Digital Commons Network^™

Check Your Attitude: An Examination Of Companies’ Adversarial Disclosures About Tax Enforcement, Hannah W. Judd, Sean T. Mcguire, Connie D. Weaver, Junwei Xia

Faculty Publications

This study examines companies’ voluntary disclosures of an adversarial stance toward tax enforcement in income tax footnotes, where companies express disagreement with tax authorities or a willingness to litigate unresolved audit issues. We find that larger companies, industry leaders, and companies in industries with high litigation risk are more likely to make adversarial disclosures toward tax enforcement, and companies’ tax planning activities do not solely determine such disclosures. We examine the implications of adversarial disclosures on future tax audit outcomes and find that future settlement outcomes are more unfavorable for companies with such disclosures relative to those without. Finally, our …

Auditing With Data And Analytics: External Reviewers’ Judgments Of Audit Quality And Effort, Scott A. Emett, Steven E. Kaplan, Elaine G. Mauldin, Jeffrey Pickerd

Faculty Publications

Audit firms hesitate to take full advantage of data and analytics (D&A) audit approaches because they lack certainty about how external reviewers evaluate those approaches. We propose that external reviewers use an effort heuristic when evaluating audit quality, judging less effortful audit procedures as lower quality, which could shape how external reviewers evaluate D&A audit procedures. We conduct two experiments in which experienced external reviewers evaluate one set of audit procedures (D&A or traditional) within an engagement review, while holding constant the procedures’ level of assurance. Our first experiment provides evidence that external reviewers rely on an effort heuristic when …

The Icfr Process: Perspectives Of Accounting Executives At Large Public Companies, Eldar Maksymov, Jeffrey Pickerd, T. Jeffrey Wilks, Devin Williams

Faculty Publications

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act charges management with the primary responsibility for internal control over financial reporting (ICFR). However, prior research tells us little about the ICFR process from management’s perspective. We develop a theoretical model of the ICFR process from management’s perspective and examine that model by surveying 145 and interviewing 35 accounting executives at large US public companies. Our primary finding is that executives feel constrained in their ability to direct ICFR and hold perspectives that reflect these constraints. Specifically, most executives feel compelled by auditors to follow the PCAOB’s preferences even though executives believe these preferences often tend to …

Corporate Political Activism And Information Transfers, Dane M. Christensen, Hengda Jin, Joshua A. Lee, Suhas A. Sridharan, Laura A. Wellman

Faculty Publications

Prior research suggests that: (1) politically active firms have an information advantage over firms that do not engage in the political process, but also that (2) politically active firms are more likely to disclose policy-related information. We examine whether there are externalities associated with the processing of political information by politically active firms. We study this question in the setting of intra-industry information transfers around earnings announcements. Measuring firms’ political activism using campaign contributions, we find stronger intra-industry information transfers from politically active firms to their industry peers. These information transfers are stronger when there is more discussion during conference …

Data Visualization In 10-K Filings, Theodore E. Christensen, Karson E. Fronk, Joshua A. Lee, Karen K. Nelson

Faculty Publications

The Securities and Exchange Commission encourages the presentation of information or data in graphical form to improve users’ ability to understand financial disclosures. We find a dramatic increase in the disclosure of both qualitative and quantitative infographics in 10-K filings over time and substantial cross-sectional variation in firms’ choices regarding image types, data content, and the placement of infographics within 10-Ks. We provide evidence on factors associated with firms’ use of infographics and explore the persistence with which they are disclosed over time. Finally, we investigate the relation between the use of infographics and uncertainty in capital markets.

Measurement Error, Fixed Effects, And False Positives In Accounting Research, Jared Jennings, Jung Min Kim, Joshua A. Lee, Daniel Taylor

Faculty Publications

We show theoretically and empirically that measurement error can bias in favor of falsely rejecting a true null hypothesis (i.e., a “false positive”) and that regression models with high-dimensional fixed effects can exacerbate measurement error bias and increase the likelihood of false positives. We replicate inferences from prior work in a setting where we can directly observe the amount of measurement error and show that the combination of measurement error and fixed effects materially inflates coefficients and distorts inferences. We provide researchers with a simple diagnostic tool to assess the possibility that the combination of measurement error and fixed effects …

