Digital Commons Network^™

National Beef Cattle Genetic Evaluation, D.M. Marshall

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

Use of artificial insemination permits some bulls to have offspring evaluated in more than one herd. Such bulls serve as benchmarks for comparison or links between herds. For some breeds, sufficient links exist between herds that current technology may provide valid genetic comparisons between cattle from different herds, as well as within-herd comparisons. The current industry standard expression for reporting relative genetic merit of beef cattle in national evaluations is expected progeny difference (EPD). The EPD for a sire represents the expected difference in performance of a sire’s offspring when compared t o the average offspring performance of all sires …

Cow Efficiency Pre- And Postweaning, C.A. Dinkel, W.J. Cosello

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

Total energy intake of the cow for a year is not indicative of her efficiency at weaning or her net return to the enterprise. What is important is how she uses the energy she consumes. Likewise, cow size is not indicative of efficiency or net return. Breed differences probably exist , but they are not as important as individual differences in cow efficiency. Breed differences in postweaning efficiency were found only when efficiency was calculated on a cow basis and the cow's annual intake was included. Remember this is a cow efficiency study and the effect of different sires or …

Whey Ultrafiltration Permeate Products As Feeds For Steers, D.J. Schingoethe, D.G. Rollins, D.P. Casper, W.J. Costello

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

A field trial experiment was conducted using 50 steers t o evaluate the feeding value of the ultrafiltrated permeate of whey (UFP) and products made from additional processing of UFP. All steers were fed nutritionally balanced grain mixes and hay. Experimental diets were control (C), in which the grain mix contained primarily corn, oats and soybean meal; UFP fed as the only liquid; partially fermented permeate (PFP), which contained 10% dried yeast added to the ultrafiltrated permeate, fed as the only source of liquid; fermented ammoniated condensed permeate (FACP), which replaced soybean meal in the grain mix; and ammolac (AMM), …

Effect Of Antibiotics In Adaptation Of Growing Beef Calves To The Feedlot, Richard M. Luther

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

Four medication schemes for adapting stressed feeder calves t o the feedlot were evaluated in a 110-day trial. A total of 160 Hereford, Angus and Hereford x Angus steers (544 lb.) were fed a high-corn silage diet supplemented with the following medications: (1) nonmedicated control, (2) chlortetracyclinesulfamethazine (350 mg/steer of each compound for 28 days, (3) oxytetracycline (2 g/steer) for 10 days, then 1 g/steer for 4 days) and (4) oxytetracycline (2 g/steer for 14 days). Average daily gain, dry matter consumption and feed conversion were similar (P>.05) for calves in all treatments. None of the steers required additional …

Effects Of Sodium Diacetrate On Corn Silage Chemical Characteristics, Preservation And Feedlot Performance Of Growing Beef Steers, Richard M. Luther

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

Whole-plant corn forage ensiled a t 65% moisture and stored in concrete stave silos for 200 days was fed in high-silage diets to growing beef steers. Approximately 84 tons of dry matter were stored in each of two silos. One silo contained forage which was untreated, while the other contained forage treated with sodium diacetate a t 1 lb. per ton of wet forage. Differences in feedlot performance of growing steers or in various chemical characteristics between untreated and sodium diacetate-treated corn silage were small and not significant (P>.05). Both silages had a desirable pH (3.8) and contained over …

Whole Shelled Corn With And Without Sodium Bicarbonate For Finishing Beef Steers, Richard M. Luther, M. Goetz

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

A total of 160 steers were fed a whole corn-no roughage diet without a buffer or with sodium bicarbonate at a level of .87% of the dry diet . The finishing period of 112 days followed the feeding of a high corn silage diet. Overall feed intake. weight gains and feed conversion were similar (P>.05) for steers supplemented with sodium bicarbonate as for those that did not receive the buffer. Small period differences in performance that were observed between treatments were not significant (P>.05). Carcass characteristics were similar for the control and sodium bicarbonate treatments.

Prevention Of Silica Urinary Calculi In A Laboratory Animal Model, Royce J. Emerick, Carl J. Schreier, Donghao Lu

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

An animal model utilizing Sprague-Dawley rats fed a diet containing 2% of tetraethylorthosilicate (TES) has been used to study urinary conditions and dietary factors preventing silica urinary calculi . The basal TES diet produced approximately a 50% incidence of silica urinary calculi. Supplemental dietary phosphorus and the urinary acidifying agent ammonium chloride greatly reduced the urinary calculi incidence, while supplemental dietary calcium and urine alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate increased the incidence. The protection from silica urinary calculi provided by sodium or ammonium phosphate compounds was found to be independent of their urinary acidifying effects, and the effects of phosphates and …

Effects Of Level Of Energy Supplement In Early Winter And Level Protein After Calving On Beef Cows Grazing Native Range, R.J. Pruitt

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

Simmental-Angus crossbred cows grazing native range near Cottonwood, SD, were fed two precalving levels of energy supplement and two postcalving levels of protein supplement. Cow weight change and reproductive performance were similar for all treatments. Although calves from cows supplemented with higher levels of energy gained faster from birth to early May, gains to weaning were similar for all treatments.

