Digital Commons Network^™

The Ideas Of Journalistic Ethics Based On Pancasila For Multicultural Society, Sugeng Sugeng, Fristian Hadinata

International Review of Humanities Studies

This paper aims to show that journalistic code of ethics based on Pancasila is strongly related to multiculturalism morality as both emphasize inclusive ideas, respect for diversity, and the awareness of unity in diversity. The writers use descriptive qualitative library research in the field of philosophy to show meaning and objectively reveal philosophical essence. This method includes collecting and analyzing criticism of relevant literature related to multiculturalism, philosophy, journalistic ethics, and cyber media reporting. The result shows that the development of the internet technology has changed the way society live, and it has affected their preferences towards the elements of …

The Problem Of Indonesian Contract Brides In China And Its Implications For Cross-Border Marriage, Liu Xiang Mei

International Review of Humanities Studies

The rise of Indonesian contract brides in China has become a major focus that requires urgent action to protect their rights and well-being. The initiative aims to prevent exploitation in the context of cross-border marriages and ensure that such marriages are conducted fairly and legally. This situation arises from a number of factors, including difficult economic conditions, unlicensed intermediary operations, and a strong desire to live more prosperously. It also deals with issues of commercial marriage, human trafficking, and marital fraud, which require a careful and coordinated approach. Therefore, China should take steps to renew the international marriage law, enhance …

Sustainable Futures-Integrating Indigenous Perspectives Into An Environmental Assessment Framework: An Analysis Of The Mauri Model, Anna Bettini

Journal of Environmental Sustainability

The twin concepts of sustainable development and sustainability have been key points in new policies. Nonetheless, only the Western scientific perspective is typically considered, excluding other voices and leading to a very narrow vision of “sustainability”. The following article investigates the benefits to including indigenous knowledge and principles, considering their values rather than limitations and presents two specific case studies using the Mauri Model Decision Making Framework, a tool applied for environmental assessment, seen as a more cultural-friendly sustainable approach.

Acculturation And Intimate Partner Violence Among Kenyans In The United States, Max J. Stein, Peter Ndiang’Ui, Eunice Menja

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is abuse by a partner or spouse. This study focused on IPV among Kenyan immigrants to the United States. Several studies reported connections between IPV and cultural tensions experienced during the acculturation process. Scholars disagree whether acculturation buffers against IPV by exposing immigrants to adaptive social norms or heightens risk factors among those facing challenges acclimating to new settings. Whereas this association has been researched among Latinx and Asian communities in the United States, it is understudied among African and especially Kenyan diasporas. This descriptive study explored how acculturation and IPV among U.S. Kenyans were experienced …

Digital Phobia: An Inquiry For Mapping The Unseen Dimension Of New Digital Anxiety, The ‘Digiphobia’, Amarjit Kumar Singh ,Library Assistant, Md. Arshad Ali , Professional Assistant, Dr. Pankaj Mathur, Deputy Librarian,

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Background: As technology continues to advance, individuals' interactions with digital platforms have become integral to daily life. Amidst this technological evolution, a novel concern emerges—Digital Phobia, hereafter referred to as “Digiphobia.” This phenomenon, although not previously explored in scholarly literature, necessitates an in-depth investigation due to its potential impact on individuals' well-being. Our research employs a two-step methodology to investigate its existence, implications, and manifestations.

Introduction: This research paper introduces and proposes the term "Digiphobia" as a comprehensive conceptualization of anxiety arising from interactions with digital spaces, applications, and environments. The proliferation of digital technologies has led to the emergence …

