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Articles 15511 - 15540 of 21426

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Dietary Overlap Of An Alien And Native Carnivore On San Clemente Island, California, R. Brand Phillips, Clark S. Winchell, Robert H. Schmidt Jan 2007

Dietary Overlap Of An Alien And Native Carnivore On San Clemente Island, California, R. Brand Phillips, Clark S. Winchell, Robert H. Schmidt

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Predation by feral cats (Felis catus) is recognized as a major threat to native fauna worldwide, but the competitive effects of cats on native species have not been extensively studied. Cats occur on San Clemente Island, California, in sympatry with endemic island foxes (Urocyon littoralis clementae). We examined diets of cats and island foxes between years, seasons, and habitats to assess the potential for resource competition between the 2 species. Analysis of 602 cat and 958 fox feces revealed a high level of dietary overlap (O = 0.93) and relatively narrow niche breadths for both …

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Measuring Ultrasonic Communication Between Mouse Pups And Adult Mother Mice, Katie Ludwig Jan 2007

Measuring Ultrasonic Communication Between Mouse Pups And Adult Mother Mice, Katie Ludwig

Undergraduate Research Symposium (UGRS)

Measuring ultrasonic communication provides us with a way to study parental influence on animals. In this study I measured the ultrasonic communication between mouse pups and two maternal females, one of which who had given birth to the pups and the other had raised them. I found that there was no significant difference between the amount of noise expressed by pups in response to each the biological mother and foster mother test groups. Mouse pups call to maternal females regardless of genetic relatedness. Communication in mice may be a more complicated model because of their communal nature.

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Self-Medication And Homeostatic Behaviour In Herbivores: Learning About The Benefits Of Nature’S Pharmacy, Juan J. Villalba, Frederick D. Provenza Jan 2007

Self-Medication And Homeostatic Behaviour In Herbivores: Learning About The Benefits Of Nature’S Pharmacy, Juan J. Villalba, Frederick D. Provenza

Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation, and Ecosystem Management (BEHAVE)

Traditional production systems have viewed animals as homogeneous ‘machines’ whose nutritional and medicinal needs must be provided in a prescribed manner. This view arose from the lack of belief in the wisdom of the body to meet its physiological needs. Is it possible for herbivores to select diets that meet their needs for nutrients and to write their own prescriptions? Our research suggests it is. Herbivores adapt to the variability of the external environment and to their changing internal needs not only by generating homeostatic physiological responses, but also by operating in the external environment. Under this view, food selection …

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Ua1f Wku Archives Vertical File - White Squirrels, Wku Archives Jan 2007

Ua1f Wku Archives Vertical File - White Squirrels, Wku Archives

WKU Administration Documents

Articles regarding the white squirrels that live on the WKU campus.

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Ua66/5/2 Newsletter, Wku Department Of Agriculture Jan 2007

Ua66/5/2 Newsletter, Wku Department Of Agriculture

WKU Administration Documents

Newsletter regarding programs, events, students and alumni of the WKU Agriculture department.

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Fish & Wildlife News: Winter 2007 Jan 2007

Fish & Wildlife News: Winter 2007

Fish and Wildlife News

Contents:
News Briefs 2
After the Storm 12
Walking Wetlands 14
Women on the Wing 16
Common Ground 20
Continental Conservation 22
Bridging the Gap 26
Faces in the Field 30
Science & Technology 31
Fish Tales 33
Our People 35
Transitions 35
Honors 38
In Memoriam 41

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Loathsome Beasts: Images Of Reptiles And Amphibians In Art And Science, Kay Etheridge Jan 2007

Loathsome Beasts: Images Of Reptiles And Amphibians In Art And Science, Kay Etheridge

Biology Faculty Publications

The mythology and symbolism historically associated with reptiles and amphibians is unequaled by that of any other taxonomic group of animals. Even today, these creatures serve as icons - often indicating magic or evil - in a variety of media. Reptiles and amphibians also differ from other vertebrates (i.e. fish, mammals and birds) in that most have never been valued in Europe as food or for sport. Aside from some limited medicinal uses and the medical concerns related to venomous species, there was little utilitarian value in studying the natural history of reptiles and amphibians. Because of this history and …

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Instructions For Authors, Discovery Editors Jan 2007

Instructions For Authors, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Geographic Distribution: Ramphotyphlops Braminus (Brahminy Blindsnake). Usa: Florida: Alachua Co., Louis A. Somma Jan 2007

Geographic Distribution: Ramphotyphlops Braminus (Brahminy Blindsnake). Usa: Florida: Alachua Co., Louis A. Somma

