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Blood Chemistry, Thyroid Hormones, And Insulin Serum Content In Bulls Fed A Ration Limited In Energy, Adam Oler, Beata Glowinska

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine blood biochemical profile and selected hormone concentrations in bulls fed a diet limited in energy content. Bulls in the experimental group (I) over the 63 days prior to slaughter were provided with ration energy limited to 80% of the maintenance requirement. Animals in the control group (II) received a balanced ration. Blood samples from all of the animals were collected 3 times (A, B, C). The decrease in the ration energy level did not have a significant effect on the concentrations of glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and the …

Indel Mutation Of The Add1/Srebp-1c Gene In The South Anatolian Red And East Anatolian Red Cattle Breeds, Kemal Özdem Öztabak, Iraz Akiş Akad, Feraye Esen Gürsel, Ati̇la Ateş, Hasret Yardi̇bi̇, Gülhan Türkay Hoştürk

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was designed to determine genotypes of adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) in South Anatolian Red (SAR) and East Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle. Fifty cattle from the SAR breed and 43 cattle from the EAR breed were used. Intron 7 of the ADD1/SREBP1c gene containing an 84 bp indel mutation was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of SS genotyped individuals with the 84 bp deletion associated with fatty acid composition and growth traits were very low in both breeds. The frequency of the LL genotype with the 84 bp …

Localization Of Lactobacillus Plantarum In Bacterial Profile Of Conjunctiva Of Clinically Healthy Cattle, Abdullah Araghi Sooreh, Meisam Baniardalan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine the normal conjunctival bacterial flora and the effects of sex and age variations on them in healthy cattle in Urmia, Iran. The animals (n = 50) were selected from 2 sexes and divided into 2 age groups. Swabs were taken from the inferior conjunctival sac of both eyes (n = 100) and were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar. All (100%) of the specimens yielded positive bacterial isolations. The bacterial isolates (in order of decreasing frequency) were Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S. aureus. …

A Comparative Study Of Some Blood Factors In Male And Female Caspian Kutum (Rutilus Frisii Kutum) Broodstock From The Southern Basin Of The Caspian Sea, Farid Firouzbakhsh, Zeynab Abedi, Hossain Rahmani, Mohammad K. Khalesi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, some serum factors in male and female Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) broodstocks were investigated. The estimated values were compared between male and female fish of various age groups. A total of 80 mature fish (40 males and 40 females) were randomly caught from the Shirood and Tajen rivers (southern Caspian Sea) during spawning season. Blood samples were then taken from the caudal peduncles and the serum biochemical parameters were measured according to common laboratory methods. Cholesterol levels showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between male and female broodstocks from the Tajen River, as well as between male and female kutum of the Tajen and Shirood rivers. Comparison of the estimated serum factors with the fish ages revealed no significant changes (P > 0.05). A high correlation was found between total protein and weight in fish from both …

Gastroscopic Evaluation Of Gastric Ulcer Syndrome In Sport Horses With Poor Performance, Mehmet Alper Çeti̇nkaya, Alper Demi̇rutku, Mahi̇r Kaya

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Gastric ulceration is common in performance horses. More than 90% of thoroughbred horses in the training season and approximately 60% of racing horses from other disciplines have gastric ulcers. Excessive secretion of gastric acid, impairment of gastric mucosal blood flow, weakening of prostaglandin E or the gastric mucus/bicarbonate layer, and gastric emptying disorders are important factors in the onset of ulceration. In this study, 12 horses with poor performance were evaluated using gastroscopy following clinical examinations. Gastroscopy revealed ulceration in 5 horses and ulcerative lesions in 7. A daily dose of 4 mg/kg omeprazole was administered orally for 4 weeks …

Nitrogen Excretion From Beef Cattle For 6 Cover Crop Mixes As Estimated By A Nutritional Model, E.E. Grings, A. Sackey, M. Hansen, V. Owens, D. Beck, P. Sexton

South Dakota Beef Report, 2013

Excretion of nitrogen (N) from cattle within crop‐livestock systems is an important component of nutrient cycling, but measuring fecal and urinary N excretion in grazing cattle is a difficult and time consuming task. Nutritional models are available to estimate feed utilization and have been used to predict N excretion in grazing cattle. Using the Large Ruminant Nutrition Model, we predicted N losses from mature pregnant beef cows and growing beef heifers from compositional analysis of cover crop mixes grown in central South Dakota. All of the mixes used contained crude protein (CP) concentrations greater than cattle requirements. Estimates of both …

