Digital Commons Network^™

Calling By Domestic Piglets: Reliable Signals Of Need?, Daniel M. Weary, David Fraser

Communication Skills Collection

Two manipulations were performed on domestic piglets to determine whether differences in calling during periods of separation from the mother can indicate differences in need. In both cases, the aim was to manipulate the piglet's need for the sow's attention. In the first manipulation a 'thriving' piglet (i.e. the piglet with the heaviest weight and most rapid weight gain) and a 'non-thriving' one (lightest and slowest weight gain) were selected from each of 15 litters. The two piglets were removed from the sow and litter and recorded for 13 min in separate isolated enclosures. For the second manipulation, two piglets …

Strutting Sounds And Strutting Posturing Of Two Utah Sage Grouse Populations, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Wildlife Conservation and Management

Sound and video tape recordings and still pictures were taken of two populations of strutting male sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The two populations studied were from the Strawberry Valley and Parker Mountains. Sixteen elements of sounds were identified in the strutting sequence. These elements were the same for both populations. Video tape and still picture analysis revealed that both populations were similar in posturing during the strutting sequence. We concluded that the Parker Mountains sage grouse population is suitable in terms of breeding display behavior to augment the Strawberry Valley population. Sexual compatibility would need to be determined in future …

Geographic And Nongeographic Variation In The Genus Microtus (Mammalia: Rodentia) In West Virginia, Tina M. Savage

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Geographic and nongeographic variation was assessed on 12 cranial and 4 external characters in approximately 400 specimens of Microtus (M. ochrogaster, M. chrotorrhinus, M. pinetorum, M. pennsylvanicus) in West Virginia. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to examine age-related variation, sexual dimorphism, elevation and geographic variation and litter size for each species of Microtus in the state. Cranial characters were more beneficial than external in detecting variation. Examination of data for each species of Microtus studied demonstrated that values and trends in variation is a specific rather than a generic trait. Age-related variation was present in some, …

National Biological Service Annual Report 1995

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

In 1995, the National Biological Service (NBS) made great progress in pursuit of its mission, which is to work with others to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support sound management and conservation of our Nation's biological resources.
In carrying out this mission, the NBS is dedicated to excellence in science and technology. It does not manage or regulate use of lands or biological resources, nor adopt advocacy positions that might compromise the objectivity of its research. In its quest for scientific excellence, NBS is also improving the relevance of its products to public and private entities engaged …

Elephants, Robert H.I. Dale

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Book review for the following title:

Elephants. By Clive Spinage, Kent, UK: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1994, 319 pages. £27.45.

Reproductive Energetics Of Adult Male Yellow- Bellied Marmots (Marmota Flaviventris), Carmen M. Salsbury, K. B. Armitage

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

We examined the energy expenditure of adult male yellow-bellied marmots and its relationship to various female-defense characteristics critical to male reproductive success. Resting metabolic rates of males were estimated in the laboratory via oxygen-consumption analysis, and field metabolic rates were estimated using a doubly Labeled water technique. Male home-range size, number of females defended by males, dispersion of females in the habitat, and date into the active season were considered to be predictors of male energy expenditure in excess of maintenance costs (field metabolic rate minus resting metabolic rate). Energy expenditure was best explained by a defensibility index based on …

Uterine Mass And Uterine Blood Volume In Mice Selected 21 Generations For Alternative Criteria To Increase Litter Size, Merlyn K. Nielsen, R. J. Kittok, Y. L. Kochera Kirby

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Lines of mice, selected for 21 generations using alternative criteria to increase litter size, were evaluated for uterine mass and uterine blood volume to help explain differences in uterine capacity. For this study, mice were sampled from Generation 27, the sixth generation after relaxation of selection. Mice came from all four criteria of selection (LS = selection on number born to unaltered females; M = selection on an index of ovulation rate and ova success; UT = selection on uterine capacity; and LC = unselected control) in each of three replicates (a total of 12 lines). Measurement was at one …

