Digital Commons Network^™

Effects Of Fungicide Seed Treatments On Germination And Establishment Of Sainfoin And Other Legumes, Nan Zhi Biao, Liu Zhao Hui, R A. Skipp

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Treatment of seed with thiram or thiophanate methyl at a rate of 3 g ai/kg seed increased germination of crownvetch (Coro11illa varia L.), milkvetch (Astragalus ads11rge11s Pall.), sainfoin (011obrycl1is viciifolia Scop.) and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.) in laboratory tests. The magnitude of the increases varied with fungicide and species. The greatest increase in germination relativ!) to that of untreated seed was 115% for sainfoin dusted with thiophanate methyl. Thiophanate methyl increased field emergence of sainfoin at 4 and 8 weeks after sowing by 41% and 55% respectively, and at 8 weeks increased the dry weights of shoots …

Pastures In Crop Rotations Enhance Earthworm Populations In Southern Australia, John C. Buckerfield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of crop rotations on earthworm populations in seasonally dry arable lands was assessed on long-term field trials at 2 sites with an annual rainfall of 450-500 mm, In cropping and sheep-grazing areas of southern Australia. Earthworm densities were substantially higher in rotations of cereals with a volunteer-pasture phase than under continuous cropping with cereals and grain legumes. The degree and frequency of soil disturbance associated with cropping has been shown to influence earthworm numbers: trial plots In which crops were sown with minimal cultivation, in alternate years, supported earthworm populations 2-3 times higher than those conventionally cultivated and …

Costs And Benefits Of Controlling Grasshoppers On Rangeland, E W. Huddleston, R Sanderson, L A. Torell, J H. Davis, J G. Watts

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ultra low volume (ULV) aerial application of malathion at 0.58 I/ha is the common method of rangeland grasshopper control in the USA. Aircraft often are unavailable or too expensive for treating small infestations; therefore, air-assist ground equipment was adjusted 10 apply the ULV rate from a small truck. In winds of 2.2 m/sec or greater, control with the ground equipment was equivalent to that expected from aircraft. The low spray volume, low sprayer cost and use of a small truck have increased the benefit/cost ratio. Using results from this research and site-specific estimates of control costs and forage value, the …

The Rodent Pests Of Pasture And Their Control In China, Xixian Hou, Weihui Dong, Yanlin Zhou

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rodent damage is increasingly recognised as a major problem for grasslands of China rodents damage up to an estimated 33 million ha each year, There are two reasons for rodent damage in grassland: one is overgrazing, which causes degeneration of grassland and provides good habitats for rodents; another is the ecological characteristics of rodents. A rodent control programme has been followed for years in China, and includes: (1) studies on the ecology of major rodent pests in pasture, (2) prediction of population, (3) setting up control indexes paying attention to economic benefits, (4) tightening up grassland management and developing integrated …

Stylo Host Heterogeneity For Anthracnose Management, S Chakraborty, A N. Petitt, R M. Boland, S Low Choy, D F. Cameron, J A.G Irwin, R D. Davis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Small plots of 3 different mixtures of Stylosallllles. scabra genotypes were established within background paddocks of either pure cv. Seca, or a mixture of 6 S. scabra genotypes including Seca, to study anthracnose development in the three mixtures under exogenous inoculum pressures arising from the two backgrounds. There was no difference in disease severity between the background paddocks after the first year. In the small plots, severity of nearest neighbours significantly influenced anthracnose severity on the partially resistant accession 55860 in the first year; this effect disappeared as the disease became more widespread throughout the plot in later years. Replacing …

Increased Resistance To Sclerotinia Crown And Stem Rot Of Alfalfa Through Recurrent Selection Of Surviving Plants In Inoculated Field Plots, M Kanbe, F Fujimoto, S Inami

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

ABSTRACT Breeding alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) for resistance to Sclerotinia crown and stem rot (SCR; causal agent Sclerotitivia trifoliorum Eriks.), which is a serious disease in Japan, was started in 1983. Increased resistance to this disease has been examined after repeated selected of surviving plants from artificially inoculated field plots to the 5th generation. The strains selected for SCR resistance showed higher resistance than Tachiwakaba, which was the main breeding material. The effectiveness of selection judged by the survival rate of progenies was low in the early selection generations but high in the later ones, It is considered that …

Biological Control Of Alfalfa Aphids In Japan Using Coccinella Septempunctata Brucki, Keiichi Takashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The oviposition, predation, and survival abilities of Coccinella septempuncrara bmcki Mulsanl (lady beetle), a natural enemy of alfalfa aphids (Acyrtllosyphon kondoi Shinji), increased as temperatures rose in laboratory tests. The second-instar larvae were released into cages in alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) fields in spring 1991. One month later, alfalfa plants in the control cages without larvae showed much lower yield; however, no damage was observed in cages in which larvae had been released. There is a strong probability that alfalfa aphids can be controlled by the timely release of lady beetle larvae in the field.