Impact Of Direct-Fed Microbials On Nutrient Utilization In Beef Cattle, Nicole Kenney

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The impact of lactate producing direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance and rumen fermentation in beef cattle was explored in four studies. Experiment 1 studied the interaction between DFM and degradable intake protein (DIP) supply in receiving cattle. No differences (P≥0.06) in intake, morbidity, or immune response were observed; however, during the first 28 d gain and efficiency responses to DFM were dependent on DIP (DIP×DFM P≤0.05). Experiment 2 showed that in vitro gas production and select endpoint metabolites differed (P≤0.04) with DFM application. Experiment 3 compared lactate producing DFM to a lactate producing/utilizing DFM in finishing cattle. No differences …

Detection Of Antibodies Against Parascaris Equorum Excretory-Secretory Antigens, Steffanie V. Burk

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

Parascaris equorum is a nematode parasite that infects young horses, sometimes causing unthriftiness, respiratory signs, or intestinal impaction in severe cases. Infection can be diagnosed by detection of eggs in feces, but this is only possible after the worms are fully mature. The goal of this study was to develop an antibody-based test for prepatent diagnosis of P. equorum infection. To produce western blot (WB) antigen, P. equorum larvae were cultured for collection of excretory-secretory antigens (ESA). Sera from 18 pregnant broodmares, their subsequent foals, and a group of 12 older mares and geldings were analyzed. In order to check …

The Effects Of Actigen® And Threonine Supplementation On Growth Parameters, Immune Function, And Intestinal Health In Monogastrics, Lindsay Good

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate the main effects and interactive effects between dietary supplementation of a mannan oligosaccharide based product, Actigen® (ACT), and different levels of threonine in monogastrics, as evidenced by growth parameters, immune function, and intestinal health characteristics.

In nursery piglets, ACT supplementation decreased average daily feed intake (P=0.04), but had no effect on body weight or feed conversion ratio. There were no noted differences between threonine levels on performance traits. There were no consistent differences in complete blood count or cytokine gene expression profiles in the blood. The highest level of threonine, …

Management And Technology Solutions For Improving Milk Quality, Amanda E. Sterrett

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

Mastitis is one of the most common and expensive dairy cattle diseases. Mastitis prevention and management are key factors in herd health and improved milk quality. One objective of this research was to evaluate management solutions to maintain a low somatic cell count, based on survey responses from Kentucky dairy producers. Because hyperkeratosis may increase mastitis incidence, another objective of this research was to examine changes in teat end hyperkeratosis in a herd transitioning from a standard pulsation milking system to an individual quarter pulsation milking system. The last objective of this research was to evaluate technologies that monitored rumination …

Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation (Economase–Bioplex) To Alleviate Adverse Impacts Of Oxidized Oil On Broiler Meat Quality: A Chemical, Textural, Enzymatic, And Proteomic Study, Rebecca Delles

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

This study investigated the influence of dietary antioxidants and quality of oil on the oxidative and enzymatic properties of chicken broiler meat stored in an oxygen-enriched package (HiOx: 80% O₂/20% CO₂) in comparison with air-permeable polyvinylchloride (PVC) or skin (SK) packaging systems during retail display 2–4 °C for up to 14, 7, and 21 d, respectively. Broilers were fed a diet either with a low-oxidized oil (peroxide vale POV 23 meq O₂/kg) or with a high-oxidized oil (POV 121 meq O₂/kg), supplemented with an antioxidant pack (200 ppm EconomasE and organic minerals …

The Effect Of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction On Protein Metabolism And Insulin Sensitivity In Aged Horses, Laurel M. Mastro

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) typically occurs in horses older than 15 years of age and is characterized by hair coat abnormalities, muscle atrophy and decreased insulin sensitivity. The first objective of this research was to compare the rate of whole body protein metabolism and relative abundance of key factors in the signaling pathways associated with muscle protein synthesis and protein breakdown in response to feeding in Control and PPID horses. No differences (P > 0.05) were seen between the PPID and Control groups in whole-body protein metabolism or post-prandial activation of the muscle signaling pathways regulating skeletal muscle protein …

The Use Of Duddingtonia Flagrans For Gastrointestinal Parasitic Nematode Control In Feces Of Exotic Artiodactylids At Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Jenna Terry

