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Edging Toward Extinction: The Status Of Wildlife In Latin America, Douglas R. Shane

eBooks

No abstract provided.

Age-Season Adjustment Factors For Alpine, Lamancha, Nubian, Saanen, And Toggenburg Dairy Goats, M. U. Iloeje, T. R. Rounsaville, R. E. Mcdowell, G. R. Wiggans, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Multiplicative age-season adjustment factors for milk and fat yields of five breeds of dairy goats were estimated by fitting a three-way, mixed classification model containing random effects for does with fixed effects for herd-year-season and age-season for 7544, 1994, 7456, 3307, and 4599 lactation records collected from 1965 to 1976 from Alpine, La- Mancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg dairy goats in the United States. These factors reflect changes in milk and fat yields associated with age and season of freshening. As with dairy cattle, these factors indicated that milk records of goats are affected differently in different seasons for a …

Sire Evaluation By Best Linear Unbiased Prediction For Categorically Scored Type Traits, L. Dale Van Vleck, P. J. Karner

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Best linear unbiased prediction to predict category frequencies of future progeny of a sire for type traits scored in mutually exclusive categories is described. The method accounts for automatic covariances among categories and is comparable to prediction for multiple traits. The method does not require linearity of measurements and also allows nonlinear economic values to be assigned to each category after frequencies are predicted. Evaluations were for 12 descriptive type traits for 712 Brown Swiss bulls having daughters in more than one herd. Problems in obtaining solutions to the mixed-model equations for multiple traits are discussed.

Stayability Evaluation As A Categorical Trait And By Considering Other Traits, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Correspondence between usual categorical scores where frequencies sum to one and stayability of herd life measured as survival to several age periods is illustrated. The singularity of the variancecovariance matrix of categorically measured traits when each category is a separate trait also is true for stayability, since the measurement for the last period for stayability is always zero, has variance zero, and covariances zero with measurements in preceding periods. Best linear unbiased prediction for stayability of a bull's daughters is achieved by ignoring the last period. A procedure is described for predicting stayability of daughters having variable opportunity for stayability …

Influence Of Lactobacillus Acidophilus Inoculum On Gnotobiotic And Conventional Pigs, D. S. Pollmann, D. M. Danielson, W. B. Wren, E. R. Peo, Jr., K. M. Shahani

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of L. acidopbilus (bacteria commonly found in probiotics) inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs. The localization and population levels of L. acidopbilus (LA) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of 24 gnotobiotic pigs (12 treated and 12 control) were determined by microbiological techniques.

Lysine Requirement Of Pigs Weighing 5 To 15 Kg Fed Practical With And Without Added Fat, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., B. D. Moser, T. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Weanling crossbred pigs (average weight 5 kg) were fed diets containing two levels of fat and six levels of lysine in a 2 • 6 factorial design to determine the lysine requirement of young pigs fed practical diets with and without added fat. The diets were based on corn and soybean meal and contained either 5% sucrose or 5% lard. Lysine levels ranged from .95% (basal) to 1.45% in .10% increments. The growth trial was 28 days long and pigs were bled at 14 and 28 days. Feed intake (ADFI), weight gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F) and changes in plasma …

Heterosis And Breed Effects In Swine, R. K. Johnson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

An objective of the NC-103 regional swine breeding project is to evaluate inter-population and intra-population performance of domestic and exotic strains of swine. Several cooperating stations have conducted experiments relative to this objective. Projects were not exact replicates, but sufficient overlap allowed combining the information to yield more precise estimates of heterosis and breed effects than was possible from the analyses of data from any single experiment. This publication summarizes data available from NC-103 cooperating stations on breed and heterosis effects in swine. An extensive crossbreeding experiment has been conducted and results published by Canadian researchers Fahmy and Bernard, 1971 …

Adjustment Of 21-Day Litter Weight For Number Of Pigs Nursed For Purebred And Crossbred Dams, E. R. Wilson, R. K. Johnson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Litter data from two crossbreeding experiments were used to estimate coefficients for regressing 21-day litter weight on litter size at 21-days. Exp. 1 involved 1,003 purebred and F_g gilts of Hampshire, Duroc and Yorkshire breeding and 206 second parity sows of Duroc, Hampshire and Yorkshire breeding; Exp. 2 involved 388 F₁ gilts and sows of Duroc, Yorkshire, Landrace and Spot breeding. The linear and quadratic regression coefficients from the gilt data in Exp. 1 were 5.64 ± .29 kg/pig and -.10 ± .02 kg/(pig)², respectively. For Exp. 2, the regression coefficients were 5.98 ± .71 kg/pig …