The Authors

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Short professional biographies of the Contributors: Dimitra Andrianou, Giacomo Bardelli, Magali An Berthon, Tina Boloti, Cecilie Brøns, Ana Cabrera-Lafuente, Francesca Coletti, Roxana Coman, Catarina Costeira, Cristina Cumbo, Camilla Cziffery Nielsen, Klara Dankova, Anna Maria Desiderio, Kerstin Droß-Krüpe, Arianna Esposito, Astrid Fendt, Nade Genevska Brachikj, Francisco B. Gomes, Judith Goris, Audrey Gouy, Karina Grömer, Morten Grymer-Hansen, Mary Harlow, Susanna Harris, Sophia Larissa Hayda, Angela Huang, Floor Huisman, Alina Iancu, Zofia Kaczmarek, Marisa Kerbizi, Meghan Korten, Tetiana Krupa, Karolina Anna Kulpa, Lena Larsson Lovén, Ronja Lau, Yuliia Lazorenko, Susanne Lervad, Petra Linscheid, Christina Margariti, Maria João Melo, Elena Miramontes Seijas, Leyre Morgado-Roncal, …

The Euroweb Textile And Clothing Terminology Network And The Digital Atlas Of European Textile Heritage: Some Reflections And Results, Louise Quillien, Alina Iancu, Meghan Korten, Susanne Lervad, Joana Sequeira, Catarina Costeira

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

One of the research areas of the EuroWeb project during the four years of the COST Action (November 2020 – October 2024) is the comparative study of textile and clothing terminologies in European languages across time. Inside the EuroWeb network, the research group on Textile and clothing terminologies has three topics of particular interest: 1. the specificities of these terminologies, and the strategies for naming textiles and garments; 2. the impact of European geography on textile and clothing terminologies, especially visible through textile terms formed after a toponym or through the circulation of loanwords; 3. the influence of textile and …

Exploring Dress, Gender, And Bodily Capital Through Pre- And Protohistoric Funerary Contexts: Case Studies From Southwestern Europe, Francisco B. Gomes, Catarina Costeira, Anna Maria Desiderio, Arianna Esposito, Giacomo Bardelli

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

While uneven in their scope and reach, studies of dress and dress complements (fibulae, belt buckles, buttons, etc.) have a significant tradition within the broader study of the pre- and protohistory of Mediterranean Europe. Many of these studies, however, have had a strong focus on the typology of the dress complements and ornaments themselves, either as chronological indicators, ethnic markers, or both. In more recent years, however, a shift in research agendas has ushered in the introduction of new perspectives and new ways of thinking about dress and bodily adornment.

This contribution explores one such perspective in particular — namely, …

Displaying And Experiencing Dress Identities In Museums: Case Studies From The Etruscan Period To Modern Times, Karina Grömer, Astrid Fendt, Morten Grymer-Hansen, Anna Zimmermann, Kayleigh Saunderson, Camilla Cziffery Nielsen, Francisco B. Gomes

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Dress, clothes, and accessories receive and give meaning through their nearness to the human body. As P. Stallybrass writes: “Bodies come and go: the clothes that have received those bodies survive.” It is through the close interaction between dress and person that they both receive their meaning. Clothes shape the human body, and we in return shape our clothes. Dress communicates class, gender, nationality, and marital status, and we leave behind parts of us in its smell, wrinkles, wear, and tear: “Clothes receive the human imprint.” Archaeological and historical dress — no matter how ancient — remain intrinsically linked to …

Lofi Hip Hop Beats To Chill/Relax/Analyze To: Examining The Development, Components, And Online Participation Of Lofi Hip Hop, Sam Vasich

Anthropology: Student Scholarship & Creative Works

Students across the globe are familiar with the YouTube phenomenon of the ‘Lofi Girl’ and her ‘lofi hip hop radio [beats to relax/study to]’. The YouTube livestream hosting chilled-out music has become a beacon for those trying to accomplish tasks, study for exams, or relax. But, how has this livestream managed to amass a subscription base of over fourteen million? What draws people to this webpage, and what keeps them coming back? This paper examines the development, features, and online participation of lofi hip hop. As explored in the paper, the genre of lofi hip hop is a syncretic soundform …

Red Dyes From West To East In Medieval Europe: From Portuguese Manuscript Illuminations To Romanian Textiles, Irina Petroviciu, Paula Nabais, Maria J. Melo

