Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

未来的维度 = The Dimension Of The Future, Jinhua Dai

South South Forum 南南論壇

在本论文中，笔者集中讨论21世纪语境中的“未来”作为一个议题及其参数。对于笔者说来，未来议题，不关乎时间，不是乌托邦的别称。“未来”之为议题的提出，针对着没有未来，即“末日”。笔者的问题是：资本主义的末日是否人类的末日？或者，如何避免资本主义的末日成为人类的末日？未来议题同时是关于革命及共产主义的再思考。

The focus of this paper is on “the future” as a subject of concern, and the parameters within which it is broached in the context of the 21^st century. For the writer, the question of “the future” is not really a temporal one, neither is it another name for utopia. Rather, it is moved by apprehensions of the disappearance of time altogether, that is, the looming of doom. My question is: is the end of capitalism the end of humanity? Or rather, how to avoid the fall of capitalism to bring about the fall of humanity, a question …

Political Process And Land Reform In Nepal = 尼泊尔的土地改革与政治过程, Arjun Kumar Karki

South South Forum 南南論壇

Landlessness and political struggles in Nepal are deeply inter-related. Landlessness in Nepal is rooted in a long history of feudal land governance, political inertia and nepotism. Furthermore, the skewed landownership patterns practiced were deepened by a deeply discriminatory and strictly hierarchical society that excluded women, ethnic minorities and tribal groups, especially, those of lower castes and classes. Due to this prevailing exclusion and discrimination, the call for land reform as a rallying cry has long been used by politicians as a tool for political mobilization and for garnering support in Nepal. However, despite several political developments and repeated political commitments, …

Agrarian Reform And Rural Reconstruction In The Philippines = 菲律宾土地改革与农村重建, Isagani R. Serrano

South South Forum 南南論壇

Agrarian reform is at the heart of rural reconstruction and both are essential to achieving sustainable development. It includes not only land redistribution but also empowerment of peasants as key actors in building the rural economy. Land is not only an asset to be owned and accessed but also as a natural resource with multiple uses for both economic development and protection of ecosystems. Land ownership has hitherto been a centerpiece question in Philippine development, indeed, in nation building. Land monopoly on one side and landlessness on the other have defined to a large extent the history and political economy …

乡村建设思想的历史起点, Xianming Wang

South South Forum 南南論壇

在近代中国思潮的起伏波动中，重商主义的倡导与中国传统的重农思想的冲突在所不免，由此引发了一场持续数十年的“工商立国”与“农业立国”之争。自1901年初《自强说》发表至1911年清朝覆亡的10年间，见诸报刊的讨论文字日渐增多，其观点则大致可分为工商为本论，农工商并重论，农业为本论三大类。1920年《农业立国意见书》的发表，标志着“农业立国论”将在未来的历史选择中开始拥有了独特的时代意义和价值。从某种意义而言，它形成了其后乡村建设思想的历史起点。

梁漱溟乡村建设思想与实践 = Liang Shuming’S Thoughts And Practices On Rural Reconstruction, Peishu Liang

South South Forum 南南論壇

No abstract provided.

晏阳初乡村建设历程 = Rural Construction Practice Of Yang Yangchu, Hongguo Yan

South South Forum 南南論壇

晏阳初先生是世界著名平民教育家，中国乡村建设运动的奠基人，在上世纪20年代初兴起的的中国平民教育和乡村建设运动中，他一枝独秀，在时间上坚持最长，从1926年定县实验开始到1990年逝世，长达70余年；在空间上扩展最广，从中国的华北（河北定县实验县）、华中（湖南衡山实验县）华西（新都实验县、华西实验区）到亚洲（菲律宾、泰国、印度）非洲（加纳）拉丁美洲（危地马拉、哥伦比亚）。他不但长期躬身实践，积累了丰富的实践经验，而且创造了完整的理论体系，被广泛地运用于世界乡村改造运动。