Twas Facilitates Gene-Scale Trait Genetic Dissection Through Gene Expression, Structural Variations, And Alternative Splicing In Soybean, Delin Li, Qi Wang, Yu Tian, Xiangguang Lyv, Hao Zhang, Huilong Hong, Huawei Gao, Yan-Fei Li, Chaosen Zhao, Jiajun Wang, Ruizhen Wang, Jinliang Yang, Bin Liu, Patrick S. Schnable, James C. Schnable, Ying-Hui Li, Li-Juan Qiu

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies trait-associated loci, but identifying the causal genes can be a bottleneck, due in part to slow decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD). A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) addresses this issue by identifying gene expression–phenotype associations or integrating gene expression quantitative trait loci with GWAS results. Here, we used self-pollinated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) as a model to evaluate the application of TWAS to the genetic dissection of traits in plant species with slow LD decay. We generated RNA sequencing data for a soybean diversity panel and identified the genetic expression regulation of 29 …

Genetic Diversity Of Soybean Dwarf Virus In Two Regions Of Mainland Australia, Benjamin S. Congdon, Murray Sharman, Monica Kehoe

Biosecurity Research Articles

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV; family Tombusviridae, genus Luteovirus, species Luteovirus glycinis) is an RNA plant virus that is transmitted solely by aphids in a persistent, circulative and non-propagative manner. SbDV causes significant losses in cultivated Fabaceae, especially in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pastures of mainland Australia. SbDV isolates are classified into four phenotypically distinguishable strains: YP, YS, DP, and DS. Y and D strains differ primarily in their host range, and P and S strains in their primary vector species. Genetically, Y and D strains separate into two clades in every genomic region except for …

Control Small Weeds In Crops, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

In an integrated weed management program, control of weeds should occur in the fallow, pre-sowing, early post-emergent, and in-pasture phases. Weed control can be achieved through killing weeds (particularly seedlings) with cultivation, herbicides, targeted weed control in wide-row cropping, targeted control of small patches of weeds, and biological control tactics.

Managing Frost Risk, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

Frost occurs on clear nights in early spring when the air temperature drops to 2°C or less. Crop damage from frost may occur at any stage of development but is most damaging at or around flowering.

Frost is difficult to manage, and damage will be unavoidable in some seasons. Risk management options proven to reduce frost risk include paddock zoning, crop and variety selection, time of sowing, stubble management and managing inputs. The greatest gains result from in paddock choice/zoning, crop and variety choice, and manipulating the canopy.

Estimating The Size Of Retained Canola Seed, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

The size of canola seed (or number of seeds per kilogram) is essential in calculating the seeding rate for the crop. The rate needs to be high enough to get good establishment and protect against pests, diseases, or other seeding issues.

To work out the seeding rate, the seed size or number of seeds per kilogram. This can be easily calculated by farmers who retained seed.

Summer- And Fall-Planted Cover Crops Across Nebraska: Assessing Performance Using Aerial Imagery And Evaluating Short-Term Soil Impacts, Grace Emperatriz Pacheco Jiron

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Cover crops are widely recognized for improving soil health and promoting sustainability in agricultural systems. Despite the increasing use of monitoring tools like aerial imagery, their application in evaluating summer-planted cover crops in the Great Plains remains limited, hindering effective management strategies. Fall-planted cover crops provide long-term environmental benefits, including enhanced soil quality and erosion control; however, understanding their short-term effects on soil properties is crucial for encouraging adoption. This study assessed summer- and fall-planted cover crops across Nebraska, integrating aerial imagery and soil health analyses.

Over two years, fifteen summer-planted monocultures and five mixtures were evaluated for establishment, biomass …

Clomazone And Oxyfluorfen Combinations In A Flooded Rice System, Jason K. Norsworthy, Casey H. Arnold, Thomas R. Butts, Trenton L. Roberts, Chad W. Shelton

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rice producers battle herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide while producing rice for ≥50% of the world’s population. Oxyfluorfen can provide rice producers with an alternative site of action for barnyardgrass control, as there are no documented cases of grass weeds being resistant to the herbicide in the mid-southern United States. Oxyfluorfen is anticipated to be labeled in the Roxy Rice Production System and may be sold as a clomazone/oxyfluorfen premixture; hence, experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate preemergence-applied clomazone/oxyfluorfen ratios compared to clomazone alone on silt loam and clay soils. All ratios of the herbicides caused less than 7% …

Arthropod Arbiters: Natural Enemy Communities Mediate The Effects Of Landscape And Local-Scale Complexity On Lygus-Induced Crop Loss In Organic Strawberries, Adrian Lu, David J. Gonthier, Amber Sciligo, Karina Garcia, Taiki Chiba, Gila Juárez, Claire Kremen