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Red is the color par excellence, its symbolism being linked with protection and magic through its primary attributes, fire and blood. It was the predominant color from the earliest times, certainly during the Greek and Roman periods and into Medieval Europe, until blue became a competitor around the 13th century. Mineral pigments, like iron oxides, were the first red sources, used to draw lines, dots, or spots on cave walls or stones. Later, other mineral red pigments were also exploited: Cinnabar, natural mercury sulfide, since the Neolithic, and realgar, arsenic trisulfide, in Ancient Egypt. Scientific investigation revealed that, although …

Searching For The Exotic: Textiles, Orientalism, And Identities, Ana Cabrera, Roxana Coman, Karolina A. Kulpa, Tim Parry-Williams

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Textiles, with their economic, sartorial, and identity-constructing functions, have long been at the center of cultural discourses, whether narrative or visual. Objects of desire, but also objects of curiosity, textiles have been the topic of costume books, offered in diplomatic exchanges, collected by private collectors and museums alike, and have traveled, sometimes as sample books. Their Othering function did not only differentiate between members of different civilizations, but also the members of the same society, where clothing was used to signal rank and function. The case studies presented intend to elaborate further on the role and symbolism associated with textiles, …

Clothing In Transition: Social, Symbolic, And Legal Aspects Of Garments From Prehistory To The Early Byzantine Period, Tina Boloti, Francesca Scotti, Cristina Cumbo, Petra Linscheid

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Since ancient times, garments served a wide range of purposes: Either functional, providing protection by covering the body, or symbolic, as an element of non-verbal communication and marker of identity. In particular, this stimulates the development of specific characteristics in shape, decoration, or material composition, which generate distinctions among garments, as acknowledged by Roman jurists too.

These distinctions are determined by various factors. One important factor is the social meaning of clothing: There are garments for public life, garments expressing rank, garments suited for special professions, or garments intended for sacred/priestly rites reflecting particular religious symbols. And, of course, clothes …

Ua12/2/81 Omega Psi Phi, Wku Archives

WKU Archives Collection Inventories

Records created by and about Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

Estudio Etnológico Sobre La Diversidad Poblacional Y El Barrio Afroamericano En La Frontera De Ciudad Juárez, México- El Paso Texas, Estados Unidos, Howard Campbell, Michael Williams, Victor Vázquez

Departmental Papers (S&A)

El siguiente artículo discute los hallazgos más interesantes del estudio de campo y etnológico titulado Barrio Negro en la frontera: “Blaxicans” de Ciudad Juárez México. El contexto empírico en el que se desarrolla el artículo es una comunidad de Afro-Americanos migrantes que existió en el centro de Ciudad Juárez, México entre los años 1960-1990 y que para propósitos de este estudio los hemos categorizado como “Blaxicans2”. Por otro lado, para proteger la identidad del informante principal de este estudio, se utilizó el seudónimo bajo el nombre de “Jerome Brown” de igual forma a los otros informantes claves que contribuyeron al …

Ua12/2/86 Zeta Phi Beta, Wku Archives

WKU Archives Collection Inventories

Records created by and about Zeta Phi Beta sorority.

Ua1c11/128 Lucian Flora Photo Collection, Wku Archives

WKU Archives Collection Inventories

Photographs and postcards removed from Lucian Flora's World War II scrapbook.

How To Be Silly: Challenging Norms Across Societies, Heath J. Monsma

ENGS 15.11: Design and Education

This lesson plan, titled "How to Be Silly: Challenging Norms Across Societies," explores the role of humor in enhancing cognitive flexibility, fostering social bonds, and promoting well-being. Designed for college students, the lesson aims to show how silliness can challenge authority, disrupt social norms, and relieve stress. Through a mix of activities, lectures, and interactive scenarios, students will analyze the historical and cultural uses of humor, explore its psychological benefits, and evaluate its impact on group dynamics.