Hydrolyzed Feather Meal As A Protein Supplement For Steer Calves Fed Corn Silage, Rh. Pritchard, R.M. Luther, M.A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

Hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) was evaluated for soybean meal replacement value in corn silage diets fed t o steer calves. One hundred ninety-two steers (692 lb) were fed corn silage diets formulated to contain 11.5% crude protein. Hydrolyzed feather meal was substituted for soybean meal at levels providing 0, 25, 50 or 75% of the supplemental protein. Overall performance for the 98-day feeding trial was as follows: 2.10 lb average daily gain; 17.91 lb/day dry matter (DM) intake and 8.58 DM/gain. Protein supplements had no effect on performance, indicating that cost per unit protein is the primary consideration when formulating …

Evaluation Of An Acid Hydrolyzed Wood By-Product As An Energy And Protein Source In Rumiant Diets, Rh. Pritchard, A. N' Daiye

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

An acid hydrolyzed wood pulp (AHWP) product that had been buffered with NH4OH was evaluated as a potential feedstuff for ruminant diets. The finely ground low dry matter (33%) material was evaluated for acceptability, digestibility and protein feeding value. In vitro fermentation indicated that fermentable dry matter was extremely low, 35.1%. Diets were not readily consumed by cattle if they contained > 60% AHWP. In vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) coefficients where AHWP replaced corn as 0, 15, 30 or 45% of the diet were 76.5, 69.3, 65.6 and 78.5%, respectively. A similar response was noted for crude protein and acid …

Development Of An In Vivo Model To Determine The Biological Value Of Microbial Protein, T. Fritz, R.H. Pritchard

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

A semi-purified diet (SPD) was fed to 12 wether lambs and one fistulated wether and evaluated for acceptability and ability to support growth. Ruminal pH and NH3 were monitored throughout the diet adaptation period. Treatments included three levels of dry matter intake; low intake (LI) 750 g-hd-l. d-l, medium intake (MI) 1125 g-hd-l..d-l and high intake (HI) 1500 g-hd-l.d-l. Digestibility of dry matter (DM, 70.6%), acid detergent fiber (ADF, 62.8%), nitrogen (N, 72.8%) and percentage digestible nitrogen retained (33.2%) were not different across intake levels. Indigestible ADF of the semi-purified diet appears to be a suitable solid phase marker for …

Sdsu Purebred Beef Herds, R.J. Pruitt, R.N. Haigh

South Dakota Beef Report, 1986

A herd of purebred Angus and Simmental cows is maintained near the SDSU campus that is used for teaching. research and extension activities. Cattle maintained at this unit are made available for Introductory Animal Science. meats, animal breeding. beef production. and livestock evaluation courses. Current research under the direction of Dr. Herley Miller is reported in another paper in this publication. Besides use in the classroom. cattle are used for the annual SDSU Little International. field days and numerous 4-H and FFA and other educational events. In addition to providing research information and an opportunity for education, we hope this …

Nonfat Dairy Coffee Whitener Made From Ultrafiltered Skimmilk Retentates, Rafael Jiménez-Flores, Frank V. Kosikowski

Dairy Science

Retentates of different protein concentrations obtained by ultrafiltration of skimmilk were freeze-dried and evaluated as nonfat dairy coffee whiteners. Blended in hot coffee the retentate whiteners containing added riboflavin gave a pH of 6.3-6.55, coffee whitening capacity comparable to a commercial nondairy coffee creamer, and acceptable dispersibility. The retentate nondairy whitener with optimum qualities contained 56% total protein, 0.5% fat, 31.0% carbohydrates, 1.92% calcium, and 27 mg sodium/100g.

Breed Use And Crossbreeding In Goat Production, Maurice Shelton

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

A large portion of the world's 400+ million head of goats cannot be identified as belonging to a specific breed or well defined genetic type. A common definition of a breed might be group of animals which are reasonably distinct and true breeding, can be identified by a name or term and which have an association to maintain and promote the breed. Of the latter requirement is dropped there would still be hundreds of breeds or genotypes of goats on a world basis. Certainly time, space and information available does not permit attempting to treat all of these in this …

Breeding Objectives And Selection Traits For Extensive Beef Cattle Production In The Tropics, D. J. S. Hetzel, G. W. Seifert