晏阳初的乡村建设的历程，可分为三个阶段。1926年开始的定县实验，标志着晏阳初领导的平民教育运动实现了从识字运动到乡村建设的（即兼及对人和自然环境、社会环境进行综合改造）的重大转折。这是一个质的突破，标志着平民教育运动发展到一个崭新的阶段。到1936年6月，定县实验才因抗日战争爆发而被迫停止。这10年，是晏阳初乡村建设运动的第一阶段。第一阶段的主要成果是创造了“定县经验”，找到了建设中国农村的正确方法，后来被证明也是适合改造世界贫困农村的正确方法。第二阶段包括湖南衡山实验县、四川新都实验县及华西实验区的工作，其中尤以华西实验区的工作为代表，历时13年。第三阶段是从上世纪50年代起将产生于中国大地，由中国人创造的乡村建设理论推向世界大舞台，经受了不同国度的人文环境、自然环境、政治环境的长期考验。这个阶段是以菲律宾的乡村建设为起始，扩展到亚、非、拉广大第三世界国家和地区，从1950年开始到1990年晏阳初逝世，历时40年。

Yang Yangchu was a world famous civil educator, the founder of national rural construction movement. He worked in this field for the longest time among his peers, since 1926’s Ding Xian experiment till 1990 when he passed away; also involved the most extensive range, from Northern China (Ding Xian, Hebei Province), Central China (Hengshan, Hunan Province), Western China (Xindu) to other Asian countries such as Thailand, India, Philippines; Ghana in Africa and Guatemala, Colombia in Latin America. Not only he practiced in the field, but also constructed a set of theories to be applied in the world wide …

论卢作孚“乡村现代化”及“以经济建设为中心”思想及其启示意义 = Discussions On Lu Zuofu's "Rural Modernization" And "Taking Economy Building As Center" , And The Inspirational Meaning Thereof, Chonglai Liu

South South Forum 南南論壇

卢作孚乡村建设思想及实践探析之一

卢作孚主持的嘉陵江三峡乡村建设运动，是民国时期众多乡村建设实验中持续时间最长（1927~1949），成效突出的一个。其重要原因是卢作孚将“乡村现代化”作为其乡村建设运动的宗旨和理想目标；将“以经济建设为中心”作为实现“乡村现代化”的建设方式和实践方针。两者相辅相成，成为嘉陵江三峡乡村建设运动持续不衰的动力，也成为在民国时期众多乡村建设实验取得与众不同较大成就、较好成效的重要原因，对今天建设社会主义新农村和西部大开发具有现实启示意义。

An exploration of Lu Zuofu's thoughts and practices on rural reconstruction

Of the many rural reconstruction experiments that took place during the Republic Period, the "Jialing River Three Gorges Rural Reconstruction Movement " conducted by Lu Zuofu was the most long – lasting and had outstanding success. The major reason was that Lu Zuofu embraced "Rural Modernization” as the aim and ideal for the movement, and "Taking Economy Building as Center” to be the means and practical principle for realizing “Rural Modernization”. The two concepts complemented each other and became a sustainable, unwavering impetus behind the "Jialing River …

程炜及大宁县程炜扶贫开发有限公司介绍, Wei Cheng

South South Forum 南南論壇

个人简历

程炜，女，1950年6月日出生在河北省武邑县。

Chengwei, female, June 3rd, 1950 born in Wuyi County, Hebei Province.

1956年因家乡发大水,随父母来到北京。

In 1956, she moved to Beijing with her parents because of flood.

1968年到山西省汾西县城关公社马沟大队插队。

In 1968, as educated youth, she left Beijing and worked in Magou production team, Chengguan Commune, Fenxi County, Shanxi Province.

1972年被推荐上了清华大学化工系高分子专业。

In 1972, she was recommended to study at Tsinghua University, majoring in Polymer Science

1976年1月被学校分配到燕山石化化工研究所，同时接到山西省汾西县委的邀请书，放弃了在北京工作的机会，回到了曾经插队的汾西县。

In 1976, on graduation, she was assigned to Yanshan Petrochemical Institute of Chemical Engineering. At the same time, she was invited by Fenxi County to return. She decided to give up the precious opportunity to work in …

和平妇女王华连自我简介 = Introduction Of Wang Hualian And Wanli-Luxia Women Credit Union, Hualian Wang

South South Forum 南南論壇

我姓王名叫华连，44岁，家住江西省万载县白水乡永新村湾里组，现任村妇女主任，永新村和平鼓乐队队长，妇女互助储金会的委员。

1994年在香港中心的组织下，我们湾里、路下两组成立了妇女互助储金会，从事目的主要是种百合。

自从2008由和平妇女项目组织的在银川开会以来，我自己有三个愿望：第一我放弃了我开的那个饲料店，因为我受到了各界人世的启发，放弃了唯一为生活赚钱的生财之道；第二为了大家的健康，为了给自己增添自信，给村民们带来好的环境和气氛办起了鼓乐队；第三我要慢慢地改变其它人，为了我们的健康，为了我们的资源，我会尽力而为地要求大家去珍惜它（土地）。

I am Wang Hualian, 44 years old. I belong to Wangli group of Yongxin Village of Baishui Township of Wanzai Country in Jiangxi Province. Now I am the head of Women’s Association in Yongxin village, the leader of peace drum team. Meanwhile, I am also the committee member of Wanli-Luxia Women Credit Union.