Dynamic Simulation Of Animal Growth And Reproduction, Otto J. Loewer Jr., Edward M. Smith, Gerald Benock, Nelson Gay, Thomas C. Bridges, Larry G. Wells

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

A rather unique systems analysis approach has been made to simulate the utilization of dry matter by ruminant animals, and the natural breeding and reproduction process within a herd. Physiological factors occurring over time and the time related effects of these factors are simulated.

Horse Pasture, Garry D. Lacefield, J. Kenneth Evans, John P. Baker

Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications

Pastures for horses should be more than mere exercise lots. High quality pasture can supply enough protein, vitamins, and minerals to meet the nutritional needs of most pleasure horses at relatively low cost. Although pastures furnish substantial amounts of energy, working horses will likely need additional energy supplementation. In addition, pasture will help to maintain healthy animals by furnishing the bulk needed in horse rations, as well as exercise areas, sunshine, and fresh air.

The pasture should be enclosed by a safe, strong fence. Fresh water and shade should also be provided. The pasture should be large enough to encourage …

Fragmentation Index Of Raw Muscle As A Tenderness Predictor Of Steaks From Us Good And Us Standard Steer And Bullock Carcasses, Chris R. Calkins, G. W. Davis

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Thirty steer (10 US Good, 20 US Standard) and 10 bullock carcasses (one US Good, nine US Standard) were selected from two commercial meat packing firms and aged for 10 to 14 days in a 2 C cooler. Each carcass was assigned scores for the various USDA quality and yield grade factors during a 48- to 120-hr post-mortem selection period. Steaks containing the longissimus muscle were obtained from the anterior end of the short loin and cooked to 70 C. They were then measured for tenderness with the Warner-Bratzler shear and evaluated by a trained eight-member sensory panel.

Effect Of Dietary Lactose On Gain, Feed Conversion, Blood, Bone And Intestinal Parameters In Postweaning Rats And Swine, R. L. Moser, E. R. Peo, Jr., T. D. Crenshaw, P. J. Cunningham

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of lactose on performance, bone integrity and certain blood constituents in post-weaning rats and swine. The effect of lactose on calcium and phosphorus and percentage ash content of the small intestine was also determined. In both trials, average daily gains were not influenced by the feeding of diets containing 30% lactose. Feed conversion was depressed in both rats and pigs when 30% lactose was fed.

Effect Of Lactobacillus Acidophilus On Starter Pigs Fed A Diet Supplemented With Lactose, D. S. Pollmann, D. M. Danielson, E. R. Peo, Jr.

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Seventy-two crossbred pigs (average initial weight 6 kg) were used to study the effect of L. acidopbilus (lactic acid-producing bacteria common in probiotics) in starter diets on gain, feed conversion, fecal lactobacillus and coliform counts, hematology and serum proteins. The nonmedicated experimental diets were corn-soybean meal (18% crude protein) diets with two levels of lactose (0 and 10%). It has been theorized that lactose is necessary for lactobacilli to colonize in the digestive tract. One-half of the pigs received a 10-ml inoculum daily for 2 weeks via stomach tubes.

Effect Of Various Levels Of Dietary Calcium And Phosphorus On Performance, Blood, And Bone Parameters In Growing Boars, R. D. Nimmo, E. R. Peo, Jr., B. D. Moser, P. J. Cunningham, D. G. Olson, T. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Ninety-six 8-kg crossbred boars were initially allotted to three dietary levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) - (A) .65% Ca; .50% P; (B) .975% Ca; .75% P and (C) 1.3% Ca; 1.0% P - to determine the effects of the different levels on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed to gain (F:G) and certain blood and bone parameters.

Effects Of Microbial Feed Additives On Performance Of Starter And Growing-Finishing Pigs, D. S. Pollmann, D. M. Danielson, E. R. Peo, Jr.

