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Proceedings International Sorghum And Millet Crsp Conference, Timothy Schilling, Gary Odvody, Gebisa Ejeta, Larry Claflin, Gary Peterson, Lloyd Rooney, Jerry Eastin, Joan Frederick

INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins

On behalf of the INTSORMIL Board of Directors, Principal Investigators and the Management Entity Office, it gives me great pleasure this moming to welcome you to this opening session of the 1991 INTSORMIL International SorghumIMlllet CRSP Conference.

INTSORMIL initiated the Biennial CRSP conference series in 1983. Attendance has grown with each meeting. Today we have 199 persons registered from 12 States in the U.S. and 27 different countries. There are representatives from three International Agricultural Research Centers (lCRISAT, IFPRI, and ICRISAT), four private seed companies and the U.S. National Grain Sorghum Producers Association (NGSPA).

I look around this audience and …

Miscellaneous Publication 17/91 - Mudas - Model Of An Uncertain Dryland Agricultural System: A Description, R. S. Kingwell, A. D. Bathgate

Farm Systems and Economics research reports

In the early 1980s, the Department of Agriculture developed a mixed integer whole-farm mathematical programming model of the dryland farming system in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia (Morrison et al. 1986). The model named MIDAS (Model of an Integrated Dryland Agricultural System) was constructed, tested and scrutinised by a multi-disciplinary team of researchers, advisers, farm management consultants and farmers (Kingwell 1987a). The model described in some detail the biology and finances of the dryland farming system in an average season and calculated profit-maximising farm plans.

MIDAS remains an often used tool in research and extension, being applied to many …

Bulletin No 4220 - Growing High Yielding Wheat Crops In The Central Wheatbelt, Michael Perry

Bulletins 4000 -

In this Bulletin we hope to provide you with what we believe is the best and most up-to-date information about growing wheat in your particular environment.

It is now more important than ever for producers to get the most out of their resources of land, labour and capital. The key to doing that is the knowledge to do even better what you probably do well already-growing wheat.

Proceedings Of The 18th Annual Meeting, Southern Soybean Disease Workers (March 20-21, 1991, Lexington, Kentucky): National Perspective On Soybeans, Donald E. Hershman, J. Allen Wrather, Patrick D. Colyer, Gary W. Lawrence, Glenn G. Hammes

Southern Soybean Disease Workers: Conference Proceedings

Contents

General session

Presidential address. DE Hershman

Keynote address. P O'Connell

Invited speakers

Major Soybean Diseases of the Midwest and Their Management. TS Abney

Major Soybean Diseases of the Southeast and Their Management. WF Moore

Disease Resistance in the Defense of Yield: A Commercial Breeders Perspective. HL Gabe

Graduate student papers

Effects of potassium fertilization and weed control on the severity.of anthracnose and pod and stem blight of soybeans in Louisiana. FG Barker, GT Berggren, and JP Snow

Inheritance of soybean SDS response in segregating F₅ derived lines. WJ Matthews, VN Njiti, PT Gibson, and ML Shenaut

Selection of …

Prepubertal Changes In Plasma Fsh And Inhibin In Holstein Bull Calves: Responses To Castration And(Or) Estradiol, R. D. Macdonald, D. R. Deaver, B. D. Schanbacher

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The objectives of two studies were to detennine 1) whether plasma concentrations of inhibin (INH) changed with age in prepubertal bulls and whether these changes were related to changes in FSH, testosterone or testis length; and 2) whether castration and(or) estradiol implants affected plasma concentrations of INH and FSH. In Exp. 1, plasma INH remained constant from 4 until 8 wk of age then increased from 120 pM to 202 pM between 8 and 12 wk. Thereafter, INH decreased to 90 pM by 36 wk. Between 4 and 10 wk, plasma FSH increased from .32 to .43 …

Economic Effects Of Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations On Beef Cattle Exposed To Three Pesticide Treatment Regimes, Jerome Hogsette, David Prichard, Joseph Ruff

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Horn flies could not be maintained below 50 per animal with sprays or dusts during a 21-wk study. However, weights of cows and calves and condition scores of cows were not influenced by suppression of Haematobia irritans (L.) populations. Results show that cattle in northwest Florida can tolerate average populations of >200 flies for 70 d with no adverse economic effects. Spray treatments providing the best fly control were Lintox-D and Ra-Vap. The most economical products for use were Del-Tox, Lintox-D, and Ra-Vap.