In 1994, with the help of China Social Services and Development Research Centre, we established Wanli-Luxia Women Credit Union. One of its main activities is to practice collective production and fair trade of lily bulb.

In 2008, PeaceWomen Across the Globe held a meeting …

我社资金互助的几大好处和运作时应该注意的问题 = Some Benefits And Running Problems Of Our Financial Cooperative, Shuxia Wang

South South Forum 南南論壇

一.确实能解决社员的现实问题，比如：1.春天的种子，夏天的水肥问题。2.孩子上学和应急情况。3.统购统销农药、苹果、梨时会给社员一定的收入。4.共同请养猪、果树专家指导，很便宜很合适。5.社员的钱凑一块买了个耕地机，给社员耕的地又便宜又好。6.今年我们又注册了无公害水果，没有资金就很难办成，这样我们合作社的果农就会卖个好价钱。7.成立了资金互助，社员因对自己的原则，所以他们都会在开大会时集思广益，提出增加效益的好方法来。8.对大会的参加都很热心，因为学习好有关果树技术，养猪技术，沼气知识等技术，才能提高经济效益。

应该注意的就是要尊重社员的民主管理，多倾听社员的合理化建议，多召开社员大会，这样才能调动大家的积极性，减少很所麻烦，因为只有大家都认同，你才会少许多不该发生的问题、矛盾。即使有些有些矛盾发生，大家也能理解。

详细内容去了细谈

This financial cooperative does solve members’ realistic financial problems.

For example:

1. When they lack of money in purchasing seeds in Spring or fertilizers in Summer.
2. When they lack of money to afford tuition fee of kids or to deal with some emergencies.
3. Pattern of unified purchase and sale of pesticide, apple and pear could bring our members’ certain income.
4. Sharing the consultant fee for pig raising, fruit tree cultivation is cheaper and more suitable for our members.
5. Our members put their money together to buy a ploughing machine to save the cost of land ploughing.
6. This year, …

Iccic / Gung Ho : Helping To Promote Chinese Cooperatives = 工合国际促进中国合作社的发展, Michael Crook

South South Forum 南南論壇

In 1937, Rewi Alley, Edgar and Helen Foster Snow, and patriots in China initiated the Gung Ho Movement. They organized laid off workers and refugees displaced by the Japanese invasion to set up manufacturing cooperatives in aid of China’s resistance effort. This soon became a nation-wide civil movement of some 3,000 cooperatives.

To seek international support and promote the Gung Ho movement, Mme. Soong Ching Ling initiated the founding of the ICCIC - International Committee for the promotion of Chinese Industrial Cooperatives - in 1939, and was elected honorary chair. British Bishop of Hong Kong, R. D. Hall, was its …

南塘合作社经验, Yunbiao Yang

South South Forum 南南論壇

南塘兴农合作社简介

南塘兴农合作社前身是南塘农民维权协会，2003年，经著名“三农问题”专家温铁军先生指点，协会转变思想，更新观念，搞起了乡村建设，于2004年4月正式成立兴农合作社。成立后，发展势头良好，至今已由成立之初的四十多户参与发展到现在的两县四区十三个村的四百余户，六百余股入社。

合作社由有机农业部、资金互助部、图书馆、后勤保障部、文艺队、老年协会、农资部构成日常主运营内容，归理事会管理。理事会与监事会由社员大会产生，向社员大会负责。有独立的会计制度。目前合作社运营状况良好，未来发展道路也很明确。

[A Brief Introduction on Nan Tang Xing Nong Cooperative]