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid-producing microbial feed additives (Probiotics) on performance of starting and growing-finishing pigs. Two commercially available probiotics, Probios (L. acidopbilus) and Feed-Mate 68 (Streptococcus faecium type Cernelle 68), were used. In the first of two starter trials, 192 crossbred pigs (initial weight 7 kg) were used in a 2 • 4 factorial arrangement of treatments, with Probios and antibiotics (ASP-250, lincomycin, tylosin) as the main effects.

Long-Term Effects Of Dietary Additions Of Alfalfa And Tallow On Sow Reproductive Performance, D. S. Pollmann, D. M. Danielson, M. A. Crenshaw, E. R. Peo, Jr.

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Eighty-eight crossbred sows were used to evaluate the effects of including sun-cured alfalfa in gestation diets and tallow in lactation diets on reproductive performance for three successive reproductive cycles.

Response Of Different Genetic Lines Of Boars To Varying Levels Of Dietary Calcium And Phosphorus, R. D. Nimmo, E. R. Peo, Jr., B. D. Moser, P. J. Cunningham, T. D. Crenshaw, D. G. Olson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various levels of dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on performance, soundness and blood and bone parameters of different genetic lines of boars fed under variable environmental conditions. The first experiment compared different genetic lines of boars fed two levels of dietary Ca and P. Forty purebred (Large White) and Nebraska Gene Pool boars were allotted by breed and initial weight to two levels of dietary Ca and P (.65 Ca/.50% P and 1.3% Ca/1.0% P).

Effects Of Twinning On Lactation And Days Open In Holsteins, C. A. Chapin, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Effects of twinning on lactation and days open in Holsteins were studied from calving records compiled by member surveys of Eastern Artificial Insemination Cooperative. Records of cows with 305-day mature-equivalent records from the Northeast Dairy Records Processing Laboratory were grouped according to whether the twin calving was associated with dystocia. Records of each cow that had a twin calving were paired with records of a single-calving control herdmate. In the twin group of 175 cows associated with dystocia, twin pregnancy had no effect on production; milk and fat production in the lactation initiated by twinning was depressed (137 kg and …

Relationships Among Type Traits And Milk Yield Of Brown Swiss Cattle, L. Dale Van Vleck, P. J. Karner, G. R. Wiggans

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Variances and covariances for herdyear, sire, and residual effects were estimated for 10 standard type traits and milk yield from type records on 12,838 Brown Swiss cows and milk records on 5,911 of these. A total of 712 sires and 824 herds was involved. The model was a random two-way, cross-classified model (herd-year and sire of cow) with no interaction. Covariances with descriptive type traits scored in categories as present or absent also were estimated as were variance-covariance matrices for descriptive type traits when each category was a separate trait. Genetic correlations of standard type traits with final classification score …

Estimating A Genetic Covariance From Least Squares Solutions, G. R. Wiggans, R. L. Quaas, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

An unbiased and invariant procedure is described for estimating the covariance between effects of two traits or of random variables such as sires in two environments when the residual effects for one trait are not correlated with those of the other trait. When the covariance is desired between two classes in the model, such as sire of fetus and sire of cow, the data can be divided randomly into two sets to allow use of this procedure to estimate the covariance since the residuals in the two data sets would be uncorrelated. The method is to obtain solutions by ordinary …

Profitability Index For Sires, J. J. Bakker, R. W. Everett, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A profitability index for evaluation of sires on predicted lifetime production of daughters and their progeny was developed from sire evaluations for milk yield, fat yield, and stayability. Indexes of milk and stayability for first lactations were used to calculate proofs for stayability in later lactations. Predicted milk yields were adjusted to the actual age when the records would be made. Breed averages, which are required for the procedure, were calculated from records of daughters of 1192 Holstein-Friesian sires in the Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparison. Proofs for stayability through the first lactation and indexes for stayability in later lactations …

Potential Of Utilizing Scrap Processed Cheese As A Major Ration Component For Channel Catfish, Calvin J. Haskins, Scott H. Newton

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Three cages (0.9 m³) were stocked with 200 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, fingerlings (73.7 g avg.) in a 1.5 hectare pond. Two cheese rations were formulated and fed to the catfish; the first consisting of cheese, oil, and vitamin C (C + VC)and the second consisting of cheese, cottonseed meal, oil, trace minerals, and vitamins (CC + VM). A commercial trout ration (TC) was fed as a control. High mortalities occurred in the C + VC diet, thus resulting in premature removal of that cage from the study (after 86 days). A sample of 50 fish from the two …