Vegetation And Soil Zonation Associated With Juniperus Pinchotii Sudw. Trees, Guy R. Mcpherson, G. Allen Rasmussen, David B. Wester, Robert A. Masters

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Herbaceolis vegetation pattern and soil properties around individual Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. trees were studied on a grazed and a relict grassland in western Texas. Herb standing crop and soil samples were obtained under the canopy, at canopy edge, and beyond the canopy edge of three to five trees on each of four dates. Standing crop was lowest midway between the bole and canopy edge. Soil organic matter was highest under juniper canopies on both sites. Soil pH and P were not related to distance from tree bole on either site. Herbaceous pattern from under the canopy to canopy edge apparently …

Effects Of Breed Group By Location Interaction On Crossbred Cattle In Nebraska And Florida, T. A. Olson, K. Euclides Filho, L. V. Cundiff, M. Koger, W. T. Butts Jr., K. E. Gregory

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Data on 2,744 calves produced in Clay Center, Nebraska, and Brooksville, Florida, were used to evaluate the importance of genotype × location interactions on the reproductive and maternal performance of eight breed groups of F1 crossbred cows. A total of 648 F1 crossbred cows included Bos taurus × Bos taurus (Bt × Bt) crosses: Hereford × Angus reciprocal crossbreds (HA and AH), Pinzgauer × Angus (PA), Pinzgauer × Hereford (PH); and Bos indicus× Bos taurus (Bi × Bt) crosses: Brahman × Angus (BA), Brahman × Hereford (BH), Sahiwal × Angus (SA) and Sahiwal × Hereford (SH). The first calf …

Inheritance Of Acid-Soil Tolerance In Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Grown On An Ultisol, C. I. Flores, L. M. Gourley, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, R. B. Clark

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Inheritance of acid-soil tolerance (generally considered AI-toxicity tolerance) i.n sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is not clear. Forty F₁ sorghum hybrids and their 14 parents were grown two seasons in the field at relatively high (67 and 71%) and low (43 and 42%) Al saturations on an acid Ultisol in Colombia, South America to evaluate the effects of acid soil on agronomic component traits and to better understand inheritance of acid-soil tolerance of sorghum. For plants grown at the high Al saturation levels, hybrids from acid-soil tolerant [AS-T] x acid soil-sensitive [AS-S] crosses were as tolerant as hybrids from …

Fertility And Forage Yield Of Sorghum X Sudangrass Hybrids In A1 And A3 Cytoplasm, J. J. Toy, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, K. J. Moore

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Most sorghum x sudangrass hybrids are currently produced in Al male-sterile cytoplasm. Availability of alternative cytoplasmic sterility systems allows production of sorghum x sudangrass hybrids that may have superior forage characteristics. A study was conducted to compare the agronomic performance of Al and A3 sorghum x sudangrass hybrids. A bulk of eight sudangrass populations was used to pollinate four grain sorghum inbreds normally used as females that had been sterilized in both Al and A3 cytoplasm, and two inbreds normally used as males that had been sterilized in A3 cytoplasm. The hybrids were evaluated in 1990. Results indicate that male-sterile …

Notes: Interpretive Analysis For Forage Yield Trial Data, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, K. J. Moore, Edzard Van Santen

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Forage cultivar evaluation is often done in small plots with multiple harvests throughout the growing season. Data is often summarized by presenting a yearly total yield for each cultivar in addition to the mean for each harvest date. Data summarization often becomes burdensome and difficult to interpret. Regressing yield against a growth index associated with harvest dates can be utilized to describe forage performance in a concise and easily interpreted format. Subsets of data from tall fescue (Festuca amndinacea Schreb.) yield trials conducted in Alabama and Kentucky were used to demonstrate the technique. The analysis involves regressing yield of a …