Papers in Herpetology

One adult within a temiite colony, beneath rock. UF 151211; additional specimens (UF 151212-14) were also found. All specimens were collected between 1200-1240 h at the Division of Plant Industry (DPI), Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. In 2006, another adult Ramphotyphlops braminus was collected by an employee at this site, near a greenhouse, and was kept in captivity until it escaped. Rhamphotyphlops is occasionally encountered by employees of DPI and it may be expanding its range, as there is one specimen (UF 147001) collected from the University of Florida campus (Powell Hall) adjacent to the DPI site (29°38'7.9080"N, …

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Morphology, Reproduction And Mortality Of Equus Hemionus Hemionus In Mongolia, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan Jan 2007

Morphology, Reproduction And Mortality Of Equus Hemionus Hemionus In Mongolia, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

There are collected materials on morphology, reproduction rate, and mortality of Dschiggetajs Equus h. hemionus between 2001 and 2006 in the South Gobi of Mongolia. It were found 794 skeletons of wild asses, 95% of these were pouched, ⅔ of them in winter coat. Pouching was also located in the protected areas of this region. The main living resources of Equus hemionus are registered in the South eastern Gobi. For the first time statistical data on morphology measurements of body length, tail and tuft, ear length, and hoofs are given. There are no significant differences between the sexes. The reproduction …

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Up-Date On The Behaviour And Status Of The Critically Endangered Onager, Equus Hemionus Onager, From Iran, Laurent Tatin, Bijan F. Darreh-Shoori, Christophe Tourenq, David Tatin, Bijan Azmayesh Jan 2007

Up-Date On The Behaviour And Status Of The Critically Endangered Onager, Equus Hemionus Onager, From Iran, Laurent Tatin, Bijan F. Darreh-Shoori, Christophe Tourenq, David Tatin, Bijan Azmayesh

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

The onager, Equus hemionus onager, an Asiatic wild ass endemic to Iran, is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Its biology and conservation requirements are poorly documented. We report some observations made in 1997 and 2000 on the behavior and ecology of the two remaining populations, located in the Touran Protected Area and the Bahram-e-Goor Reserve. Recent population counts by the Department of Environment of Iran (471 in the Protected Area, and 96 in the Reserve) are markedly lower than the count of 600-770 made in the 1970s in the Touran Protected Area. We observed social …

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Asiatic Wild Ass In Israel, David A. Blank Jan 2007

Asiatic Wild Ass In Israel, David A. Blank

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

The Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) lived in Israel in historic times until the 1930s, when it disappeared from the entire Middle East region. Khulans from other subspecies (E. h. onager - six individulas and E. h. kulan - five individuals) were brought to Israel from European zoos during 1968-69 (the authors of project considered that onager and kulan were the same subspecies) and these animals bred together in the semi-captivity conditions of the Haibar Yotvata Reserve. Later, during a 12-year period from 1982 through 1993, six groups totalling 38 khulans (17 males and 21 females) …

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Contributions To The Chiroptera Of Mongolia With First Evidences On Species Communities And Ecological Niches, Dietrich Dolch, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Klaus Thiele, Frank Burger, Ingo Scheffler, Andreas Kiefer, Frieder Mayer, Ravčigijn Samjaa, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, Leonard Krall, Dirk Steinhauser Jan 2007

Contributions To The Chiroptera Of Mongolia With First Evidences On Species Communities And Ecological Niches, Dietrich Dolch, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Klaus Thiele, Frank Burger, Ingo Scheffler, Andreas Kiefer, Frieder Mayer, Ravčigijn Samjaa, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, Leonard Krall, Dirk Steinhauser

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

In this paper are presented the accounts of 13 identified bat species from a total of 628 captured specimens from 32 locations in Mongolia during three field expeditions. These species accounts include taxonomical, morphological, and ecological data resulting from observations and further analyses. As a result of this work the distribution of some bat species in Mongolia can be drawn in more detail. For instance, Vespertilio murinus is much wider distributed and abundant than the former records indicate. The Plecotus species were clearly identified by genetic analyses combined with morphological characteristics. Moreover, the second record for Eptesicus serotinus and the …

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Surviving A Drought: Population Dynamics Of Ochotona Pallasi Pricei In A Dry Steppe, Gobi Altai, Mongolia, Karin Nadrowski, Georg Miehe Jan 2007

Surviving A Drought: Population Dynamics Of Ochotona Pallasi Pricei In A Dry Steppe, Gobi Altai, Mongolia, Karin Nadrowski, Georg Miehe