Ethnic Minority Analysts’ Participation In Public Earnings Conference Calls, Rachel W. Flam, Jeremiah Green, Joshua A. Lee, Nathan Y. Sharp

Faculty Publications

We investigate ethnic minority and non-minority sell-side analysts’ participation in public earnings conference calls. We find that minority analysts are underrepresented in conference call Q&A sessions, and minority analysts who do participate on the calls experience lower levels of prioritization than do nonminority analysts. Minority analysts’ lower participation rates are partially but not fully mediated by characteristics such as experience, work environment, and stock rating favorability. Additionally, firm and conference call fixed effects mediate approximately half the magnitude of lower minority participation rates. Extroverted minority analysts participate at higher rates, but the negative association between minority status and conference call …

Managers’ Use Of Humor On Public Earnings Conference Calls, Andrew C. Call, Rachel W> Flam, Joshua A. Lee, Nathan Y. Sharp

Faculty Publications

Despite the prevalence and importance of humor in interpersonal communication, the disclosure literature is silent on the use of humor in the context of corporate communication. Using a sophisticated machine learning algorithm, we identify managers’ successful uses of humor during public earnings conference calls. When managers use humor on an earnings call, stock market returns and analyst forecast revisions following the call are more positive, primarily because of a muted response to negative earnings news. Consistent with managers’ successful use of humor being a favorable signal of future firm performance, we find no evidence of a return reversal over the …

Innovations In Ipo Deal Structure: Do Up-C Ipos Harm Public Shareholders?, Mary Brooke Billings, Kevin Hsueh, Melissa F. Lewis-Western, Gladriel Shobe

Faculty Publications

This paper examines an innovation in capital formation that has spurred contentious debate: the Umbrella Partnership Corporation (“Up-C”) IPO. Advisors and underwriters argue that the Up-C deal structure is a driver of post-IPO value and, thus, is a value-enhancing means of raising capital that may be one solution to concerns regarding the drop in the number of publicly traded companies. Consistent with these claims, recent research suggests that organizing soon-to-be public businesses as pass-through entities (as is the case for Up-Cs) leads to superior future performance. Yet, broadening the analysis to consider abnormal stock performance and post-IPO litigation of a …

The Spillover Effect Of Sec Comment Letters Through Audit Firms, Kenneth L. Bills, Ryan Cating, Chenxi Lin, Timothy Seidel

Faculty Publications

This study examines whether auditors serve as a conduit for disseminating Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) views on reporting and disclosure matters as the result of being privy to clients’ SEC comment letters. This examination is important because auditors’ involvement in, and private access to, clients’ comment letters can enhance the timeliness of dissemination and have a constraining influence on reporting or disclosure choices that diverge from SEC views. Among clients with a greater expectation of impaired goodwill that do not receive a comment letter with a goodwill-related comment, we find a greater likelihood of goodwill impairment when the audit …

Does Gender And Ethnic Diversity Among Audit Partners Influence Office-Level Audit Personnel Retention And Audit Quality?, Eric R. Condie, Ling Lei Lisic, Timothy Seidel, J. Mike Truelson, Aleksandra "Ally" B. Zimmerman

Faculty Publications

Motivated by prior literature on organizational identification and 23 semistructured interviews with a variety of U.S. audit partners and directors, we examine whether the gender and ethnic diversity of an office’s audit partners influences the retention of the office’s audit professionals and the quality of the audits conducted by the office. Using hand-collected data on U.S. audit partners, we find that greater levels of (or changes in) diversity in office audit partners’ gender and ethnicity are associated with lower (reduced) turnover among office audit professionals and higher (increased) office-level audit quality. To provide further insight into the audit quality results, …

Reduced Audit Quality Acts: A Review And Organizational Model, Troy A. Hyatt, Douglas F. Prawitt, Kyle M. Stubbs

Faculty Publications

With increasing regulatory focus on improving audit quality, research on drivers of audit quality remains important to academics, professionals and regulators. One compelling branch of this research focuses on auditors' intentional actions that reduce audit quality, often referred to in the literature as reduced audit quality acts (RAQAs). This paper provides a review and synthesis of the RAQA literature, including a unifying definition for RAQAs and a model for organizing past and future RAQA research. With the model, we explore antecedents to RAQAs as well as the discovery of, responses to and subsequent consequences of RAQAs. We also discuss potential …