Nan Tang Xing Nong Cooperative was formerly Nan Tang Society for Protection of Peasants Right. In 2003, with advice from Mr. Wen Tejin, the expert on "San Nong Issues " (agriculture, countryside and peasants ), the Society changed their mode of thinking and started to go into rural construction. In April 2004, the Xing Nong Cooperative was established officially. Since then, development momentum has been strong. The number of participating households has grown from over forty initially to more than four hundred households spanning thirteen villages in four …

Could Cities Feed Themselves? The Case Of The Urban Agriculture Movement In Cuba = 城市能否自给自足? 古巴城市农业运动调查报告, Eduardo Francisco Freyre Roach, May Ling Chan

South South Forum 南南論壇

Before 1990 the production and market of vegetables in Cuba was monopolized by a large state enterprise where horticultural techniques such as hydroponics and zeoponics are used (in zeolite subtract) with heavy use of chemical products. But, in 1991 due to the Collapse of Soviet Socialist System in Eastern Europe, the Cuban agriculture enters into crisis. Without chemicals pesticides and fertilizers, metal containers, and cement, the hydroponic-zeolite technology could not be used anymore. In this context, the Movement of Urban Agriculture was born in which people produce fresh vegetables intensively applying agro-ecological principles and Organic techniques, consume and directly sell …

生存危机与生态危机 = Survival Crisis And Ecological Crisis, Song Tian

South South Forum 南南論壇

人类社会面临着两重问题，生存问题（survival problem）和生态问题（ecological problem）。所谓生存问题是指人类自身的问题，包含两个层面：一是如何获得生存必需的物质，免于饥饿、贫困；二是如何分配所获得的物质，追求公正、公平。前者关乎生产力，后者关乎社会制度。在人类的能力相对弱小的漫长历史中，生存问题的解决主要在于寻找更好的社会制度，或者改良，或者革命。进入工业文明之后，人类利用科学及其技术，可以从自然中获得越来越多的物质，生存问题的解决有了一个新的方向。即使分配不公平，每一方也能获得比从前更多的物质。生存问题得到了缓解。但是，生态问题却不期而至。所谓生态问题，是人类与自然的关系问题，表现为环境污染，生态破坏。

All kind of human society has to solve two issues: survival problem and ecological problem. The solution of survival problem has two aspects: 1, how to acquire necessary materials (from nature), to free of hungry and poverty; 2, how to distribute the material, to purchase equality and justice. The former refers to social productivity; the latter refers to social institution. In the long history when human only has weak ability to acquire materials from nature, the solution of survival problem focused on searching a better social institution, to reform, or to revolute. Making use of science …

Surviving The Fukushima Nuke Crisis : People’S Anger, Anguish, And Alternative Actions = 在福岛核泄漏危机中幸存下去：人民的愤怒、伤痛和另类行动, Masaaki Ohashi

South South Forum 南南論壇

The 2nd worst Nuke Crisis, which has begun 21 month ago in March 11, 2011 from Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Station, has not settled in any sense, but is posing Fukushima people very difficult and unprecedented challenges. This presentation will examine following points:

1. A brief view on the troubled 4 reactors of the Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Station, in terms of continuing radiation discharge, on-going but slow dismantling process that takes more than 30-40 years, higher radiation levels in Fukushima Prefecture. etc.
2. The present location of Fukushima people, such as restriction areas (totally, night time etc.), locations and relocations(evacuations) …

Current Situation Of Farmers, Peasants' Movement, And Ecological Agriculture In Nigeria, Arigbede Olaseinde Dr.

South South Forum 南南論壇

No abstract provided.

Linking Food Systems And Human Health : Geographic Variations In China = 链接食物系统与人类健康：中国城乡之间的差别, Anthony M. Fuller

South South Forum 南南論壇

This paper is exploratory. It seeks to link the two dominant food systems of Chinawith impacts on human health, as measured by the increasing but differential incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases. China is passing through the Nutrition Transition where traditional diets are being replaced by high fat and meat diets, high calorie snacks and meals with high protein and oil intakes.The argument is constructed on the basis that in general urban citizens increasingly consume processed foods manufactured by the industrial food system. Rural people on the other hand remain consuming their traditional diets. Process foods derive from industrial agriculture while …

Discussants On Session 7a : Surviving Crises, Vinod Raina Dr., Pan Jie Dr.