LSU Master's Theses

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are parasites of major concern for domestic and exotic ruminant species around the world. In the past, zoological facilities used anthelmintics as their primary control method. Challenges in accurate dosing and administration of anthelmintics to exotic hoofstock contributed to the development of resistant nematode populations in zoological settings. The historic dependency on anthelmintics to control GIN populations is no longer an option. Biological alternatives are urgently needed, in both exotic and domestic ruminants, in the war against resistance. One such alternative is the use of the nematophagous fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans. Three independent studies were conducted: A nine …

Changes In Plasma Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone, Acth, Prolactin, Gh, Lh, Fsh, And Thyroid Stimulating Hormone In Response To Injection Of Sulpiride, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone, Or Vehicle In Insulin Sensitive And Insensitive Mares, Nicole Arana Valencia

LSU Master's Theses

Six insulin sensitive and six insensitive mares were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to determine the pituitary hormonal responses (compared to vehicle) to sulpiride and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), two compounds commonly used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Mares were classified as insulin sensitive or insensitive by their previous glucose responses to direct injection of human recombinant insulin. Treatment days were February 25 and March 10 and 24, 2012. Treatments were sulpiride (racemic mixture, 0.01 mg/kg BW), TRH (0.002 mg/kg BW), and vehicle (saline, 0.01 mL/kg BW) administered intravenously. Blood samples were …

Reproductive Biology Of The Greater Lizardfish, Saurida Tumbil (Bloch, 1795), In Bushehr Coastal Waters Of Iran, Akbar Abaszadeh, Yazdan Keivany, Nasrollah Mahboobi Soofiani, Ali Falahatimarvast

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A total of 691 specimens (114 males, 538 females, and 39 immature specimens) were collected from Bushehr coastal waters of the Persian Gulf from February 2007 to February 2008 to study the reproduction of this species along with its histological gonadal development. Mean absolute and relative fecundity was 263,162 ± 31,046 and 273 ± 27, respectively. The oogonia and oocyte diameter ranged between 6 µm and 875 µm with a mean of 318 µm. The relationship between fecundity and total weight was F = 192.85W + 69,291. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index exhibited a higher value in May and …

Effects Of Feeding Microbial Feed Additives On Growth Performance And Carcass Traits Of Steers Fed Steam-Flaked Corn-Based Diets With Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles, Matt K. Luebbe, Karla H. Jenkins, Stephanie A. Furman Furman, Kelly K. Kreikemeier

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding two commercially available direct-fed microbials (DFM) on finishing steer performance fed steam-flaked corn based diets. Dietary treatments included a control diet without DFM, and two commercially available products (10-G and Bovamine). No significant differences were observed among treatments for animal performance or carcass characteristics. However, numeric advantages were observed for ADG and feed efficiency when cattle were fed a DFM.

Effects Of Feeding 44 G/Ton Rumensin® During Grain Adaptation On Animal Performance And Carcass Characteristics, Cody J. Schneider, Matt K. Luebbe, Karla Jenkins Jenkins, Stephanie A. Furman, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cattle were adapted to a finishing diet over 20 days while feeding 33 or 44 g/ton (DM) of Rumensin. Following grain adaptation, all cattle were fed a common finishing diet containing 33 g/ton Rumensin for the remainder of the feeding period. Feeding 44 g/ton of Rumensin during the adaptation period did not affect performance during the adaptation period or over the entire feeding period when compared to the 33 g/ton adaptation level.

Effect Of Winter Supplementation Level On Yearling System Profitability, Kari L. Gillespie, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Cody J. Schneider Schneider, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Calves backgrounded in a forage-based system at a high winter supple- mentation level maintained a performance advantage through finishing. High level supplemented cattle gained an additional 0.2 lb. daily during finishing, consumed less total feed in the feedlot, required fewer days on feed to reach a common finish point and produced an additional 85 lb. of saleable live weight compared to cattle backgrounded at a low supplementation level. High level supplemented cattle returned $56.01 more than cattle fed a low level of supplementation during the winter backgrounding phase.