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Two distinct life history traits are described from the genus Ochotona, the group of “burrowing” species exhibiting high but fluctuating population densities and the “non-burrowing” species exhibiting relatively stable low population densities. The life history traits are linked to ecosystem dynamics with climatically variable steppe environments hosting “burrowing” species and relatively stable mountainous and rocky habitats hosting “non-burrowing” species. There are few intermediate species, living in both steppe and rocky environments. This study presents survival rates, reproductive rates and a tentative model of population dynamics for Ochotona pallasi pricei, an intermediate species with respect to habitat preference. We …

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The Emerging Dziggetai (Equidae: Equus Hemionus Pallas): An Illustrated History Of Taxonomic Concepts For The Identification, Classification, And Distribution Of Hemiones From Central Asia, Arnd Schreiber Jan 2007

The Emerging Dziggetai (Equidae: Equus Hemionus Pallas): An Illustrated History Of Taxonomic Concepts For The Identification, Classification, And Distribution Of Hemiones From Central Asia, Arnd Schreiber

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

The history of the discovery and the exploration of the hemione populations (Equus hemionus PALLAS) from Central Asia (Mongolia, northwest China, northeast Tibet, Kazakhstan, and Russian Siberia) from the 13th century to approximately 1950 are compiled with the aim to provide materials for a taxonomic and population genetic revision of the dziggetais. Data on their phenotypic differentiation, historical distribution status, and their husbandry history in European zoological gardens, are reviewed, as is the gradual emergence of concepts of how to identify and to classify these populations. Hemiones were an important historical case in the discussion of how to represent …

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Quo Vadis Equus Hemionus Hemionus In Mongolia?, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, O. Shagdarsuren, Ravčigijn Samjaa, Nayamsuren Batsaikhan Jan 2007

Quo Vadis Equus Hemionus Hemionus In Mongolia?, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, O. Shagdarsuren, Ravčigijn Samjaa, Nayamsuren Batsaikhan

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Caused in studies on biodiversity in the South Gobi we were confronted with the human impact on animal communities and endangered animal species, especially the Asiatic wild ass. So was born the idea to organize an international conference with the aim to actualize the status of Equus hemionus in Central Asia and to find ways for better conservation of this species and its habitats. A short review is given on historical exploration, decreasing area and population number of the Dschiggetai. Today the range of the nominate form of Equus hemionus is located in the Gobi region of southern Mongolia/northern China …

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Quo Vadis Equus Hemionus Hemionus In Mongolia?, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, O. Shagdarsuren, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Ravčigijn Samjaa Jan 2007

Quo Vadis Equus Hemionus Hemionus In Mongolia?, Annegret Stubbe, Michael Stubbe, O. Shagdarsuren, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Ravčigijn Samjaa

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Inspired by studies on biodiversity in the South Gobi we were confronted with the human impact on animal communities and endangered animal species, especially the Asiatic wild ass. So the idea was born to organize an international conference with the aim to actualize the status of Equus hemionus in Central Asia and to find ways for better conservation of this species and its habitats. A short review is given on historical exploration, decreasing area and population number of the Dschiggetai. Today the range of the nominate form of Equus hemionus is located in the Gobi region of southern Mongolia/northern China …

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Remarks On The Social System Of The Mongolian Wild Ass (Equus Hemionus Hemionus), Gertrud Neumann-Denzau, Helmut Denzau Jan 2007

Remarks On The Social System Of The Mongolian Wild Ass (Equus Hemionus Hemionus), Gertrud Neumann-Denzau, Helmut Denzau

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

So far the social system of Mongolian wild asses is non-uniformly interpreted. The authors describe their own observations from different parts of Mongolia and review data from available publications. The arguments support a territorial social system, which agrees with the social system of all other wild asses in Asia and Africa.

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The Birth Of A Wild Ass (Equus Hemionus Khur) In India’S Little Rann Of Kutch, Gertrud Neumann-Denzau Jan 2007

The Birth Of A Wild Ass (Equus Hemionus Khur) In India’S Little Rann Of Kutch, Gertrud Neumann-Denzau

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

The birth of a wild ass was completely described and photographed in the wild for the first time. It happened in the daytime, in the open desert, and in the vicinity of other wild asses. The mother isolated her foal afterwards for an entire day. After birthing she drove away her male yearling, which did not join her any longer from this moment on.