South South Forum 南南論壇

Vinod Raina

A physicist, resigned his job at Delhi University to work at grass roots on issues of rural education and rural development in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. With like-minded colleagues, he initiated the People’s Science Movement in India that attempts to combine knowledge and science to craft alternate development models that improve the quality of life of the disadvantaged sections of society, within the regenerative capacity of the Earth. He worked both at the level of theory and practice in the political, scientific and ecological economy of sustainability. He had been involved with the Bhopal Gas …

Rural Organising, Community Building And Economic Empowerment At Sewa, Rehana Riyawala

South South Forum 南南論壇

Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) is a member-based organisation of poor self-employed women workers. It has a membership of 13.1 million women workers in 10 states of India; nearly 2/3^rd of the membership being from the rural areas. SEWA’s main goal is to organize the women worker’s for full employment and self-reliance which means women should be self reliant, individually and collectively, both economically and in terms of decision-making ability. SEWA organizes these women workers through the strategy of struggle and development.

Rural Organizing and Community Building

SEWA’s approach to rural organizing is area-specific and demand driven; the communities …

"绿色汉江" 河流保护运动的城市动员 = The City Mobilization Of ‘Green Han River’For River Protection Movement, Jianli Yun, Ling Zhao

South South Forum 南南論壇

自1978年改革以来，中国以牺牲环境为代价步入了高速的工业化。汉江及其支流受到许多低成本运营的中小企业严重污染。随着27%的汉江水将被南水北调到北京，这意味着下游人民也会面临同样的问题。面对所有这些问题，公众通常是责备政府而非行动起来解决问题。直到2002年，运建立发起了湖北省第一个民间环保组织“绿色汉江”。而绿色汉江的核心团队是由几位退休老人组成的。

作为一位老年女性，运建立站在调研、监督、倡导、教育行动和地方村级水项目的最前线。她给3000多人做过600多次演讲。大家都叫她“赤脚环保主义者”或者“环保奶奶”。在整个团队志愿工作的基础上，她用热情和坚持感动了很多人。包括政府、市民、企业、学校、幼儿园，不管是年老的或年轻的、教育家还是村庄社区等社会各阶层，都参与了进来。绿色汉江现有团体会员66个，个体会员160个，3000多名志愿者。经过他们的努力，整治汉江及其支流的污染已经取得到了突破性的转变。越来越多的襄阳人知道了环境问题就在身边，“关爱母亲河，保护水资源”已逐渐变成广大民众的自觉行动。作为一个以社区为本的组织，绿色汉江不是依靠外界的资助，而是依靠志愿者们的热情和责任承担。

运建立和她的志愿者们证明了普通人如何能用行动带来社会和生态环境的改变。越来越多城市和乡村的人们出于基本的生计关切投入到绿色运动当中，而不只是中产阶级的共识。随着数以万计的人们真正的民主志愿参与，这才成为一项可持续的运动。

Since the reform of 1978, China’s high speed industrialization was carried out at the expense of the environment. The Han River and its tributaries were seriously polluted by a lot of small and medium factories operating at low cost. In addition, the diverting of 27% of the river water from Han River to Beijing in the north also means added problems to the people living downstream. Faced with all the problems, the public might blame the government but would not take up action to address the problems. Until 2002, YUN Jianli initiated ‘Green Han River’, the first …

How Is Collectivism Possible In Rural China?, Kin Chi Lau

South South Forum 南南論壇

With the reform policy of 1979, the household responsibility system effectively and largely dismantled the people’s commune system that had been in place for over a decade during the Cultural Revolution. Partly as an imperative policy from above, and partly as an aspiration of peasant households to claim right of usage over a piece of land, over 90% of rural assets that were collectively owned and managed by the village community have been de-collectivized. Nevertheless, fragments of collectivity have remained in diverse forms, with variations in terms of ownership or management.