Hormone Concentrations In The Caudal Vena Cava During The First Ovarian Follicular Wave Of The Oestrous Cycle In Heifers, F. M. Rhodes, L. A. Fitzpatrick, K. W. Entwistle, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Changes in pulsatile secretion of LH, FSH, oestradiol and progesterone were related to the growth phase, early plateau phase and regression phase of the first ovarian dominant follicle of the oestrous cycle in Bos indicus heifers. Relationships between these hormones during the three phases were also investigated. Accurate measurements of episodic ovarian steroid secretion were obtained by catheterizing the caudal vena cava via the lateral saphenous vein; the tip of the catheter was positioned just cranial to the ovarian vein using transrectal ultrasonography. Pulsatile secretion of oestradiol was increased only during the growth phase of the dominant follicle and was …

Collaborative Multimedia, Judy Diamond, Alan B. Bond, Beth Schenker, Debra Meier, Dana Twersky

Alan Bond Publications

Six natural history institutions contributed video and other images to produce a single multimedia exhibit about famous paleontology sites throughout the United States. In Mesozoic Monsters. Mammals and Magnolias users can view videos of the original excavation of each of the sites and also play computer games relating to each location. This project provides a model for how collaboration among museums can reduce the cost of multimedia exhibits while improving quality and making them available to wider audiences.

Melengestrol Acetate At Greater Doses Than Typically Used For Estrous Synchrony In Bovine Females Does Not Mimic Endogenous Progesterone In Regulation Of Secretion Of Luteinizing Hormone And 17Β-Estradiol, F. N. Kojima, J. R. Chenault, M. E. Wehrman, E. G. M. Bergfeld, Andrea S. Cupp, L. A. Werth, V. Mariscal, T. Sanchez, Roger J. Kittok, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Our working hypothesis was that doses of melengestrol acetate (MGA) greater than those typically administered in estrous synchrony regimens would regulate secretion of LH and 17β-estradiol (E₂) as endogenous progesterone (P₄) does during the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle. We also hypothesized that endogenous P₄ from the CL would interact with MGA to further decrease the frequency of LH pulses and E₂. Cows on Day 5 of their estrous cycle (Day 0 = estrus) were randomly assigned to an untreated control group (CONT, n = 5) or to one of six MGA …

The Effects Of Orientation And Storage Time On The Prediction Of Beef Rib Composition Using Electromagnetic Scanning, B. L. Gwartney, N. L. Meseck, Chris R. Calkins

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

To investigate the effects of orientation of beef ribs in an electromagnetic field and storage time on the prediction of rib composition, 64 ribs (IMPS 103) were scanned (2.5 MHz) in three different orientations: posterior end first (POS), dorsal end first (DOR), and fat side first, blade end down (BLD). Scans were obtained after 1 and 5 d of storage. Scan peak, rib weight, 3/4 fat depth, length, and temperature were used to predict percentage and weight of dissectable and fat-free lean. The mean peak for the BLD scans was four to six times higher than the POS or DOR …

Increasing Concentrations Of 17Β-Estradiol Has Differential Effects On Secretion Of Luteinizing Hormone And Follicle-Stimulating Hormone And Amounts Of Mrna For Gonadotropin Subunits During The Follicular Phase Of The Bovine Estrous Cycle, Andrea S. Cupp, F. N. Kojima, M. S. Roberson, T. T. Stumpf, M. F. Wolfe, L. A. Werth, Roger J. Kittok, H. E. Grotjan, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The hypothesis tested was that 17β-estradiol (E₂) would increase amounts of mRNA for α, LHβ, and FSHβ subunits during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle prior to the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins in cows. On Day 16 (Day 0 = estrus) of the estrous cycle, all cows were treated with prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α). Cows served as intact controls (CONT, n = 4) were ovariectomized (OVX, n = 5), or were ovariectomized and administered E₂ (OVXE, n = 6) in increasing doses starting at the time of treatment with PGF_2α. Cows were …