The lesson is grounded in a teaching philosophy that prioritizes self-improvement and kindness, creating a playful environment where friendly competition and collaboration thrive. …

Understanding Gold Textiles: Case Studies Of Gold Threads From The Bronze Age And Antiquity In Europe, Karina Grömer, Francesca Coletti, Francisco B. Gomes, Kayleigh Saunderson

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

The production of textiles, in terms of weaving techniques, has a long history in Europe, and dates back to the Stone Age, the time during which the first farming communities arrived in the Mediterranean and Central Europe, in the 7th/6th millennium BC. The first evidence of textile tools, like spindle whorls and loom weights, demonstrate that people made an important step forward in mechanizing this craft, not only twisting fibers and interlacing strands purely by hand, but also inventing tools to increase efficiency. Through the development of textile techniques, we see the unleashing of enormous creative power that stimulated even …

“What’S In A Name?” Toponyms And Loanwords In European Textile Cultures, Dimitra Andrianou, Klara Dankova, Nade Genevska Brachikj, Angela Huang, Meghan Korten, Elena Miramontes, Jasemin Nazim, Marie-Alice Rebours, Joana Sequeira

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Textiles as man-made products have been exchanged over distances for millennia. They can and have been produced almost anywhere; they are also, as a product, highly differentiated and quickly adjustable to changing demands. This brings with it naming practices to communicate about the goods in question. Textiles are labeled so that people can form expectations about them and rely on the reputation tied to the product’s identity. The terminology of textiles and textile items arises and develops in unison with technical innovations, discoveries, fashions, and trade patterns. Although the occurrence of toponyms e.g., in preindustrial trade (10th to 18th century …

The Terminology Of Soft Furnishings In Ancient Babylonia, Greece, And Rome: A Comparative Approach, Dimitra Andrianou, Elena Miramontes, Louise Quillien

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Various kinds of textiles were used to furnish domestic spaces in Antiquity, such as curtains, covers, hangings, pillows, cushions, mattresses, rugs, tapestries, tablecloths, and towels. These objects have practical and everyday functions, they embellish and add to daily comfort in the house and speak to the owner’s prosperity. Being made of perishable materials, furnishings have, on the whole, not survived in ancient Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome. Apart from a few excavated pieces of textiles found in tombs, our information comes primarily from written testimonia and iconography.

It is thus essential to consider soft furnishings in their own right, in order …

Textiles, Dress And Politics: A Diachronic Perspective Through The Case Studies Of Ancient Rome And Medieval Iceland, Meghan Korten, Zofia Kaczmarek

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

People dress for more than just aesthetic reasons. Over the centuries, dress became a sign of human civilization, allowing us to identify the origin, gender, and status of the wearer. Textiles and clothing influence our body, posture, movements, and the way we are perceived by society. Textiles are also a tool used by people to further their agenda, that is why they found their place in the political life of many ancient and modern societies.

According to Michel Foucault, power can be understood as a set of activities influencing the life of the other: It provokes, forbids, or permits, but …

Technical Temporalities Of The Transitional Protest Movements, Talha C. Issevenler

Publications and Research

The concept of political time is unpacked through an analysis of the interactive, technologically mediated field between the state and social movements. The activities of protest movements are set in dialogue with state reason in order to theorize the temporality of political rationality as entangled with political affects (i.e., attachments to past political ideals and unmetabolized/unsymbolized technological propensities).

Strands Of Repair: Textile Treasures As Sustainable Pathways To Reconnect With The Lost Past, Sareekah Agarwaal, Ruby Kashyap Sood

Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings

Textiles, fundamental to all human experiences, are meaning-laden objects that possess a remarkable ability to evoke emotions and memories, serving as powerful mnemonic devices.

Almost everyone experiences unplanned encounters with textiles in their lifetime and in different contexts. Hence, most every piece is loaded with personal, cultural, or historical data, fostering a deep emotional connection between the owner and the object. Consequently, these textiles are cared for, preserved, and often repurposed. But not much literature exists on how textiles and their stories can be used to augment the understanding of the identity of an individual, a group, a region, or …

"Can You Make Coffee Wrong, Anyway?": An Ethnographic Analysis Of The Culture Of Coffee In Lewisburg, Pa, Elizabeth Hoffman