Two cases have drawn much media attention: the Huaxi …

From The Wealth Of Nations To The Common Well-Being Of The Planet : Toward An Ecologically-Embedded Economy = 从国家财富到地球的共同福祉 : 朝向内在于生态体系的经济体, Tak Hing, Erebus Wong

South South Forum 南南論壇

地球上生命体的共同进化是复杂性增加的过程。新的信息不断被加进现有的复杂系统里。共同进化应该被理解为生命体与生态系统作为一个复杂整体的过程。达尔文式“物竞天择”与资本主义讴歌的竞争已是陈腐的范型，它们与其他有害的社会-经济以及科学教条，内涵灾难的种子，导致今天的生态灾难，把人类推向当前社会-经济的死胡同。

要超越当前这种毁灭性及自杀式的文明模式，我们需要从基本上反思在资本主义扩张时期所塑造出来的种种社会经济及科学范型。长期以来，它们一直实际上服务于资本的利益。

生命过程不能被化约为简单的能量与物质的转换。这种观念是以等价交换的市场法则为模型。在生物体的能量与物质，与散布在环境中的质能，在本质上是不同的。生命不仅仅是由混沌中演化出秩序。迭排的秩序，与无序一样缺乏生命。生命的现象是复杂性，是迭排秩序(可预测)与无序(不可预测)之外的第三种存在模态。相对于熵(随机性)，生命创造逆熵(negentropy)或信息负熵(intropy)，即是蕴藏信息的丰富性。蕴藏在有机体及生态系统里、以信息负熵形态存在的潜能量，赋予生命无穷无尽的创造性。

可是，资本主义的生产及消费方式，却误以有效率地转化能量和物理为创造性(被视为创造财富)，结果导致资源耗尽，毫无节制地把能量及废物耗散进环境里。由于砍伐森林及碳排放而导致的全球暖化困境，正是这种方式导致的其中一个恶果。资本主义把社会圈(以及生态圈)变成一个充斥商品(消费品)的荒漠，干扰了环境的热平衡调节(thermal homeostasis)，增加环境中的熵，减弱生态体系的信息负熵(生物多样性衰竭)，把地球推向热死亡(thermal death)。

从这个角度来看，很多当前被讴歌推崇的市场教条，实质上危害生物圈的健全。这个历史进程的顶点是全球化。它试图以等价交换的普遍法则来组织一个单一的全球市场。这项教条的最近其中一个表现是碳交易机制的设计。它的前题是在某地所造成的干扰，可以通过在另一处作出相应的补偿来补救。这种思考模式跟犹太-基督教(西方中心主义)的普世-超验主义(universal-transcendentalism)不无关系。它不理解生态系统作为一种复杂适应系统(complex adaptive system)，是本土化于某特定的生物区域里(bio-regionally localized)。某个复杂适应系统遭受干扰时的恢复力，取决于它是否能在它的界限上保持一定的“非通信”区域( “non-communication” zone)，尽管地球上所有生态体系最后都是紧密地连结在一起。本土化的民生体系，也是如此。

为了抗衡这种错误的科学范式及经济教条，我们需要想象展望人类与自然以及人类之间共存的新方式。

经济体(Ekonomy): 从金钱术回归至照顾我们的家园

我们别忘记：生态(ecology)与经济(economy)在字源上，都是源自古希腊字根 oikos，家园。经济一词由oikos和nemein (照顾)。由此看来，生态学和经济，都是关乎睿智地照看我们的家园，我们的栖息地。很不幸，经济的发展方向，恰恰朝向阿里土多德二千多年前早已警告我们的金钱术(krematistike)，并且达到出神入化、自毁家园的境地。为了睿智地栖息于地球之上，与其他生命体分享生物圈，我们需要寻回筑建经济体(economy)的古老智慧。我们要学习去除长期灌输给我们、根深柢固的经济价值观，把快乐幸福与物质追求适当地分开。我们应该寻回人类交换时所蕴含的丰富文化内涵，唾弃经济学(economic)所虚构的以物易物(barter trade)神话。我们要有勇气和创造力去想象和展望新的经济体(ekonomic)生产及财富分享方式。现行那种以最终制成品进行自由竞争的方式，必须被扬弃。我们必须正视所谓的自由选择(free to choose)所隐含的巨大生态及社会代价。其中一项急切的任务，是要重新创造新的货币形式，限制现在赋予金钱的无限权力。简言之，我们要寻求与同伴分享资源的新艺术。