Entomology Faculty Publications

Sustainable pest management requires growers and regional land managers to consider the relationships among pest management practices, pest and natural enemy communities, crop loss, and multi-scalar habitat complexity. However, the causal links among these variables, in particular potential interactions between landscape and local-scale habitat complexity, remain underexplored. In the context of organically managed strawberry crops in California’s Central Coast, we tested the independent effects of landscape and local habitat complexity gradients on arthropod communities and crop loss using a piecewise structural equation model (PSEM). We found that landscape-scale woody habitat proportion indirectly decreased crop loss through its positive effect on …

Rabbit Control: Fumigation, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Biosecurity factsheets

Fumigation for rabbit control involves the introduction of poisonous gas into a warren. It is one of the best control methods to use where low numbers of rabbits live in a few widely scattered warrens. The threat to non-target animals is minimal. This factsheet should be read in conjunction with registered product labels and directions for use. Check the Department of Health, Western Australia website (health.wa.gov.au) for public health requirements for the use of phosphine fumigation.

Fumigation may be used in areas where access is limited, such as fence lines, around trees, and on riverbanks, but it may be difficult …

Insect Pests And Their Management In Oats, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

Field pests

Damage from invertebrate pests is generally not a major factor for oat crops, however there is a zero tolerance to live pests in export hay.

Significant damage can occur if pest populations build up. Planning rotations to minimise pest carryover, timely sowing, adequate crop nutrition, and good control of weed and root diseases will assist in reducing the likelihood of crop damage by insect pests. Check crops regularly throughout their growth for field insects.

• Control redlegged earth mite and lucerne flea during the seedling stage if necessary.

• Aphids should be checked for and controlled from flag …

Factors Affecting Herbicide Performance, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Grains and other field crops factsheets

Herbicide performance can vary greatly depending on factors including compatibility of herbicides, water quality, sprayer decontamination, and controlling stressed weeds. This page outlines these issues and demonstrates how to assess herbicide performance to achieve the best from your herbicides.

Oxyfluorfen Use In Combination With Clomazone Or Quinclorac, Jason K. Norsworthy, Casey H. Arnold, Thomas R. Butts, Chad W. Shelton

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Oxyfluorfen is a herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase and has shown significant potential in its ability to control barnyardgrass. Oxyfluorfen is categorized as a Group 14 herbicide by the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)/Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). Despite its current lack of labeling for use on rice in the mid-southern United States due to its potential to cause crop injury, the introduction of a trait in rice that confers resistance to oxyfluorfen could provide producers with an effective alternative site of action for weed control. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons near …

Blackbird, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Biosecurity factsheets

The introduced common blackbird (Turdus merula) is a pest in eastern Australia. It damages commercial fruit crops and may compete with native birds. The species is prohibited in Western Australia and individuals found here are destroyed.

The Western Australian Organism List (WAOL) contains information on the area(s) in which this pest is declared and the control and keeping categories to which it has been assigned in Western Australia (WA). For more information, see our website at dpird.wa.gov.au.

Resistance To Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase (Accase) Inhibitor In Lolium Multiflorum: Effect Of Multiple Target-Site Mutations, Gulab Rangani, Ana Claudia Langaro, Shilpi Agrawal, Reiofeli Algodon Salas-Perez, Juan Camilo Velasquez, Christopher E. Nelson, Nilda Roma-Burgos

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a persistent weed species that poses significant management challenges in key agricultural crops such as wheat, corn, cotton, and soybean. This study investigated the prevalence of resistance to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, specifically diclofop and pinoxaden, among field-collected Italian ryegrass populations. The survey revealed widespread resistance to diclofop and emerging cross-resistance to pinoxaden. To elucidate the physiological mechanism of ACCase herbicide resistance, we investigated mutations in the carboxyl-transferase (CT) domain of the ACCase enzyme, a critical region for herbicide sensitivity. Using dCAPS assays and CT domain sequencing, several known resistance-conferring mutations were detected in …

Foliar Application Of Vermitea On Wheat Against Salt Stress Under Hydroponic Condition, Basir Ahmed, Anser Ali, Muhammad Sarwar, Wajad Nazeer, Imdad Ullah

Journal of Bioresource Management

Salinity is one of the major issues that drastically reduce wheat production. In a hydroponic investigation, vermitea was employed to evaluate the impact of salinity on wheat. The vermitea is a by-product of the vermicomposting process that has both macro- and micronutrients. When these plants reached full maturity, they were harvested. The evaluation was based on their morphological characteristics, such as root/shoot dry weight, root/shoot ratio, plant height, root/shoot length, number of spikelets per spikelet, spike length, number of grains per spikelet, and biological yield per plant. The leaves relative water contents and other biochemical parameters including K+, Na+, chlorophyll …

Climate Smart Agriculture, J. David Aiken

Cornhusker Economics

There are several programs encouraging producers to reduce their carbon intensity, including United States Department of Agriculture climate-smart agriculture programs, the 2024 Nebraska Climate Action Plan, and the 2024 Nitrogen Reduction Incentive Act. The hope is that producers with lower carbon intensity (CI) scores will receive a premium for their products. Producers would be well advised to learn more about these programs, as reducing carbon intensity in agriculture seems to be an emerging agricultural policy trend that will be with us for some time to come.