Evaluation Of A Full-Fat Soybean Ration For Channel Catfish Production In Cages, Scott H. Newton, Walter R. Robison, Calvin J. Haskins

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

An experimental ration consisting of 50% full-fat soybeans, heated 170°C, was compared to a commercial trout chow in a 120-day feeding trial using two stocks of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque. Catfish were reared in 0.9 m³ floating cages, with 200 fish per cage, anchored in a 1.5 hectare farm pond. A Central Arkansas stock significantly outperformed a Southeast Arkansas stock for comparisons of net production and food conversion efficiency (FCE), with 92% greater production and 41% better FCE, respectively. Survival was 90% or greater for all fish. There was no significant difference in dress-out weight between the stocks. However, …

Growth Patterns, Behavior And Food Items Fed To Nestling Great Horned Owls (Bubo Virginianus), Rodney Harris, Earl L. Hanebrink

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Observations On The Incidence Of Chiggers, Eutrombicula Alfreddugesi (Oudemans) On Crotaphytus (Sauria: Iguanidae) In Izard County, Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Duration Of Antibiotic Residues In Milk From Cows Treated Via Intrauterine And Intramammary Infusion, Elias Abdurahman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Antibiotics have been employed by farmers and veterinarians for treatment of infectious cattle diseases for over 3 decades. The most common of these diseases in dairy cows is mastitis. Mastitis is defined by the National Mastitis Council (NMC) (49) as an inflammation of the mammary gland. It is the most prevalent and most costly disease .of dairy cattle. It is estimated that at least 50% of all cows are infected with some form of mastitis at any one time in one or more quarters; cows in the average herd contract clinical mastitis one and one-half times per yr (49) which …

Heat-Treated Soybean Proteins For Lactating Dairy Cattle, Clayton D. Mielke

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The value of heat treatment of protein supplements to reduce protein solubility and increase protein utilization was studied in two lactation trials. Experiment I was designed to study the utilization of heat-treated soybean meal (HSBM) by cows in early lactation. An extrusion process with moist heat was used to produce HSBM - a product with lower protein solubility than regular soybean meal (SBM). Ten cows, 3 wks post-partum, were assigned to treatments of HSBM or SBM. Due to a problem in feed bag labeling the concentrate mix containing SBM and corn was not as formulated. A large amount of ground …

Feeding Value Of High Protein Oat Silage Versus Corn Silage For Dairy Cows, Tilahun Sahlu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Corn accounts for 80% of the total silage production in the United States while oats ranks second as a feed grain crop. Oats are a major crop in areas of the world where temperatures are cool and short growing seasons are not well suited for corn production. South Dakota is the leading oat producing state in the nation with 1. 68 million kilograms of oats produced annually. Oats play an important roll as animal feed because among common cereals in the United States it ranks highest in both protein and lysine content. Due to the wide genetic diversity of oat …

Effects Of Organic Compounds On Amphibian Reproduction, Wesley J. Birge, Jeffrey A. Black, Robert A. Kuehne

KWRRI Research Reports

Aquatic toxicity tests were conducted with atrazine, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, trisodium nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and phenol. Each compound was administered to developmental stages of three to five amphibian species. Exposure was initiated at fertilization and maintained through 4 days posthatching. Test responses included lethality and teratogenesis. Different amphibian species exhibited varying degrees of tolerance to the selected compounds. Greatest tolerance usually was observed for the more broadly adapted semi-aquatic and terrestrial species (e.g., Bufo americanus, Bufo fowleri). The more sensitive amphibians usually included those species which normally are restricted to aquatic or moist habitats (e.g., Rana …

The Effects Of Fin Clipping And Tagging On Growth And Behavior Of The Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides), Daniel M. Daley

Masters Theses

One hundred largemouth bass, ranging in size from 148mm to 385mm, were equally divided into four treatment groups (control, tag only, tag and left pectoral fin clip, and tag and all paired fins clipped) , and placed into a 5.56 hectare pond on 22 May and 25 May 1979. Upon recovery on 28 September 1979, the increase in length from the time of most recent annulus formation was found to be significantly greater in Age I control fish (x̄ = 125mm) than in fish of the same age in the other three treatment groups (x̄ = 110mm, 103mm, and 106mm, …