conducted between March 2019 to August 2019 in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: Participants were recruited from community-based organization (CBO) working for MSM and transgender women. A total of 38 men and 10 …
Robert Brandt Interview For The Boonshoft School Of Medicine 50th Anniversary Oral History Project, Robert Brandt, Kristen Dilger
Robert Brandt Interview For The Boonshoft School Of Medicine 50th Anniversary Oral History Project, Robert Brandt, Kristen Dilger
Boonshoft 50th Anniversary Oral History Project
Kristen Dilger interviews Robert Brandt, a graduate of the Boonshoft School of Medicine. He worked in Family Medicine as both a primary care physical and HIV/AIDS specialist, along with his role as a clinical professor for the Boonshoft School of Medicine until his retirement in 2018. Part of the class of 1980, Brandt discusses his collegiate career, including why he chose Wright State University's new medical college and talks about what it was like attending the college. He talks about the challenges and processes of attending a new medical college, and how attending the Wright State University Boonshoft School of …
Interview With Katrine Hawkins, Zach S. Henderson Library Special Collections
Interview With Katrine Hawkins, Zach S. Henderson Library Special Collections
Zach S. Henderson Library Special Collections Oral History Collection
Katrine Hawkins interviewed by Esther Mallard, November 15, 1988. Find this collection in the University Libraries' catalog!
Health Issues Of Mothers In Assam:An Analytical Assessment Of National Family Health Surveys, Abdur Rashid Ahmed
Health Issues Of Mothers In Assam:An Analytical Assessment Of National Family Health Surveys, Abdur Rashid Ahmed
Journal of International Women's Studies
Maternal mortality is one of the most serious public health concerns around the globe especially in developing countries like India. WHO estimated that almost 40% of pregnant women and 42% of children less than 5 years of age are anaemic globally and one-third of all women of reproductive age is also anaemic, and around half of maternal deaths in the world occur due only to anaemia. But the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in India has marginally declined as reported by the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Using secondary data provided by NFHS, the study reveals that the …
Who Taught You To Hate Yourself: Disentangling My Black Identity From White Christian Doctrine, Patrice Lorna Lebron
Who Taught You To Hate Yourself: Disentangling My Black Identity From White Christian Doctrine, Patrice Lorna Lebron
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
How does white Christian doctrine fragment Black existence? When African slaves bound in chains landed on the shores of the Americas, they brought their religious and cultural traditions into that oppressive environment. They were dehumanized and compelled to embrace white Christian doctrine enforced on them by white theologians and white enslavers. Slaves were branded as inhuman and inferior beings. Biblical scriptures became a vessel for their prayers, dreams and sacred ceremonies. They transformed their deities into biblical prophets. Their African identity, religious and cultural beliefs were demolished and shrouded with biblical mis-interpretations to promote white supremacy.
This capstone project WHO …
Promoting Labour Migrant Health Equity Through Action On The Structural Determinants: A Systematic Review, Mireille Evagora-Campbell, Aysha Zahidie, Kent Buse, Fauziah Rabbani, Sarah Hawkes
Promoting Labour Migrant Health Equity Through Action On The Structural Determinants: A Systematic Review, Mireille Evagora-Campbell, Aysha Zahidie, Kent Buse, Fauziah Rabbani, Sarah Hawkes
Community Health Sciences
Background: Labour migrants, who represent over sixty per cent of international migrants globally, frequently have poorer health status than the population of host countries. These health inequities are determined in a large part by structural drivers including political, commercial, economic, normative and social factors, including living and working conditions. Achieving health equity for migrant workers requires structural-level interventions to address these determinants.
Methods: We undertook a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature designed to answer the question "what is the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to address the structural determinants of health for labour migrants?" using the Ovid Medline electronic …
Sources Of Information About Covid-19 Among Older Adults In Ghana, 2019-2021, Samuel Adu-Gyamfi, Emmanuel Akwasi Asante
Sources Of Information About Covid-19 Among Older Adults In Ghana, 2019-2021, Samuel Adu-Gyamfi, Emmanuel Akwasi Asante
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
The COVID-19 pandemic sparked a worldwide search for information. Information about COVID-19 is crucial and it could be the first step toward designing practical disease-control strategies. Misinformation amid the widespread information about COVID-19 has undoubtedly caused psychological distress, especially among older adults. We present an empirical and descriptive study of the sources of information among older adults and how they perceived the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 58 participants were recruited and interviewed using an in-depth semi-structured interview and structured questionnaire for our study. The study participants were recruited using purposive and convenience sampling in their respective homes from Mallam, …
The Chanticleer, 2022-11-03, Coastal Carolina University
The Chanticleer, 2022-11-03, Coastal Carolina University
The Chanticleer Student Newspaper
The editorially independent student produced weekly newspaper of Coastal Carolina University.
Developing, Refining, And Testing The Intersectional Model Of Service Use: A Transgender And Nonbinary-Specific Model Of Healthcare Access, Jarrod Call
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Transgender and nonbinary (TNB) people are more likely to experience negative health outcomes than cisgender (i.e., not TNB) people, but less likely to access healthcare services due to the systemic forces of transphobia and cisgenderism. Despite this, there are few theoretical models of healthcare access specifically designed for TNB people. This three-paper dissertation addresses this gap by developing, refining, and testing the Intersectional Model of Service Use (IMSU), a population-specific framework for researching TNB healthcare access. Manuscript one describes how the initial IMSU was developed from an integrative review of currently available TNB healthcare access literature. This initial IMSU was …