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Breeding objectives are largely determined by market requirements. In the tropics the overall breeding objective can be considered in terms of growth, reproductive rate, carcass quality, adaption and temperament. Growth rate is a simple efficient selection trait. Reasons why potential increases in mature size are not as disadvantageous as in temperate areas are discussed. Reproductive performance has been less important in harsh than benign environments because of the later age of turnoff and higher drought risk of fertile cows. Current market trends towards younger slaughter stock highlight the need to identify marker traits in bulls for cow fertility. Adaptive traits …

Comparison Of Five Dam Breeds Under Two Nutritional Environments, C. E. Thompson, S. G. Woods, S. E. Meadows

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Crossbreeding has become an accepted practice for beef cattle production. Hybrid vigor or heterosis of crosses among breed of English origin, such as Angus, Hereford and Shorthorn have been well documented. Crosses utilizing breeds of European and dairy breeding have not been well documented for beef production, particularly in the Southeastern part of the United States. As most of the Southeastern U.S. is heavily involved in one-calf programs an evaluation of crossbreds involving the use of British, European and dairy breeding is needed. This study is a portion of a comprehensive research project evaluating the performance of 5 dam breed …

Comparison Of Reproduction Ability Of The So Called "World" Fertile Breed Of Sheep In Large And Small Concentrations, Bora Cumlivski

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

To ascertain reproductional abilities of the following imported fertile breeds: Romanov/from USSR/, Finnish/Finland/, Eastfriesian/GDR/ reared and kept in Large and small concentrations.

Development Of A New Synthetic Prolific Kine Of Sheep (Inra 401), L. Tchamitchian, C. Lefevre, C. Brunel, B. Bibe, G. Ricordeau

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

After a first comparison of various prolific breeds crossed with Barrichonne du Cherre (BC), successive generations of Romanov × BC crossbreds were studied on experimental flock, in a second comparison. There was no difference among generations F-1 to F-4 regarding essential factors of numeric productivity in ewes. The INRA 401 dam line originated in the resulting population, which has appeared to be stable in main production traits. Since 1980, it has been subjected to a closed flock selection for prolificacy and milk production. Meanwhile, rams have been used on farms for intra-flock replacement of F-1 ewes. There is no difference …

Economic Evaluation Of Breeding Objectives For Milk And Beef Production In Tropical Environments, F. E. Madalena

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

The influence of some elements of tropical milk production systems on breeding objectives is discussed. Expansion of demand for milk and meat should be expected from increased population and income growth. Relative commercial value of milk fat may be strongly influenced by government policies regulating to proportion of liquid milk consumed. Calf production is an integral part of cow performance under the common practices of hand milking and suckling. Milk letdown may be an important trait for milking in modern dairy parlours. Experimental economic evaluations have referred mainly to comparisons of breeds and crosses, indicating that European × zebu crosses …

Empirical Validation Of The Dominance Model For Beef Cattle, D. D. Kress, D. E. Doornbos, D. C. Anderson

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Data from 770 records of Hereford, 25% Simmental - 75% Hereford, 50% Simmental - 50% Hereford and 75% Simmental - 25% Hereford cows were used to evaluate whether breed group means for maternal traits agreed with expectations based on the dominance model. Cows were managed consistent with practices for western range environments. Cow breed group was significant for 17 of the 18 traits studied. The measure of goodness of fit of the breed group means to the dominance model was the R² value associated with the linear regression of breed group means on proportion of Simmental for the first …

Evaluation And Utilization Of Tropical Breeds For Efficient Beef Production In The Tropics: Challenges And Opportunities, Assefaw Tewolde

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Crossbreeding results between tropical breeds and European beef breeds as well as within breed (mainly Zebu) genetic variability for some economically important traits is reviewed. Heterosis of between 9% to 11% has been reported for preweaning growth rate, 2% to 11% for postweaning and carcass traits as well as up to 15% for reproduction related traits in crosses involving Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. Maximum heterosis was observed in crosses involving Zebu and Criollo cattle, both well adapted to the tropics. Within breed genetic parameter estimates under tropical conditions are still scanty. Based on the production environment and after …

Evaluation Of Beef Cattle Industry Breeding Programs, Keith Hammond

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

A critical evaluation of existing beef cattle breeding programs should include such criteria as: definition of desired genetic changes in performance, breeding value estimation procedures used and accuracy of selection criteria, intensity of selection applied, use of additive differences between breeds and of non-additive variation, maintenance of genetic variability, realised genetic trends and return on investment. Each major production- marketing environment should be treated and correct account take of the industry structure. Such a study would undoubtedly highlight any inadequacies in the essential information. To extend the study to adequately cover all major beef industries would be an enormous task. …

Evaluation Of Crossbreeding Systems For Preweaning Traits In Beef Cattle, M. D. Macneil, L. V. Cundiff, K. E. Gregory, University Of Nebraska-Lincoln