Nitrogen And Methyl Jasmonate Induction Of Soybean Vegetative Storage Protein Genes, Paul E. Staswick, Jing-Feng Huang, Yoon Rhee

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Vegetative storage protein (VSP) and VSP mRNA levels in soybean (Glycine max) leaves correlated with the amount of NH₄NO₃ provided to nonnodulated plants. The mRNA level declined as leaves matured, but high levels of N delayed the decline. This is consistent with the proposed role for VSP in the temporary storage of N. Wounding, petiole girdling, and treatment with methyijasmonate (MeJA) increased VSP mRNA in leaves 24 hours after treatment. The magnitude of the response depended on leaf age and N availability. N deficiency essentially eliminated the response to wounding and petiole girdling. MeJA was …

Ermelo Weeping Lovegrass Response To Clipping, Fertilization, And Watering, Robert A. Masters, Carlton Britton

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A management strategy using short-duration grazing and fertilization was simulated in a study with individual 'Ermelo' weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula (Shrad.)Nees] plants. Influence of 2 levels of clipping [unclipped during the growing season and clipped (C) to 10-cm stubble height each time regrowth reached 40 cm]; fertilizer [unfertilized and 70-34-44 kg N-P-K/ha (F)]; and watering frequency [irrigated to field capacity at 7- (WET) and 14- (DRY) day intervals] on cumulative herbage dry matter yield, crude protein yield, and water-use efficiency, and root mass of individual weeping lovegrass plants grown in soil contained in polyethylene tubes was determined. Clipping combined …

Sorghum Nutritional Quality, Gebisa Ejeta, Edwin T. Mertz, Lloyd Rooney, Robert Schaffer, John M. Yohe

INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins

Table of Contents

Opening Session Page

Introduction, D. W. Thomas

Purpose of Conference, R. Schaffert

The Sorghum Producers Views on Sorghum Quality Improvement, L. Rooney

Importance of Sorghum on a Global Scale, B. Maunder

Relevance of International Sorghum and Millet Research to U.S. Agriculture, J. M. Yohe

Quantification Of Spermatozoa In The Sperm-Storage Tubules Of Turkey Hens And The Relation To Sperm Numbers In The Perivitelline Layer Of Eggs, J. P. Brillard, M. R. Bakst

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

This study was conducted to determine the number of spermatozoa residing in the oviduct sperm-storage tubules (SST) and the relationship between these numbers and the number of spermatozoa embedded in the perivitelline layer of oviductal eggs after a single insemination of 200 X 10⁴ spermatozoa. The SST of hens inseminated within one week before the expected onset of egg production were filled faster (4 h vs. 2 days) and possessed more spermatozoa (4.1 vs. 2.0 X 10⁶) than the SST of hens inseminated after the onset of egg production. Furthermore, for hens in egg production, significantly fewer …

Bulletin No 4168 - Plants In Australia Which When Eaten Produce Photosensitization In Livestock, T E H Aplin

Bulletins 4000 -

Photosensitization is the term used to describe inflammation of the skin (usually unpigmented) caused by photodynamic compounds, circulating in blood stream, becoming bound to dermal cells and fluorescing when the animal is exposed to ultraviolet light (290-400 nm).

Photosensitization usually occurs when an animal eats certain plants that contain photodynamic compounds. These compounds can be deposited unchanged in the skin after ingestion, the normal liver being incapable of excreting the native fluorescent compound. This is termed type 1 photosensitization and the compounds involved are naphthodianthrone derivatives. Photodynamic compounds can also be produced through aberrant metabolism by the liver due to …

Concentrations Of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I In Blood And Ovarian Follicular Fluid Of Cattle Selected For Twins, S. E. Echternkamp, L. J. Spicer, K. E. Gregory, S. F. Canning, J. M. Hammond

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Recent studies have implicated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) as an intraovarian regulator of follicular growth and differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that cattle selected for twin births may have increased concentrations of IGF-I within the ovarian follicle and(or) in peripheral blood. The estrous cycles of 14 cows with histories of producing twins and 12 control monotocous cows were synchronized with 35 mg of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α). Blood and follicular fluid were collected 48-50 h post-administration of PGF_2α. (follicular phase of the estrous cycle). Concentrations of IGF-I were measured by RJA after acid-ethanol treatment …