Dosage Of The Synthetic Progestin, Norgestomet, Influences Luteinizing Hormone Pulse Frequency And Endogenous Secretion Of 17Β-Estradiol In Heifers, T. Sanchez, M. E. Wehrman, F. N. Kojima, Andrea S. Cupp, E. G. M. Bergfeld, K. E. Peters, V. Mariscal, Roger J. Kittok, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to determine whether there were doses at which the synthetic progestin, norgestomet, could mimic midluteal phase concentrations of progesterone in regulating the secretion of LH and 17β-estradiol in bovine females. Heifers were randomly assigned to one of five groups to receive: 1) one (Norg, n = 5), 2) two (2Norg, n = 5), 3) four (4Norg, n = 5), or 4) eight (8Norg, n = 5) norgestomet implants or to serve as untreated control heifers (control, n = 5). On Day 7 (Day 0 = behavioral estrus), implants containing norgestomet were inserted, and they …

Differences In Pup Birth Weight, Pup Variability Within Litters, And Dam Weight Of Mice Selected For Alternative Criteria To Increase Litter Size, M. A. J/ Van Engelen, Merlyn K. Nielsen, E. L. De A. Ribeiro

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Selection for litter size had been practiced for 21 generations and relaxed selection for 13 generations in mice. Three replicates were used with four selection criteria: index of components (ovulation rate and ova success), uterine capacity, litter size, and an unselected control. Especially with selection for litter size and the index relative to the control, number of pups born had increased, and differences also occurred in mating weight. Dams of the three replicates and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of accumulated selection on pup birth weight, variability in weight of littermates, and dam's weight at mating and …

Egg Removal By Brown-Headed Cowbirds: A Field Test Of The Host Incubation Efficiency Hypothesis, Douglas R. Wood

Masters Theses

Obligate brood parasites, like the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), lay their eggs in the nests of host species, usually to the detriment of the host's reproductive effort. In addition, Brown-headed Cowbirds often remove one or more host eggs near the time of parasitism. Although several hypotheses exist, the adaptive significance of egg removal has not been clearly established. Peer and Bollinger (in press) proposed the host incubation efficiency hypothesis which states that the number and size of host eggs influences the incubation efficiency of a parasitic egg. Thus, host egg removal by cowbirds should increase the parasitic egg's …

Reproductive Success Of Grassland Birds At East-Central Illinois Airports, Eric L. Kershner

Masters Theses

We determined the densities and reproductive success of birds on airport grasslands in east-central Illinois. Seven airports were sampled between 10 April and 15 August 1994 in Clark, Coles, Crawford, Douglas, Edgar, Macon and Richland counties. Nineteen species were detected on the airport grasslands and 147 nests were found representing six different species. Eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were the most abundant nesting species found; 105 out of the 147 nests (71%). Other nesting species included: grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and horned lark (Eremophilia alpestris). Overall nest success was …

1995 South Dakota Beef Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Beef Report, 1995

This is the 1995 South Dakota Beef Report. The articles published in this report summarize many of the beef cattle research activities conducted at South Dakota State University during 1995. The articles in this report have many levels of application. Some information has immediate application for your farm, ranch, or agribusiness. The articles include information on nutrition, management, meat science, growth and development, and economics of the cattle and beef industry in South Dakota.

Trace Element Concentrations In Water, Sediment And Biota From Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge, Natrona And Carbon Counties, Wyoming, Pedro Ramirez Jr., Kimberly Dickerson, Mary Jennings

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge (Pathfinder NWR), located in Natrona and Carbon Counties, is 50 miles southwest of Casper, Wyoming. Pathfinder NWR, established in 1936, is a refuge and breeding area for migratory waterfowl. The refuge initially encompassed the entire Pathfinder Reservoir, an impoundment of the North Platte River. In 1965, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reduced it to four smaller units to allow more intensive management: the Sweetwater Arm, Goose Bay Unit, DeWeese Creek Unit, and the Sage Creek-Platte Unit. We collected water, sediment and biota samples for trace element analyses in May, June and July 1993 from wetlands …

Effect Of Feathers As Nest Insulation On Incubation Behavior And Reproductive Performance Of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta Bicolor), Michael P. Lombardo, Ruth M. Bosman, Christine A. Faro, Stephen G. Houtteman, Timothy S. Kluisza

Peer Reviewed Publications

Many species of birds line their nests with feathers, presumably because of the insulative qualities of feathers and because feathers may act as a barrier between nest parasites and nestlings. In 1993, we experimentally examined the role of feathers as nest insulation on the incubation behavior, nestling growth, and reproductive performance of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in boxes in western Michigan. There were no significant differences between the incubation rhythms of females with experimental nests (i.e. no feathers) and females with control nests (i.e. with feathers). Nestlings that were reared in control nests had significantly longer right …