Application Of Pcr-Rflp Technique To Determine Booroola Gene Polymorphism In The Sangsari Sheep Breed Of Iran, Reza Jamshidi, Mohammad Mahdi Kasirian, Ghodrat Allah Rahimi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Phenotypic evaluation and the culling of candidate animals for traits by applying traditional animal breeding are usually costly tasks, which need to be carried out over a considerable span of time. The use of molecular genetics as an alternative method enables animal breeders to select eligible animals for the desirable trait, or traits, at earlier ages. Selection based upon markers could result in increased accuracy as well as a better selection response of animals. The Booroola gene has long been recognized as a candidate gene responsible for a higher rate of ewe ovulation, which results in increased litter size. In …

Lipid Peroxidation In Neoplastic Tissue Of Dogs With Mammary Cancer Fed With Different Kinds Of Diet, Maria Karayannopoulou, Anna Fytianou, Nikolaos Assaloumidis, Dimitra Psalla, Ioannis Savvas, Eleni Kaldrymidou

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Increased lipid peroxidation due to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress has been demonstrated in the neoplastic mammary tissue of dogs with malignant mammary tumors. Dietary factors implicated in ROS production may influence mammary cancer incidence or prognosis. Balanced diets (as commercial dog food is considered) may be more protective against oxidative damage than homemade diets. The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare the extent of lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and \alpha-tocopherol concentration in the neoplastic mammary tissue, among dogs with mammary cancer fed with different kinds of diet (commercial or homemade). Eighteen …

The Levels Of Trace Elements And Selected Vitamins In Goats With Chronic Fluorosis, Nuri̇ Altuğ, Sezai̇ Arslan, Nazmi̇ Yüksek, İhsan Keleş, İbrahi̇m Hakki Yörük, Yildiray Başbuğan, İsmai̇l Ayteki̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chronic fluorosis on trace elements and vitamin levels in goats. Thirty-three goats exhibiting clinical signs of chronic fluorosis and 10 healthy goats from the same region were used. Animals with chronic fluorosis were divided into 2 groups according to their age as 1-3 years old and 4-6 years old. Blood samples were collected from all goats. Fluoride concentrations were determined with an ionometer. Na, K, and Cl levels were measured with ion-selective equipment and serum mineral substance levels were obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Ca, Mg, and P levels were determined …

Detoxification Of Aflatoxin B_1 By Bacteriocins And Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria, Çi̇ğdem Sezer, Abamüslüm Güven, Nebahat Bi̇lge Oral, Leyla Vatansever

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins in detoxifying aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 detoxification abilities of lactic acid bacteria both in liquid culture and as concentrated pellets, their bacteriocins, and mixtures of these 3 were evaluated. Mixed cultures of the 2 bacteria were also investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis were separately able to detoxify aflatoxin B_1 in solutions. Lb. plantarum had a better detoxification rate (46%) than Lc. lactis (27%). After heat treatment, only the groups that contained pellets released the bound toxin back into the solution. Although bacteria and …

Content And Apparent Ileal Digestibility Of Protein And Amino Acids In Diets Fed To Parent Stock Of Farm-Raised Polar Foxes (Alopex Lagopus L.), Katarzyna Burlikowska, Roman Szymeczko, Anna Piotrowska, Ewa Swiech, Monika Boguslawska-Tryk, Beata Glowinska

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to compare content and apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in diets used over 1 year (4 feeding periods) on 2 farms of reproductive polar foxes (A and B). Two diets (1 from farm A, 1 from farm B) from the same feeding period were tested in succession (4 eight-day digestibility experiments) on 5 polar foxes with 'end-to-end' ileorectal anastomosis. The main protein sources were poultry, fish, and beef offal in diets A and beef offal in diets B. In diets A, considerably higher content of protein and total essential and nonessential amino acids was …

The Effects Of Barley/Triticale Silage On Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Meat Quality Of Lambs, Gülcan Demi̇rel, Ahmet Yavuz Pekel, Bülent Eki̇z, Hakan Bi̇ri̇ci̇k, Neşe Kocabağli, Müjdat Alp

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of lambs fed barley/triticale silage treated with/without inoculant and enzyme mixture-based diets with similar barley supplementation. Thirty Tahirova × Sakız crossbred weaned ram lambs (mean body weight: 34 ± 0.5 kg) were used in this study. Lambs were randomly divided into groups of 3 and fed the respective diets. These 3 diets were: 1) hay grass + barley, 2) triticale/barley silage + barley, and 3) triticale/barley silage with inoculants and enzyme mixture + barley. There were significant differences among groups in daily live weight gain (P < 0.001). Cold carcass weight and dressing percentage based on empty body weight and carcass conformation scores were not significantly different among groups, but fatness scores and proportion of omental and mesenteric fat were significantly affected by diet (P < 0.05). No differences were found in terms of meat lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values for M. longissimus thoracis muscle. However, silage-fed lambs in both groups had higher shear force values than hay-fed lambs in the current study (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that barley/triticale silages offered with concentrate had no unfavorable effect on lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality.