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First Breeding Of The Snowy Plover In Minnesota, Philip C. Chu Jan 2007

First Breeding Of The Snowy Plover In Minnesota, Philip C. Chu

Biology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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New Microanatomical Characters For Scorpion Taxonomy (Arachnida: Scorpiones), Michael Brewer Jan 2007

New Microanatomical Characters For Scorpion Taxonomy (Arachnida: Scorpiones), Michael Brewer

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Morphological characters used in scorpion systematics are limited to a few reliable structures. The most recent high-level, comprehensive revision of scorpion phylogeny, 38 of the 105 morphological characters were based on trichobothria – socketed mechanosensory seta (Soleglad & Fet, 2003). Other microstructures such as granules, setae, spines, etc. have been found in scorpions but their use for taxonomy was limited. In an effort to better understand the complex relationships among these ancient but similar looking animals, we attempted to first locate new microstructures and then assess their reliability and variability thus determining the levels at which they are diagnostic. The …

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Characterizing Linkage Disequilibrium In Pig Populations, Feng-Xing Du, Archie C. Clutter, Michael M. Lohuis Jan 2007

Characterizing Linkage Disequilibrium In Pig Populations, Feng-Xing Du, Archie C. Clutter, Michael M. Lohuis

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Knowledge of the extent and range of linkage disequilibrium (LD), defined as non-random association of alleles at two or more loci, in animal populations is extremely valuable in localizing genes affecting quantitative traits, identifying chromosomal regions under selection, studying population history, and characterizing/managing genetic resources and diversity. Two commonly used LD measures, r2 and D’, and their permutation based adjustments, were evaluated using genotypes of more than 6,000 pigs from six commercial lines (two terminal sire lines and four maternal lines) at ~4,500 autosomal SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). The results indicated that permutation only partially removed the dependency of …

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Mark-Recapture Of Chinese Paddle-Tail Salamanders (Pachytriton Brevipes) Using Spot Pattern Recognition, Michelle Lester Jan 2007

Mark-Recapture Of Chinese Paddle-Tail Salamanders (Pachytriton Brevipes) Using Spot Pattern Recognition, Michelle Lester

Undergraduate Honors Theses

An abundance and demography survey was conducted on Chinese Paddle-tail salamanders, Pachytriton brevipes, found within the Valley of the Wild Monkeys Park in Huangshan, China. Established mark-recapture sampling techniques were used to investigate population size of this species within the park's streams. Digital photographs were taken of all individuals encountered in order to identify recaptures in a non-invasive manner. There were 56 adult individuals encountered with six recaptured in Y A2 stream and 12 individuals with five recaptured in the Y Al stream. Both Jolly-Seber closed population and Lincoln-Peterson open population models were used to estimate population abundance. Estimates …

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Feedlot Surface Conditions And Ammonia Emissions, Dawn M. Sherwood, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Dennis D. Schulte, Richard R. Stowell Jan 2007

Feedlot Surface Conditions And Ammonia Emissions, Dawn M. Sherwood, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Dennis D. Schulte, Richard R. Stowell

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Moisture and urine were applied to a feedlot surface in a 2x2 factorial design. Forced-air wind tunnels were used to determine differences in the net flux of ammonia (NH3) being volatilized. Surface DM, pH and surface temperature were all analyzed within each treatment to determine effect on NH3 net flux. No effects of urine were detected. There were differences detected due to moisture and moisture*time with the dry plots releasing significantly more NH3.

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Evaluation Of Excede® Given At Either Initial Processing Or Revaccination On Bovine Respiratory Disease And Pasture Vs. Feedlot Receiving Systems, Virgil R. Bremer, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Kyle J. Vander Pol, Matthew A. Greenquist, David R. Smith, Dee Griffin, Gary E. Sides, Lonty Bryant Jan 2007

Evaluation Of Excede® Given At Either Initial Processing Or Revaccination On Bovine Respiratory Disease And Pasture Vs. Feedlot Receiving Systems, Virgil R. Bremer, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Kyle J. Vander Pol, Matthew A. Greenquist, David R. Smith, Dee Griffin, Gary E. Sides, Lonty Bryant

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

An experiment (Exp. 1) was conducted to determine the effect of Excede® at arrival or at revaccination on morbidity, mortality, and gain in both feedlot and pasture receiving systems. A second experiment (Exp. 2) was conducted to determine the effect of feedlot and pasture receiving systems on animal health. In Exp. 1, no treatment differences were observed for initial or final BW, or ADG. In Exp. 1, initial BW, treatment, receiving system (pasture or feedlot); and buyer of cattle explained the cumulative incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The incidence of BRD in this study was 4.7%, 11.0%, and 13.8% …

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Effect Of Crina Ruminants Af, A Mixture Of Essential Oil Compounds, On Finishing Beef Steer Performance, Nathan F. Meyer, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Matthew A. Greenquist, Peter Willams, Ricardo Losa Jan 2007