Within-Pair Copulations: Are Female Tree Swallows Feathering Their Own Nests?, Michael P. Lombardo

Peer Reviewed Publications

A variety of hypotheses has been proposed to explain why socially monogamous birds copulate repeatedly with their mates when only a single copulation is necessary to fertilize an entire clutch (Birkhead and Møller 1992, Petrie 1992, Hunter et al. 1993). Petrie (1992) hypothesized that a female should copulate frequently with her mate so as to reduce her mate’s involvement in extrapair copulations. By reducing her mate’s involvement in extrapair copulations, a female may: (1) avoid the transmission of parasites and sexually transmitted diseases (Hamilton 1990); (2) may avoid sperm depletion by her mate; and (3) may monopolize her mate’s paternal …

The Impact Of Phorate On The Genetic Diversity Of Wetland Aquatic Invertebraes, M. A. Brinkman, W. G. Duffy, C. F. Facemire

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Impacts of the insecticide phorate on the genetic diversity of wetland invertebrates were investigated using field and laboratory studies in 1991. Electrophoretic methods were evaluated for revealing the impact of insecticides. Objectives were to determine the ability of electrophoresis to reveal the impact of phorate on invertebrates and to determine the influence of phorate on the genetic diversity in two common invertebrates. Amphipods, Hyallela azteca and mayflies, Callibaetis ferrugineus (Walsh) were placed in constructed mesocosms in wetlands and were exposed to varying amounts of phorate. Survivors and individuals from the parent population were genetically tested using cellulose acetate electrophoresis techniques. …

Impacts Of Irrigation Development On Anadromous Fish In The Yakima River Basin, Washington, Robert L. Tuck

All Master's Theses

Prior to Euroamerican development, the Yakima River Basin was a major producer of salmon. Total runs of approximately 800,000 have declined to 3,000-5,000, or less than 1% of original run size. Three species are extinct in the basin, including summer chinook, coho, and sockeye.

Irrigation development, including the construction of unscreened diversions, the blockage of spawning and rearing habitat by reservoir dams, and the dewatering of spawning and rearing habitat, began in the mid-1800's and today totals approximately 500,000 acres. Historical records provide a wealth of information documenting irrigation development and its consequences on anadromous fish populations.

Fisheries And Oceanography Off Galicia, Nw Spain: Mesoscale Spatial And Temporal Changes In Physical Processes And Resultant Patterns Of Biological Productivity, K. R. Tenore, M. Alonsonval, L. P. Atkinson, J. M. Cabanas, R. M. Cal, H. J. Campos, F. Castillejo, E. J, Chesney, N. Gonzalez, R. B. Hanson, C. R. Mcclain, A. Miranda, M. R. Roman, J. Sanchez, G. Santiago, L. Valdes, M. Varela, J. Yoder

CCPO Publications

The Galician shelf off NW Spain (43N degrees 9W degrees) exhibits mesoscale spatial and temporal changes in biological productivity associated with upwelling. Spatial heterogeneity results from local geomorphic and land-sea interactions superimposed on the large scale atmospheric processes that produce upwelling. Wind-induced upwelling events, commonly of short (i.e., week) duration, are more common in the summer than in the winter. A Series of cruises, including some time series sampling, and satellite imagery analysis showed that surface upwelling was more common and persistent on the northern coast compared with the western coast off the coastal embayments, the Rias Bajas. Nearshore off …

Land Management Report For The Kent River Catchment, Sue Kelly

Natural resources published reports

The Kent River Catchment is located in the South-West of Western Australia, approximately between latitudes 34° 15' and 35° 10' South and longitudes 116° 45" and 117° 50° East. The north-eastern boundary of the catchment stretches to the Albany Highway at Tenterden, and from there the catchment curves towards Rocky Gully before continuing to the South Coast (Figure 1.1.1). The catchment is located within the Shires of Cranbrook, Plantagenet and Denmark.