Concentrations Of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I In Blood And Ovarian Follicular Fluid Of Cattle Selected For Twins, S. E. Echternkamp, L. J. Spicer, K. E. Gregory, S. F. Canning, J. M. Hammond

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Recent studies have implicated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) as an intraovarian regulator of follicular growth and differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that cattle selected for twin births may have increased concentrations of IGF-I within the ovarian follicle and(or) in peripheral blood. The estrous cycles of 14 cows with histories of producing twins and 12 control monotocous cows were synchronized with 35 mg of prostaglandin F_2a (PGF_2a). Blood and follicular fluid were collected 48-50 h post-administration of PGF_2a (follicular phase of the estrous cycle). Concentrations of IGF-I were measured by RJA after acid.ethanol treatment of …

Evaluation Of Seeding Rates Of Au Triumph And Endophyte-Infected Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, D. M. Ball

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Increased difficulty in stand establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) has been reported by producers since the introduction of endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan Jones and Gams)-free tall fescue seed into the market place. This has encouraged the use of higher seeding rates for endophyte-free tall fescue without scientific basis. The objective of this study was to determine whether ‘AU Triumph’, and endophyte-free cultivar, and endophyte-infected ‘Kentucky 31’ differ in minimum seeding rates for successful establishment. Experiments were established at two locations in each of two years, using a randomized complete block with four replications. Soils at the two locations …

Heritability Of Root Characteristics Affecting Mineral Uptake In Tall Fescue, J. H. Edwards, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, R. C. Kingery

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Modification of plant roots can potentially increase the area. of adaptation of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Limited information is available on the heritability of root diameter and root volume in tall fescue. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with'50 random 'Kentucky 31' (Ky-31) tall fescue parents and their progeny grown in aerated nutrient solution during four separate time intervals. Measurements of root volume, root diameter, shoot Mg concentration, and shoot K/(Mg + Ca) ratio were made six weeks after clonal material was transplanted in nutrient solution. Heritability estimates for root volume, root diameter, shoot Mg concentration, and shoot K/(Mg …

A Review Of The Agronomic Characteristics Of Endophyte-Free And Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, G. D. Lacefield, D. M. Ball

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Agronomic differences between endophyte- (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan Jones and Gams) free and endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) exist, and should be considered when implementing a management strategy. Although dry matter yield of tall fescue does not generally appear to be influenced by endophyte infection status, endophyte infection has been shown to improve seedling performance and survival, is associated with insect and nematode resistance, drought resistance, improved nitrogen assimilation, and higher seed set. Considering all biologically valuable characters of the endophyte-tall fescue relationship, survival of endophyte-infected tall fescue is probably better than that of endophyte-free tall fescue, especially in drought- …

Fescues With Large Roots Are Drought Tolerant, H. A. Torbert, J. H. Edwards, Jeffrey F. Pedersen

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Consideration of root/soil interactions is essential in, adapting tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to soil and climatic conditions of the Coastal Plain region of the southeast. Sandy soils of the region are very susceptible to the formation of hardpans. These compacted layers often restrict plant root development to the plow layer (0 to 6 in.) and prevent plant roots from reaching available moisture and nutrients in the subsoil horizons. Plants grown under these conditions are shallow rooted and will be subjected to water stress up to 50% of the time during the growing season. Although implements are available to penetrate …

Leafy Spurge: Threat To Central Plains Grasslands, Robert A. Masters

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a noxious weed that threatens grasslands in the central and northern Great Plains and the prairie provinces of Canada. Leafy spurge threatens prairie communities by displacing native species and reducing species diversity. Effective management of this undesirable plant requires that one be able to identify leafy spurge, understand the characteristics that contribute to its aggressive habit, and be aware of practices that are available to control this noxious weed. The aggressive habit of leafy spurge is related to its ability to reproduce both by seed and by numerous adventitious shoot buds located along …

Tillage And Fertilizer Influences On Corn And Legume Cover, J. E. Gilley, J. F. Power, P. J. Reznicek, S. C. Finkner

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The use of legumes in a cropping system may provide a variety of benefits. In this study, the effectiveness of selected legume species in providing surface cover was examined. The legumes were interseeded into either conventional or no-till corn, with or without N fertilizer. Both maximum legume cover and maximum cover furnished by corn plus legumes were examined. Mean cover provided during the study period by both the cover crop, and corn plus cover crop was also determined.