Development Of Intensive Grassland Systems: From Science To Practice, D G. Mccall, G W. Sheath

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Level of nnimal production from grassland is determined by the amount of pasture grown, pasture utilisation and animal conversion efficiency. The key components affecting production are pasture growth and animal conversion efficiency. These arc mainly influenced by environment, genetics and through inputs to maintain soil fertility or animal health. Systems development aims to link pasture growth and animal conversion through efficient strategies for pasture utilisation. The means of influencing pasture utilisation is through adjustments to animal feed demand, feed supply or grazing management. Stock policies that adjust the pattern and level of feed demand are of greatest significance in developing …

The Ecology Of Grazing Management, R K. Heitschmidt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The broad objective of this paper is to review the fundamental principles of grazing management as a means of assessing the inherent value of intensive and extensive grazing systems. Conceptual analyses of intensive and extensive grazing systems reveal that the fundamental differences between intensive and extensive grazing systems are related to differences in non-grazing rather than grazing tactics. Intensive grazing systems employ a wide array of non-grazing tactics in an attempt to overcome the inherent ecological constraints that limit secondary (i.e., livestock) productivity in extensively grazed systems. Moreover, analyses of the ecological or true efficiency of various agricultural production systems …

An Analysis Of The Dry Matter Intake And Rate Of Live-Weight Gain Of Growing Cattle Fed Forage Diets, J G. Buchanan-Smith

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The intake and rate of live-weight gain of 500 growing steer calves fed experimental forage diets in 7 trials were compared with corresponding values predicted using the Na1ional Research Council (NRC) model (1984). The cattle were predominantly weaned calves and most of the experimental diets were alfalfa-grass silage, either unsupplemented or supplemented with various protein sources, but some diets were based on maize silage or maize grain. The feeding period evaluated in this study ranged between the first 84 and 147 days when protein accretion rate in the cattle would be relatively high. Dry matter intakes were overpredicted by the …

Management Of Extensive Pastures For Dairy Youngstock, G.E J. Fisher, D J. Roberts

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of low input systems on the ground cover of species and yield and chemical composition of herbage cul from extensive lowland swards was studied over 3 years. The live-weight gain of dairy heifer replacements offered grazed or conserved forage from these pastures was also assessed, The swards were sown with a mixture of grasses, wildflowers and herbs and received no inorganic fertilizers, Applications of slurry in January and February increased herbage yield by 43%, but reduced the cover of flowers and herbs. Using a 2- cut conservation system improved yield of metabolisable energy/ha in herbage by 33%, and …

Intensive Grazing Of Alfalfa By Beef Steers, M Rasnake, W R. Burris, G D. Lacefield, J Randolph, N Gay, L Davis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the temperate region of North America, high temperature and moisture deficit cause low forage growth during the summer of most years, making it difficult to grow beef (Bos taurus), calves through summer grazing. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), offers some potential to provide high dry matter production during summer if an effective system of grazing can be developed. The objective of this study was to test a system of intensive grazing of beef steers on alfalfa to maximise live-weight gains/ha and maintain plant population. Alfalfa was no-till seeded into a 6.5 ha field in autumn 1988 after …

Variance Across Years In Growth Of Cattle On Annual Pastures In A Mediterranean Climate, K D. Greathead, J Zorrilla Rios

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Annual pastures were continuously grazed by new drafts of yearling cattle each year for 4 years at 2 sites. The variability of weight gained across years at any date was not different between sites. The level of rainfall in April, but strongly influenced weight gained by the cattle in any year. Variances in weight change were small up to April, they increased rapidly from April to late July and were not different after July (P<0.05).

Modification Of The Botanical Composition Of Perennial And Annual Temperate Pastures By Strategic Grazing Practices, D R. Kemp, P M. Dowling

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Where livestock production depends upon pastures, management is more difficult in environments where rainfall varies considerably from season to season and year to year. Flexible grazing practices are needed to optimise species composition and pasture productivity. Results presented in this paper show that pasture composition can be improved within climatic constraints, by grazing practices within seasons, In temperate annual pastures, long rests in winter (similar to a long rotation during that season) increased annual legume content in early spring from 20 to 50%. Annual grass content was unchanged. In perennial (phalaris) pastures, the dominant legume can change over years from …