The Kent River Catchment is part of Basin 604, which is the Water Authority descriptor for the Kent, Bow and Kordabup River catchments collectively. Basin 604 has a total …

Availability And Use Of Food Resources By Two Species Of Automolus (Aves, Furnariidae), Grace Patricia Servat-Valenzuela

Theses

Foraging specialization is one mechanism that has been hypothesized to promote species coexistence and, thus, higher bird species diversity in tropical forests. Dead-leaves suspended in vegetation above the forest floor constitute a focal substrate that may promote specialization (Rosenberg 1990a, b). In a study locality in Amazonia, Remsen and Parker (1984) reported 16 species of birds closely associated with this system. Therefore, it represents a microcosm of high diversity in tropical forests. As such, one natural question is how this substrate can support so many coexisting species, and at what level does specialization occur? In the present study, I address …

Department Of Fisheries Annual Report 1994-1995, Department Of Fisheries, Western Australia

Department of Fisheries Annual Reports

In accordance with Section 62 of the Financial Administration and Audit Act 1985, I submit for your information and presentation to Parliament the Annual Report. of the Fisheries Department for the financial year ended 30 June 1995.

The Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Administration and Audit Act 1985 and Sections 57 and 35M of the Fisheries Act 1905.

A Ten-Year History Of The Demography And Productivity Of An Arctic Wolf Pack, L. David Mech

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

A pack of two to eight adult wolves (Canis lupus arctos) and their pups was observed during ten summers (1986–95) on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. The author habituated the wolf pack to his presence in the first summer and reinforced the habituation each summer thereafter. The first alpha female produced four to six pups each year between 1986 and 1989. However, her daughter, who succeeded her as the alpha female, produced only one to three pups each year between 1990 and 1992 and in 1994, and apparently did not whelp in 1993 or in 1995. The tenure …

Historical Biogeography And Modes Of Speciation Across High-Latitude Seas Of The Holarctic: Concepts For Host-Parasite Coevolution Among The Phocini (Phocidae) And Tetrabothriidae (Eucestoda), Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Species of Anophryocephalus are host-specific parasites of pinnipeds in the Holarctic. Phylogenetic analysis of 7 species postulates A. anophrys as the basal taxon and A. inuitorum as basal to A. skrjabini; A. arcticensis is basal to A. nunivakensis and A. eumetopii + A. ochotensis (single tree; consistency index = 74.4%; homoplasy slope ratio = 36.45%). Evaluation of host and geographic distributions postulates ringed seals of the Atlantic-Arctic as ancestral hosts, and the Arctic basin as a paraphyletic area with respect to the North Pacific. Cospeciation within this assemblage was dependent on intense isolation of small effective populations of definitive hosts …

Anophryocephalus Inuitorum Sp. Nov. And A. Arcticensis Sp. Nov. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae) In Ringed Seals (Phoca Hispida Hispida) And Harp Seals (Phoca Groenlandica) From High-Latitude Seas Of Eastern Canada And The Arctic Basin, Eric P. Hoberg, Lena N. Measures

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Anophryocephalus inuitorum sp. nov. and A. arcticensis sp. nov. are described from ringed seals (Phoca hispida hispida) in the eastern Canadian Arctic; the latter species is also reported from harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Anophryocephalus inuitorum is most similar to A. skrjabini, but can be distinguished by fewer testes (14-27) and smaller dimensions of the strobila, neck (3.0-5.9 mm long), and cirrus sac (31-70 μm long), diameter of the genital atrium (44 -68 pm), and length of the male canal (23-42 μm long). Anophyrocephulus arcticensis resembles A. nunivakensis in the …

Hyla Albopunctata, Rafael O. De Sá

Biology Faculty Publications

Hyla albopunctata is a medium-sized species in the albopunctata group, adults range in size from 42-52 mm SVL (males average 47 mm and females 49 mm). The head is triangular in outline, always longer than wide. The snout is moderately long and acuminate in dorsal view, whereas in lateral view, it is acuminate and protrudes beyond the mandible to form an angle of 45 degrees over the mandible. The canthus rostralis is rounded and distinct, the loreal region is slightly concave, and the internarial region is slightly convex. The eyes are large, approximately twice the diameter of the tympanum. The …