Effect Of Crina Ruminants Af, A Mixture Of Essential Oil Compounds, On Finishing Beef Steer Performance, Nathan F. Meyer, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Matthew A. Greenquist, Peter Willams, Ricardo Losa

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Three-hundred seventy six crossbred yearling steers were fed one of four treatments: 1) Control (CON) 2) CRINA RUMINANTS AF (CRINA) 3) CRINA RUMINANTS AF plus Tylan® (CRINA + T), and 4) Rumensin® plus Tylan® (RUM + T) to determine the potential of an essential oil additive to improve steer growth performance and carcass characteristics. There were no differences in Final BW or ADG between treatments. Steers fed RUM + T had lower DMI than other treatments and F:G was improved for the CRINA + T and RUM + T fed steers compared with CON steers. Treatments containing Tylan® had significantly …

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Effect Of Feeding Das-59122-7 Corn Grain And Non-Transgenic Corn Grain To Finishing Feedlot Steers, Taia J. Huls, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Matt K. Luebbe, Kyle J. Vander Pol, David W. Rice, Brenda Smith, Mark Hinds, Fred Owens, Matthias Leibergesell Jan 2007

Effect Of Feeding Das-59122-7 Corn Grain And Non-Transgenic Corn Grain To Finishing Feedlot Steers, Taia J. Huls, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Matt K. Luebbe, Kyle J. Vander Pol, David W. Rice, Brenda Smith, Mark Hinds, Fred Owens, Matthias Leibergesell

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Sixty crossbred steers were individually fed either corn genetically modified for corn rootworm protection (Das-59122-7), a conventional non-transgenic corn hybrid, or a near isoline control for 109 days to evaluate nutritional equivalency. The corn was coarsely rolled (geometric mean diameter = 4,200 microns) and treatments offered in the finishing diet at 82% of diet (DM basis). Dry matter intakes, ADG, and F:G were similar among all three corn hybrids. Carcass characteristics showed no significant differences among treatments. The genetically modified corn DAS-59122-7 was nutritionally equivalent to a conventional corn hybrid and a near isoline control when fed to finishing steers. …

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Hyperspectral Imaging: A Non-Invasive Technique To Predict Beef Tenderness, Lauren Grimes, Govindarajan Konda Naganathan, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, Chris R. Calkins Jan 2007

Hyperspectral Imaging: A Non-Invasive Technique To Predict Beef Tenderness, Lauren Grimes, Govindarajan Konda Naganathan, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, Chris R. Calkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A hyperspectral imaging apparatus was developed and assembled to predict 14 d tenderness of beef steaks. USDA Choice and Select grade longissimus steaks (n=111) from between the 12th and 13th ribs were frozen at 14 days post-mortem, cut to 1-inch thickness, and thawed overnight for scanning, cooking, and obtaining slice shear force data. The model predicted three tenderness categories with 96.4% accuracy, correctly classifying 93 tender, nine intermediate and all five tough samples. One tender sample was misclassified as intermediate, and three intermediate samples were misclassified as tender. This hyperspectral imaging system was effective in predicting beef tenderness.

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Using A Modified In-Vitro Procedure To Measure Corn Bran Buoyancy, Crystal D. Buckner, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, James C. Macdonald, Joshua R. Benton Jan 2007

Using A Modified In-Vitro Procedure To Measure Corn Bran Buoyancy, Crystal D. Buckner, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, James C. Macdonald, Joshua R. Benton

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

An in vitro procedure was modified to estimate rumen buoyancy of corn bran and fiber types. Inoculum was obtained from two beef heifers and mixed with McDougall’s buffer then distributed to the in vitro tubes for 30 hours incubation at 100 °F. Fibrous material formed a matte layer which was measured to describe buoyancy. Tubes contained 6g of a feedlot-type diet with 7.5% fiber type (alfalfa hay, grass hay, corn silage, or corn stalks), with no replacement or 25% replacement of the remaining corn with corn bran. Buoyancy declined over time. Alfalfa hay had the most positive effect on buoyancy …

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Statistics Used In The Nebraska Beef Report And Their Purpose Jan 2007

Statistics Used In The Nebraska Beef Report And Their Purpose

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

The purpose of beef cattle and beef product research at UNL is to provide reference information that represents the various populations (cows, calves, heifers, feeders, carcasses, retail products, etc.) of beef production. Obviously, the researcher cannot apply treatments to every member of a population; therefore, he or she must sample the population. The use of statistics allows the researcher and readers of the Nebraska Beef Report the opportunity to evaluate separation of random (chance) occurrences and real biological effects of a treatment. Following is a brief description of the major statistics used in the beef report. For a more detailed …

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