Honors Theses

The rapid development of Lewisburg’s coffee scene demonstrates the social impacts and meanings of coffee. The “three waves” of coffee describe the growing importance of unique flavors and sourcing in order to best satisfy an increasingly sophisticated palate in coffee consumption. These allude to people’s preferences for different kinds of coffee and rely on how an individual’s taste guides them in their choices about what coffee to consume. Each wave emerged as a result of the coffee market’s increased attention towards quality: the first and earliest wave does not rely on origin or tasting profiles in order to sell, but …

Historical Reappearance: Tracing The Impacts Of Argentina's Los Desaparecidos To The Rise Of President Javier Milei, Analise Sofia Chain

Undergraduate Honors Theses

In 1976 the Argentine government was taken over by a right wing military junta, attempting to “save” their country from communism. Military officials kidnapped, tortured and killed between 10,000 and 30,000 Argentine citizens, who were thought of as “guerrillas” supporting the leftist government and the late president Juan Perón. These victims are regarded as the disappeared, or Los Desaparecidos; due to the fact their families had no knowledge of where their loved ones were taken, or what was happening to them. Many of these young, liberal advocates were never seen or heard from again, their remains lost to history, and …

เส้นทางที่ (ไม่) คุ้นชินของน้ำมันในลาวจากกรุงเทพฯสู่สะหวันนะเขตและเวียงจันทน์: พลิกโฉมหน้าของประวัติศาสตร์ลาว เมื่อน้ำมัน - มนุษย์กลายเป็นแรงปรารถนาในการพัฒนา, สิทธา พสุทันท์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาบทบาทของพลังงานน้ำมันในฐานะ “สิ่งกระทำทางประวัติศาสตร์” (Historical Actant) ที่มีส่วนร่วมสำคัญต่อเส้นทางประวัติศาสตร์การพัฒนาของสาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว โดยนำเสนอประวัติศาสตร์ในรูปแบบ “เส้นทางที่ (ไม่) คุ้นชิน” [Path-(Non)-Dependence] เพื่อขยายความเข้าใจจากกรอบประวัติศาสตร์กระแสหลักที่เน้นมนุษย์เป็นศูนย์กลาง วิทยานิพนธ์นี้ใช้กรอบแนวคิดจากทฤษฎีวัตถุนิยมใหม่ (New Materialism) และจิตวิเคราะห์ของฌาคส์ ลากอง (Jacques Lacan’s Psychoanalysis) เพื่ออธิบายน้ำมันในฐานะวัตถุแห่งความปรารถนา (Object of Desire) ที่ฝังอยู่ในแนวทางการพัฒนาแบบรัฐสมัยใหม่ของลาว การวิจัยนี้ใช้วิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ ได้แก่ การศึกษาเอกสาร การเก็บข้อมูลภาคสนามเชิงชาติพันธุ์วรรณนาในเมืองสะหวันนะเขตและเวียงจันทน์ การร่วมเดินทางขนส่งน้ำมันจากจังหวัดระยอง และการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกกับภาคส่วนที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการนำเข้าน้ำมันจากไทยผ่านโครงสร้างชายแดนและเครือข่ายที่เกี่ยวข้อง ผลการศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่าน้ำมันไม่เพียงเป็นผลผลิตของประวัติศาสตร์ แต่ยังร่วมขีดเขียนประวัติศาสตร์ผ่านการประกอบร่วม (Assemblage) กับหน่วยงาน รัฐวิสาหกิจ โครงสร้างชายแดน อำนาจ และผู้คนที่เกี่ยวข้อง วิทยานิพนธ์นี้จึงเสนอให้การศึกษาพลังงานเป็นการศึกษาสังคม เพื่อเข้าใจความพัวพันระหว่างพลังงาน น้ำมัน และรัฐชาติในฐานะสภาวะร่วมการพัฒนาของสังคม

The Ordinariness Of Ethics And The Extraordinariness Of Revolution: Ethical Selves And The Egyptian January Revolution At Home And School, Ramy Aly