First Report Of Cryptosporidium Spp. And Giardia Duodenalis In Calves From Northeastern Brazil, Thais Ferreira Feitosa, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela, Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cattle calves from the Sertão region of Paraíba State in northeastern Brazil. The experiment was conducted using 100 calves from 10 farms. To evaluate the presence of oocysts, the technique of flotation in a sucrose solution was used, and for detection of C. parvum and G. duodenalis, the immunochromatographic test RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia strips were used. It was noted that animals of 1 to 30 days of age were statistically more affected (P < 0.05) by Cryptosporidium spp. Only 4 calves (25% of the positive animals) had diarrhea (P < 0.05). Nine animals were positive for G. duodenalis; diarrhea was present in 6 (66.67%) of those animals, which was considered a risk factor (P < 0.05). It was concluded that Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were present in calves from northeastern Brazil.

First Report Of Abnormal Pigmentation In A Surmullet, Mullus Surmuletus L. (Osteichthyes: Mullidae), Adnan Tokaç, Okan Akyol, Celaletti̇n Aydin, Ali̇ Ulaş

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

On 17 October 2012, an abnormally pigmented specimen of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus L. with a standard length of 164 mm was caught off the coast of Urla in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea). This is the first report of abnormal pigmentation of the surmullet in the Mediterranean Basin. The sample fish had a patterned blue color on the back and its flanks were silvery. This kind of malpigmentation has not been observed in any mullids up to now.

Carbon Farming In Wa, Department Of Agriculture And Food, Western Australia, Department Of Regional Development And Lands, Western Australia

Natural resources published reports

Fact sheets:

1. Applying biochar to improve soil quality and crop productivity

2. Reducing methane emissions from cattle using feed additives

3. Cattle breeding for lower greenhouse gas emissions

4. Managing genetic codes to reduce methane emissions from cattle

5. Managing pastures and stocking rate to reduce methane emissions from cattle

6. Claying as a method of increasing soil carbon content

7. Green and brown manuring as part of carbon farming

8. Permanent environmental plantings to earn carbon credits

9. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils

10. Sheep genetics in methane reduction

11. Managing sheep pastures to reduce methane production …

Effects Of Site Characteristics, Pinyon-Juniper Management, And Precipitation On Habitat Quality For Mule Deer In New Mexico, Louis C. Bender, Jon C. Boren, Heather Halbritter, Shad Cox

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Wildlife enterprises are increasingly important to ranch income in the western United States. Habitat management practices that facilitate wildlife are needed for optimal management of multiple-use ranches, particularly for economically important species, such as mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), that are declining throughout much of their range. We tested the effects of vegetation cover type, site characteristics, pinyon-juniper management treatments, and precipitation on body condition and size of spring-summer-autumn (SSA) home ranges of mule deer to assess habitat quality on the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center (CRLRC), a multiple-use research ranch in east central New Mexico. Accrual of …

Checklist Of Small Ruminant Gastrointestinal Nematodes And Their Geographical Distribution In Turkey, Feri̇de Sevi̇mli̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This review presents a search of the literature about gastrointestinal nematodosis of small ruminants. The search was performed on 58 articles published on necropsied sheep and goats between 1937 and 2011 in Turkey. This review identified 43 nematode species belonging to sheep and goats, assessed the prevalence of infection in different regions of Turkey, and evaluated the effect of age, sex, race, nutrition, and seasonal condition. This is the first review that specifically evaluated the gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants for 74 annual periods in Turkey.

The Use Of Progesterone-Supplemented Co-Synch And Ovsynch For Estrus Synchronization And Fixed-Time Insemination In Nulliparous Saanen Goat, Zekari̇ya Nur, Yavuz Nak, Deni̇z Nak, Burcu Üstüner, Bi̇lgi̇ner Tuna, Gözde Şi̇mşek, Hakan Sağirkaya

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The effect of Chronogest-supplemented Ovsynch and Co-synch protocols on estrus synchronization, follicular development, and fertility after fixed-time insemination was investigated in goats during the breeding season. Co-synch (n = 24) and Ovsynch (n = 25) protocols were applied to nulliparous does with a body weight of more than 30 kg. The onset and duration of estrus were determined with teaser bucks. The does were laparoscopically inseminated with 11.5 × 10^6 motile spermatozoa/straw at the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection for Co-synch and 8 h after the second GnRH injection for Ovsynch. The rates of estrus exhibited in the does were …