Balancing Loyalties: A Behavioral Study On How The Quality Of Supervisor-Subordinate Relationships Affects Whistleblowing Intentions, Jace B. Garrett, Douglas F. Prawitt, Kyle Sopp

Faculty Publications

While high-quality relationships among employees yield many benefits to organizations, they may have unintended consequences for whistleblowing. In a first experiment, we investigate whether high-quality employee-supervisor relationships reduce employees’ willingness to report supervisor wrongdoing through an internal hotline. We also investigate whether the quality of such relationships mitigates the effect of evidence strength on reporting intention. In a second experiment, we test the robustness of the effects of relationship quality and evidence strength on employees’ willingness to report wrongdoing identified in our first experiment, but to an external auditor. We also examine two factors that may mitigate the negative effect …

Current Issues Faced By Controllers, Anthony C. Bucaro, T. Jeffrey Wilks, Christopher Yust

Faculty Publications

We conduct a series of semi-structured interviews with controllers and chief accounting officers from large public and private companies—over half are Fortune 500—to identify the current issues faced by the controllership function. We map these issues into the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA®) Management Accounting Competencies and highlight recent research that addresses these issues and where there are gaps. Our findings suggest three IMA competencies that weigh heavily on controllers’ minds: (1) collaboration, teamwork, and relationship management; (2) information systems and technology; and (3) talent management. Finally, we describe how the insights from controllers suggest important improvements to accounting curriculum …

A Study Of Auditors' Judgement When Taking Management's Perspective On Management Discussion And Analysis, Wattanachai Sangsuwan

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This experimental research examines the effect of management’s perspective on auditors’ judgment when they review management discussion and analysis (MD&A). This study predicts that prompting management’s perspective would benefit auditors by enabling them to more accurately review MD&A whether or not the MD&A is materially misstated. Contrary to our expectations, prompting auditors with a management’s perspective will backfire. The results find that auditors prompted by management's perspective are significantly more likely to accept MD&A that has an abnormally positive tone. In other words, auditors are less likely to ask management to alter MD&A that has such abnormally positive language. Management’s …

Employees’ Reactions To Their Supervisors’ (Lack Of) Discretionary Adjustments In Performance Evaluations, Joanna Andrejkow

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The purpose of my dissertation is to investigate how employees react to their supervisors’ decisions not to use ex-post discretionary adjustments to mitigate the effects that negative unexpected events have on their bonuses. To address this objective, I pose the following research question: Will the level of interdependence inherent within the compensation of multiple employees (i.e., compensation interdependence) and the likelihood the event will reoccur (i.e., future event likelihood) affect employees’ reactions (future effort and workplace deviance) when they don’t receive ex-post discretionary adjustments to mitigate the effects of negative events?

I address my research question using an experiment where …

How Management’S Response To Fraud Affects The Likelihood Of Future Fraud., Adam Garrity

Honors Theses and Capstones

This article studies the effect of two parts of deterrence theory: sanction certainty and sanction swiftness, on their ability to prevent and deter embezzlement within companies. I will use an experiment, a research instrument, survey questions, and SPSS and ANOVA software to determine if sanction certainty and sanction swiftness have significant effects on how a fictional company is perceived by participants. Participants will be given a scenario that has a combination of a slow or swift punishment and a high or low detection rate. In the experiment, deterrence theory’s effect will be measured by dependent variables such as organizational attractiveness, …

Breaking The Glass Ceiling: Do Female Auditors In Public Accounting Shine?, Katie Dubois

Honors Theses and Capstones

This honors thesis examines the significance that female auditors have in shaping the public accounting profession. The study investigates the impact of female auditors on various aspects of the profession, including quality, profitability, and risk. By conducting a comprehensive literature review and analyzing gathered data, this research explores the factors that contribute to the influence of female auditors and the implications for the profession.

The findings highlight that female auditors do in fact impact the public accounting profession positively. Moreover, the data revealed that gender-diverse audit teams enhance audit quality and firm profitability. Client relationships are also positively influenced, as …

Board Gender Diversity And Cybersecurity Disclosure Characteristics, Katie Remeis

Honors Theses and Capstones

No abstract provided.