新的社群伦理：公有共享与存在的脆弱

听起来有点奇怪，可是，作为群居动物，我们需要寻找新的群居方式。建基于排他性的身分认同来凝聚群体的方式，需要被扬弃。同样，以公民社会(civil society)和民族国家(nation-state)来代表普遍性身分认同的历史形式，也最终需要被超越。也许对于各种普遍性身分认同，我们都要持怀疑的态度。别忘记，身分认同总是内嵌于特殊的条件里(embeddedness of identity)。有别于建基于相似性来建构身分认同，另一条可行的途径是通过有意识地分享我们公有共享的事物来培养群体凝聚性。我们明白各自不可泯灭的差异性，却愿意通过分享和合作投身于不同层次的命运共同体。说到最后，地球上全部生物区域、所有生态体系，包括我们所有人的命运，都是密切连系交织成一个整体。生态系统，与人类存在一样，紧密相连，却又脆弱，把我们连结成一个命运共同体。人类所面临的最巨大历史任务，正是想象展望超越民族国家的新社会群体(sociality)形式。

简言之，我们需要发掘新的、却是悠久的社群伦理，与同伴，包括所有生命体，一起分享这个星球。

人类新的栖居模式：适当规模的城乡整合

最后，却可能是最迫切的问题，是逆转超级都市的发展趋势。超级都市的出现，可能是文明史上最具灾难的进程。这些超级都市像癌肿瘤般吸噬所有资源；它们像污水渠般不断向环境排放污染物，像热板般灼烫大气层。超级都市的整个根本基建设计都错得具灾难性。人类要继续生存在地球上，必须想象及展望新的城乡整合。适当规模的城镇要有机地和乡村融合。当然，这同时需要发展新的农业耕作模式。

简言之，我们需要寻找在地球上栖息的新模式。

Land Grabbing In Africa, Khadija Sharife

South South Forum 南南論壇

At least 80 million hectares of land have been recently purchased in what are being termed ‘land grabs,’ around three quarter of which are in Africa. The deals, displacingAfrica’s small farmers, primarily women, are often facilitated by the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation, acting as a one-stop-lease-shop via Investment and Export Promotion Agency. These agencies remove obstacles allegedly blocking Foreign Direct Investment by constructing sovereign-backed toolkits, streamlining for investors issues ranging from land ownership, availability, titling, to legal obligations, taxes and duties. While the architecture of land grabbing is an extension of the neoliberal system, a new set of land-grabbers …

Our Food Sovereignty And Well Living In The Peruvian High Plains, Eliana Apaza

South South Forum 南南論壇

We the aymara people in the region of Puno in Peru, consider that everyone’s life is important, that is why our life is based in living as a community with everything that surrounds us. One of the main activities of our people is the growth of agricultural diversity, focused mainly in the potato, the broad beans, the quinoa, the barley and other crops, each one is planted and cultivated in an specific way and it is consumed in a different way. The families cultivate with a loving raise, before, they used to do a ritual to ask for permission to …

Contestation, Cooperation And The Transborder Commons, Carl Middleton

South South Forum 南南論壇

The Mekong River traces its 4,900 kilometer path southwards through the heart of mainland Southeast Asia from its source in the Himalayan Tibetan plateau through Yunnan Province of China, Myanmar/ Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Host to the world’s largest inland fishery and vital to agriculture, the Mekong River is a transboundary commons that is central to the livelihoods, local economies and culture of millions of people living within the basin.

Mainland Southeast Asia is rapidly industrializing, urbanizing, and undergoing a process of regional economic integration shaped predominantly by neoliberal economic policies. Economic growth is uneven, however, and large …

转基因话语、利益结构与基因竞赛 = Transgenicdiscourse, Interest Structure And Gene Competition, Li Zhou

South South Forum 南南論壇

由于近些年生物技术的突飞猛进，世界各国已经展开了一场类似于核竞赛，又远比核竞赛更为隐秘和严重的基因竞赛，我们需要认识转基因竞赛甚至战争的性质，走出技术化的缺乏主体性的转基因话语讨论。转基因研发推广过程中，有七股力量已经联合，形成一个利益共同体，使得转基因大潮势不可挡：跨国粮商得利润、外国政府得战略、地方政府得政绩、中资公司得好处、科研院所得经费、国家部门得租金、种粮农民得闲暇。我们需要认识让生存逻辑和生命逻辑，服从于商业逻辑和政治逻辑的转基因利益结构，认识其可能导致人类生存危机等系统性风险，旗帜鲜明地反对转基因育种和产业化推广；退一步讲，即使进行转基因技术的研发，也要采用国家集中体制，以防止类似核扩散的基因技术不可控行为的发生，阻止一场在种子领域的殖民掠夺；同时重点发展和推广常规育种，强化农田水利建设，采用更为安全可行的措施，以阻止人类在转基因领域的自杀式竞争。