Faculty Journal Articles

In this article I present experiences of Egyptians too young to have taken part in the street protests and movement of the 2011 revolution. Today in their early twenties, they narrate their experiences during the early months of the uprising. None claimed to be revolutionaries then or now, but the revolution seems to animate them in complex and long-lasting ways. The January revolution failed to bring about change at the level of state power. Yet more is at stake than the political endgame. I turn my attention to how people narrate the revolution as a process of ethical reflection and …

Autopathography Across Media: Trauma And Fluid Embodied Subjectivity, He (Kristen) Shen

Honors Theses

Illness memoirs with first-person point of view have gained more attention in recent years among medical sociologists and anthropologists. Different from traditional “case histories”written by doctors that are in danger of ignoring patients’ voices, autopathograhical works delineate narrators’ transformative experiences of persons to patients, emphasizing the importance of gaining social understanding of illness. Focusing on three works within the category of autopathography across genres and media forms in the late 1950s and contemporary periods, The Cancer Journals (1980) written by Audre Lorde, The Collected Schizophrenias (2019) written by Esmé Weijun Wang, and The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) directed …

ความต้องการในการจัดการหลังความตายของคนเมืองในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร, อุษา เพียรทวีกิจ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาวิจัยในครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาความต้องการในการจัดการหลังความตายของคนเมืองในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร โดยใช้วิธีการศึกษาแบบผสมผสาน (Mixed Method) ด้วยการวิจัยเชิงปริมาณและการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ โดยวิธีการสุ่มแบบโควต้า (Quota Sampling) จำนวน 400 ราย โดยแบ่งเป็นชาวพุทธ 200 ราย ชาวอิสลาม 120 ราย ชาวคริสต์ 60 ราย และผู้ไม่นับถือศาสนา 20 ราย และจากวิธีการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ ด้วยการสัมภาษณ์แบบกึ่งโครงสร้าง (Semi-structured Interview) จำนวน 20 ราย โดยแบ่งเป็น ชาวพุทธ 8 ราย ชาวอิสลาม 6 ราย ชาวคริสต์ 3 ราย และผู้ไม่นับถือศาสนา 3 ราย จากประชากรในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร โดยข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณได้นำมาวิเคราะห์ด้วยสถิติไคสแควร์ (Chi-Square) และนำข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพมาวิเคราะห์ร่วมกัน ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ความต้องการในการจัดการหลังความตายส่วนใหญ่ในด้านของการจัดการร่าง (ศพ) คือ ต้องการจัดการในรูปแบบประเพณีนิยมที่เป็นในลักษณะของการฝังหรือการเผา รองลงมาคือ การบริจาคร่างกายเพื่อเป็นประโยชน์ทางการแพทย์ ต่อมาในส่วนของการจัดการเกี่ยวกับพิธีกรรมศพ พบว่า ความต้องการของกลุ่มตัวอย่างส่วนใหญ่คือ ต้องการจัดการตามแบบศาสนาทุกขั้นตอน รองลงมาคือ ต้องการทำตามแบบทางศาสนาแต่ไม่ต้องการปฏิบัติตามทุกขั้นตอน และในส่วนของการจัดการเกี่ยวกับร่องรอยที่เกิดขึ้นบนแพลตฟอร์มดิจิทัลพบว่า ส่วนใหญ่ต้องการให้ปล่อยบัญชีของตนเองไว้ตามปกติหากจากไปแล้ว ไม่ต้องมีการจัดการใด ๆ รองลงมาคือ ต้องการจัดการด้วยการฝากฝังบุคคลอื่นให้ช่วยดำเนินการปิดบัญชีให้ ผลการทดสอบสมมติฐานพบว่า ปัจจัยที่มีความสัมพันธ์กับความต้องการในการจัดการหลังความตายของคนเมืองในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานครคือ ปัจจัยส่วนบุคคลในด้านของ อาชีพและ ระดับการศึกษา ต่อมาคือ ปัจจัยทางศาสนาหรือความเชื่อ และปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับสังคมเมืองในด้านของสิ่งที่ต้องการหรือคาดหวังมากที่สุดเมื่อได้จากโลกนี้ไปแล้ว