Cybersecurity Breaches And Auditor Turnover, Kilian O'Connell

Honors Theses and Capstones

No abstract provided.

History Of The Use Tax In The United States, Christopher Jones, Yuyun Sejati, Spencer Usrey

The North American Accounting Studies

The use tax was developed by states to complement the sales tax. The aim was to prevent residents from being able to avoid paying the sales tax by simply going to a different state to make a purchase. Unlike the sales tax, which is collected by businesses at the point of sale, the use tax is self-reported by individuals. Since its inception in the United States in the 1930s, compliance with the use tax has been close to zero. This article examines the history of the use tax in the United States, including its original intent, enforcement issues, numerous court …

Validating Financial Statement Comparability Assessment In Non-Profit Firms, Daniel Friesner, Andrew Brajcich

The North American Accounting Studies

In a recent manuscript, Brajcich and Friesner (2022) proposed a new methodology to assess financial comparability in not-for-profit organizations. Their approach utilizes entropy-based information theory, and thus requires few prior assumptions about the formation and implications of financial statement comparability. This manuscript assesses the practical utility of the Brajcich and Friesner (2022) methodology by comparing its results to those generated by nonhierarchical cluster analysis. The analysis was conducted using balance sheets drawn from Washington State critical access hospitals in 2019, using a similar set of hospitals and an identical set of variables outlined in Brajcich and Friesner (2022). We find …

The Global Mindset Of Accounting Educators - A National Study, Jill Christopher, Danielle Foster, Chao Wen, Perry Haan

The North American Accounting Studies

There is a mandate for business educators to cultivate Global Mindset in their students. In the accounting discipline, employers explicitly state that they seek job candidates who demonstrate a Global Mindset. To many educators in the U.S., developing Global Mindset in their students is a bewildering challenge because their own Global Mindset may be weak in some aspects, and widely used accounting textbooks fall short in presenting ideological, socio-political, and cultural perspectives alternative to that of Anglo-American capitalism. This study surveyed accounting educators from U.S. institutions to evaluate their Global Mindset, identify common weaknesses in their Global Mindset, and provide …

Exploring The Benefit Of Introducing Accounting And Finance Knowledge For Micro And Small Entrepreneurs During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nurul Hidayah, Lucky Nugroho, Harry Suharman, Anees Janee Ali

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

This study aims to explore the benefit of introducing the accounting and finance knowledge for micro and small business enterprises, in particular during the time of the coronavirus disease 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the micro and small enterprises. A large number of industries faced the risk of lower sales, which in turn badly hit their businesses. To assist micro and small business entrepreneurs in maintaining sustainability by improving their bookkeeping skills by using digital applications, a team of lecturers from Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia, and Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, collaborated on socialization activities and interactions. The lecturers …

Esg And Intellectual Capital Efficiency: Evidence From Asean Emerging Markets, Etikah Karyani, Muhamad Resa Perdiansyah

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the impacts of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) in total and individual performance (“E”, “S”, and “G”) on firms’ intellectual capital (IC) efficiency. The Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) and Modified Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (MVAIC) were used to measure IC efficiency. Meanwhile, the annual ESG index data from the ASEAN-4 were used to measure ESG from 2015 to 2020. The results show “E”, “S”, and “G” and total ESG positively affect firms’ efficiency in managing IC. In addition, the industry type moderates these relationships in terms of that banks have a greater influence than non-banks. Our …

Development Of Budgetary Slack Research In Indonesia, Rizka Fauziyatun Nisa, Hijroh Rokhayati

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study aimed to provide an overview of the development of budgetary slack research in Indonesia. The research method was charting the field developed by Hesford et al. (2007). In this study, articles were classified based on topics, research methods, samples, and theories. The research samples were 161 articles published in 35 journals accredited by Sinta 1, 2, and 3 with 23 years of observation from 1999-2021. The results showed that for the research topic, the budget participation variable was the most widely used antecedent in research. Then as many as 157 articles used quantitative research methods, the most …

اتجاهات مسار اجمالي الودائع ونسب المساهمة لعينة من المصارف ذات التصنيف المتوسط, حيدر حسين عذافة, بشائر عزيز سلمان