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Data from a four-generation crossbreeding experiment with Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn cattle were analyzed. Individual, maternal, and grand-maternal additive and heteroic effects on the composite trait of calf weight weaned per cow exposed to breeding and its component traits were evaluated. The parameter estimates were than used to project performance at equilibrium under rotation crossbreeding. The average of two-breed cross rotations is expected to increase calf weight weaned per cow exposed by 18 percent above the average of the three straight breeds. The three-breed cross rotation is expected to increase calf weight weaned per cow exposed by 23 percent above …

Evaluation Of Dairy Cattle Breeding Programs: Specialized Milk Production, L. D. Van Vleck

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Milk recording, artificial insemination and computers have given the dairy cattle industry and effective combination of tools for genetic improvement. Selection theory (Robertson and Rendel, 1950) indicates that annual gains of 1.5 to 2.0% of the mean should be possible.

The dairy industry is also fortunate that one trait, milk production (used as a general term for yield of milk, fat and protein), is of primary importance. Another advantage is that no intermediate optimum for milk production is obvious--more and more seems to be profitable--in contrast to the situation for most traits of most livestock.

With these advantages for making …

Breeding Beef Germ Plasm Composites To Fit Special Environments, Gary Conley

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

A long term breeding program has been designed to take advantage of the heterosis available in a six breed composite while developing a cow which can reproduce on crop residue. A controlled natural selection method has been developed for those reproductive traits which did not lend themselves to objective measurement. Reproductive efficiency and feed conversion will always be desirable traits in beef cattle. Intensive selection pressures were applied to the above traits during the initial generations of crossing to form the composite. Culling rates of 70% were used in the initial and backcross generations. The effectiveness of selection has been …

Feed Intake Specifications In Defining Breeding Objectives, D. R. Notter

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Development of selection objectives for beef cattle requires consideration of the available feed resources. In production systems with access to liberal quantities of harvested feeds of relatively high quality, selection to improve economic efficiency will normally favor animals with high genetic potentials for the primary production traits. However, these highly productive types may also have relatively high maintenance requirements and be less efficient when nutrient restrictions prevent expression of genetic differences in appetite. This, important genotype × environment interactions may be observed. In range environments, animals may be restricted in the amount of forage that can be harvested. These restrictions …

Heterosis On Body Weights In Crosses Among Brahman, Santa Gertrudis And Cheju Native Cattle, D. H. Baik, D. C. Kim

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Data obtained from 428 calves (59 Cheju native cattle, 60 Brahman, 40 Santa Gertrudis and 269 crossbreds) were analyzed to estimate main effects of environmental factors and heterosis. Mating type, sex of calf, and year of birth were significant sources of variation on most of the weights at preweaning and postweaning periods. Brahman x Cheju native cattle cross showed heterosis of 6.1% on birth weight. Maternal heterosis on weaning weight was 4.9% in Brahman back-crosses and 12.3% in Santa Gertrudis backcrosses.

Genetic Engineering Of Livestock Improvement, Gordon E. Dickerson

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Genetic engineering requires clearly defined objectives, adequate genetic variability and effective methods of selection. In a given production-marketing System, relative importance of genetic change in alternative traits can be estimated from expected effects on cost per unit of output, using available biological and economic information. Diversity among existing breeds and their crosses is a primary and quickly usable genetic resource, and its management for future needs is a public concern. Better physiological and biochemical understanding of the genetic controls of animal development and function is important to permit more effective selection for efficiency of animal production under diverse environments. Long-term …

Milk And Beef Production In Temperate Climates, A. Zarnecki, M. Stolzman

World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: 3rd (1986)

Milk production in the temperate climates accounts for 66% of the world milk output. In North America only about 20% of beef originates from dairy herds, while in Europe beef production is a byproduct of dairying. Several studies showed small genetic correlations between milk and beef traits, thus suggesting the possibility of simultaneous selection for both .characteristics. European breeding programs include dual testing of bulls for milk and beef. Several experiments proved superiority of North American Holstein- Friesians over European dairy breeds in milk production. In the Polish Friesian strain comparison, the US strain, the Canadian strain and the Israeli …

Columnaris Disease Of Fishes, G. L. Bullock, T. C. Hsu, E. B. Shotts Jr.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Columnaris disease is an acute to chronic bacterial infection that affects anadromous salmonids and virtually all species of warmwater fishes. Davis (1922), who first described the disease, named it columnaris because the causal bacterial cells seen in wet mounts of affected gills and fins were arranged in columnar aggregations. Ordal and Rucker (1944) were the first to isolate the causal organism and, based on cellular morphology, identified it as a myxobacterium. Organisms classified in the order Myxobacterales are long, thin gram-negative rods that are motile on agar media by a creeping or flexing motion. They have a life cycle composed …