Since the rapid development of the biotechnology in recent years, the countries in the world have already started a new kind of competition—genetic competition, which is similar to nuclear arms race but far more secret and serious. We need to recognize the nature of the transgenic contest and genetic war, getting out from the subjectivity-absent technical discussion on transgenic technology. In the process of transgenic research and development(R&D), seven forces have already jointed and formed a “community of interests”, pushing the transgenic trends overwhelming: the international food dealers gain profits, foreign government wins strategy, local government achieves performance, Chinese-funded …

Economic Resilience : Including A Case Study Of The Global Transition Network, Julie Richardson

South South Forum 南南論壇

This paper explores the dynamic properties of organisms and ecosystems that make them so resilient and capable of adapting to changing circumstances, allowing them to maintain an overall condition of coherence, wholeness and health while living in balance within the resources of the planet. Key principles of resilient ecological systems are explored including: self-regulation; positive and negative feedback; diversity; scale and context; cooperation; emergence and novelty; and ecological tipping points. In contrast, market based economic systems can produce unstable growth with unintended destruction of cultural and species diversity and homogenisation of global life-styles. The paper re-examines fundamental economic principles using …

Structural Crisis, Speculative Attacks And Food Sovereignty, Pedro Paez

South South Forum 南南論壇

The present crisis is not only a financial one. It is a crisis of civilization. The convergence of long term contradictory processes in several levels (economic, demographic, ecological, etc.) has reduced capital’s margin of maneuvering with historical progressive projection, opening the room for very painful situations for large segments of Earth’s population.

The anti-fascist forces victory in the Second Word War triggered the constitution of a series of regimes of accumulation with significant endogenous dynamics of growth based upon re-distributive patterns at the domestic and the international levels that expressed the new balance of power. The pervasive destruction of local …

主权外部性与币缘战略 : 关于发展陷阱的案例研究 = Sovereignty Externalities And Currency-Strategy Development Trap Case Studies, Tiejun Wen

South South Forum 南南論壇

本报告以全球化危机向发展中国家转嫁为据，提出两个论点。其一，大多数发展中国家因“成本转嫁”而沉落于发展主义陷阱的根本教训，在于其在向殖民主义宗主国争取国家“合法”独立的交易中，已经形成了失去资源和经济主权的负外部性。其二，当前金融资本时代强权政治控制的币缘战略不同于传统的产业资本时代的地缘战略，并且在以国家为单位的全球竞争框架中，客观地形成了金融主导国家币权为核心的“币权三角”；由此衍生出国家竞争的微笑曲线，乃是制造业国家承担金融化制度成本的内在机制。

这些理论创新，可以解释包括中国在内的一般发展中国家的困境成因。

本文把通过非暴力形式的政治谈判这种“交易”来形成发展中国家独立主权进程中与生俱来的制度性缺陷，称为“主权外部性”；把金融资本阶段凭借政治强权维护世界储备货币地位、并据此向能源和食物市场释放过剩流动性，借以把巨额债务转化为他国通胀危机的“巧实力”运作，称为“币缘战略”。

这两者都是发展中国家难以改出发展陷阱的主要原因，也是金融全球化阶段内在形成国家竞争的微笑曲线的前提条件。

Based on an understanding that the crises of core nations are being transferred to developing countries and thus globalized, two perspectives are highlighted here: first, the development trap most developing countries are caught in due to “cost transfer” by advanced countries can be attributed to the negative externalities of having lost part of their resources and economic sovereignty in the transaction with their former suzerains for gaining “legitimate” independence; second, the currency-strategy of political dominance by the super power in contemporary financial capitalism is different from traditional geo-strategy in the age of industrial capitalism. In the …

The Implosion Of The Contemporary Global Capitalist System = 当代资本主义体系的内爆, Samir Amin

South South Forum 南南論壇

Contemporary capitalism is a capitalism of generalized monopolies. By this I mean that monopolies are now no longer islands (albeit important) in a sea of other still relatively autonomous companies, but are an integrated system. Therefore, these monopolies now tightly control all the systems of production. Small and medium enterprises, and even the large corporations that are not strictly speaking oligopolies are locked in a network of control put in place by the monopolies. Their degree of autonomy has shrunk to the point that they are nothing more than subcontractors of the monopolies. This system of generalized monopolies is the …