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يهدف البحث الى تسليط الضوء على دور سعر الفائدة وفاعليته في توجيه مدخرات الافراد وايداعها لدى المصارف خلال مدة البحث (2005-2019)، اذ يعد سعر الفائدة احد اهم العوامل التي تعمل على تحويل مدخرات الافراد الى ودائع، تم قياس العلاقة لمتغيرات البحث بالاستعانة بالأساليب القياسية المتمثلة في برنامج (12E-views) بالاعتماد على انموذج الانحدار الذاتي (ARDL) لبيان العلاقة الدالية بين اسعار الفائدة ونسب مساهمة ودائع المصارف المتوسطة الى اجمالي المدخرات، ولعل اهم الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها هي وجود علاقة تكاملية طويلة الاجل بين متغيرات البحث.

أثر الانفاق الحكومي على السياسة النقدية في ظل داخلية عرض النقود (العراق أنموذجآ), علي جابر الحسين, رقية عزيز غانم

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى بيان العلاقة بين اثر الانفاق الحكومي على السياسة النقدية التي تعكسها متغيرات السياسة النقدية المختلفة بما فيها عرض النقود , وحصر تأثير تقلبات عرض النقود كمتغير داخلي وانعكاساتها على مدى قدرة السياسة النقدية في تحقيق أهداف الاستقرار الاقتصادي والنقدي، وضمان استقرار النظام المالي وتحفيز النمو الاقتصادي. إن المختصين في مجال النظرية النقدية يميزون بين اتجاهين فكريين في تفسير طبيعة التغير الحاصل في عرض النقود، وهذا التمييز وسع دائرة الجدل والنقاش بشأن مدى فاعلية السياسة النقدية في تحقيق أهدافها عندما يكون عرض النقود متغيراً خارجياً أو داخلياً عن طريق استهداف المجاميع النقدية. الكلمات المفتاحية : الانفاق الحكومي, …

دور التجديد الاستراتيجي لمصارف القطاع الخاص في ذكاءها التنافسي: بحث تحليلية لعينة من مصارف القطاع الخاص, سلام جاسم حمود العارضي, علي مفتن صيوان

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

من خلال اعتماد المصارف عينة البحث على منهج التجديد الاستراتيجي, اجريت البحث على عينة عمدية من متخذي القرار في المصارف الحكومية والخاصة العاملة في العراق , مستندة الى فرضية رئيسة مفادها(يعزز التجديد الاستراتيجي الذكاء المصارف التنافسي لمصارف القطاع الخاص). ينتهج البحث الحالية المنهج التحليلي الوصفي مستندة في تحليل بياناتها على التحليل العاملي التوكيدي CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis ، ومعادلة النمذجة الهيكلية SEM Structural Equation Model وتحليل المسار ضمن حزمة SPSS.V23 و AMOS. ان التجديد الاستراتيجي يعزز ذكاء المصارف المبحوثة التنافسي, وقد صيغت مجموعة من التوصيات في ضوء النتائج أعلاه. الكلمات المفتاحية : التجديد الاستراتيجي, المصارف الخاصة , و الذكاء التنافسي

هيكل الايرادات العامة وأثرها على الموازنة العامة باستخدام أنموذج الابطاء الذاتي الموزع Ardl, عقيل حميد الحلو, قمر ماجد الغرابي

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يهدف البحث الى تحليل والتنبؤ بهيكل الايرادات العامة (اجمالي الايرادات واجمالي ايرادات النفط واجمالي ايرادات الضرائب واثرها على دعم الموازنة الاتحادية للعراق للمدة (2004-2020)، اذ تكمن اهمية البحث في الدور الذي تؤديه الايرادات النفطية وايرادات الضرائب لتخفيض العجز، باستخدام منهجية الابطاء الذاتي الموزع ARDL، كونه احد نماذج التنبؤ، للكشف عن التكامل المشترك بالاجل الطويل، وقد توصل البحث الى جملة من الاستنتاجات أهمها: ان مشاكل الاقتصاد العراقي تعود بمجملها الى عدم وجود تخطيط سليم وادارة فعالة للمرحلة ما بعد 2003، اذ ان الاعتماد المفرط على الايرادات المتحققة من صادرات النفط شكلت النسبة العظمى من اجمالي الايرادات، والتي كان من المفترض ان …