Can Genetically Engineered Crops Become Weeds?, Kathleen H. Keeler

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

There are significant differences if the distribution of weedy characteristics among weeds, normal plants, and crops. The world’s most serious weeds possess on the average 10 or 11 of these characters, a random collection of British plants have an average seven of the traits, and crop plants only five. For the average crop to become as “weedy” as the average weed, it would need to acquire five weedy traits. Even using the unlikely assumption that those traits are single loci in which a dominant mutation would provide the weedy character, this would require the simultaneous acquisition of five gene substitutions. …

Bulletin 4133 - Fungal Diseases Of Pasture Legumes In Western Australia, M. J. Barbetti

Bulletins 4000 -

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most important annual pasture legume in Western Australia, forming the basis of some 6.5 million ha of annual pastures. The success of subterranean clover may be attributed to its ability to increase soil fertility as a consequence of nitrogen fixed, to withstand heavy grazing, to control soil erosion and, with some cultivars, to tolerate waterlogging. Fungal diseases have been a major limitation to the productivity of subterranean clover, affecting both the amount of plant matter and the quantity of seed produced.

Annual medic (Medicago spp., in particular M. polymorpha L.) is also an …

A Comparison Of Chemical Composition & Fermentation Patterns Of Alternative Silages To Whole Plant Corn Silage, Susan Fox

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

A comparison of the relationship of fermentation to chemical composition was made for forages which were wilted and ensiled at 35 to 45 percent dry matter. Trial I consisted of three forages ensiled in October, 1981: interseeded soybeans and grain sorghum. whole plant corn with added anhydrous ammonia, and whole plant corn with shelled corn added at a rate of 150 kg/t of fresh forage. Trial II consisted of two forages ensiled in 1982: interseeded soybeans and pearlmillet, and wheat. Temperatures of fermentation were collected, and chemical composition during the first 25 days of fermentation analyzed.

Production data were also …

Isolation & Characterization Of A Type I Topoisomerase From The Hypocotyls Of Etiolated Soybeans, Rick Dye

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Topoisomerases are enzymes of critical biological significance. Despite this fact, little data specific to the topoisomerases of higher plants has been published. This research was undertaken to isolate and characterize a higher plant topoisomerase from soybean hypocotyls to further the understanding of the structure and function of these enzymes.

Nuclei were isolated from frozen hypocotyls of 4 day old etiolated soybeans by homogenization and centrifugation, then lysed by gentle stirring in the presence of 1.5 mM ammonium sulfate. The resultant extract was desalted and purified by column chromatography on DEAF sepharose, 5-200 sephacryl and CM cellulose. The components of the …

Bulletin No 4146 - Commercial Production Of Pawpaws In Western Australia, J. R. Burt, B. L. Toohill

Bulletins 4000 -

The papaw (Carica papaya L.) is a native plant of Central America. It produces its highest yields of good quality fruit in tropical regions.

The tree is short-lived and rarely produces crops for more than two or three years. It is quick growing and soon reaches a maximum height of 5 to 7 m. It is usually unbranched, but may branch after either injury to the top or cutting back.

Farming Systems Research/Extension And The Concepts Of Sustainability, Charles A. Francis, Peter E. Hildebrand

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Farming Systems Research and Extension (FSR/E) has strongly influenced the direction of agricultural development over the past two decades. Involving farmers, change agents and researchers, this participatory approach to technological improvement has evolved as an efficient means to develop individual components and more integrated systems that are uniquely suited to specific biophysical and socioeconomic conditions. Farmers with similar conditions and for whom specific recommendations are appropriate are grouped, in FSR/E, into identifiable Recommendation Domains. The technologies recommended conform with the biophysical and socioeconomic constraints that create environments within the domains, based on the philosophy that new technologies must conform with …