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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Etiology Of Conduct Disorder And Its Relation To Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Literature Review, Lyndsi Maciow, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry
The Etiology Of Conduct Disorder And Its Relation To Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Literature Review, Lyndsi Maciow, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry
Modern Psychological Studies
Antisocial behavior enacts a heavy price on both the individual engaged in the behavior and the society in which he or she resides. Research has shown that among a subset of individuals antisocial behavior is fairly stable from childhood through early adulthood. This review article traces the hierarchical development of antisocial behavior from childhood Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) through the adult diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), with particular emphasis placed upon adolescent Conduct Disorder (CD). Possible environmental etiological factors of CD are discussed, the most notable being familial discord and low socioeconomic status. Potential biological etiological determinants of antisocial …
Etiological And Gender Perspectives Of Anxiety Disorder Development, Erika L. Harrington, Jeffrey S. Danforth, Margaret Letterman
Etiological And Gender Perspectives Of Anxiety Disorder Development, Erika L. Harrington, Jeffrey S. Danforth, Margaret Letterman
Modern Psychological Studies
This paper presents a comprehensive, integrative review of research on the biological, environmental, and cognitive etiology of anxiety. Causes of generalized anxiety disorder, specific and social phobias, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are discussed, as is the role of gender in anxiety development. Biological research concerning genetic heritability, neurobiological structure, and neurotransmitter functioning are reviewed. Environmental factors such as aversive events, parental interactions, environmental control, and learning are discussed, followed by research on cognitive distortions, attribution style, attention biases, and catastrophic cognitions. The review finds evidence of an interaction between biological, environmental and cognitive variables, as well as a mediating …
Fostering Empathy In Children: A Literature Review And Proposal, Jennifer L. Hanson
Fostering Empathy In Children: A Literature Review And Proposal, Jennifer L. Hanson
Modern Psychological Studies
Empathy links separate beings together as it enhances interpersonal relationships and motivates justice and prosocial behavior. Therefore, it is beneficial to reflect upon how empathy is first instilled and enhanced, as well as how it is suppressed. With such information, strategies can be devised to foster empathy by means of structured guidance. The experience of empathy involves both cognitive precursors and affective experiences that allow the observer to become involved in the complex, emotional, inner-world of the subject. Moreover the observer's expression of empathy and an individual's feelings of concern for the subject can be prompted or inhibited by a …
Perceived Racism As A Predictor Of Depression And Cultural Mistrust, Erika L. Harrington, Madeline A. Fugere
Perceived Racism As A Predictor Of Depression And Cultural Mistrust, Erika L. Harrington, Madeline A. Fugere
Modern Psychological Studies
We examined the role of perceived racism as a predictor of depression and cultural mistrust in African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, and Caucasian students. Design: 65 university students of varying racial and ethnic backgrounds completed the Perceived Racism Scale, Beck Depression Inventory second edition, and Cultural Mistrust Inventory-Revised. Results: African Americans experienced the highest levels of perceived racism, followed by Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and Caucasians. Higher levels of perceived racism were associated with increased cultural mistrust, while depression and mistrust varied with ethnic background. Further, high perceived racism was associated with increased cultural mistrust for African American and …
Mental Health Intervention And Prevention Of Stategies For Emergency Service Personnel Facing Traumatic Stress Symptoms, Kathryn Cochran, C. Albert Bardi
Mental Health Intervention And Prevention Of Stategies For Emergency Service Personnel Facing Traumatic Stress Symptoms, Kathryn Cochran, C. Albert Bardi
Modern Psychological Studies
Emergency first responders are affected by second-hand exposure to trauma; they put themselves at risk for developing debilitating posttraumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of a traumatic crisis. Empirical research is reviewed for successful mental health services for civil servants, such as police officers, firemen, and emergency medical technicians recovering from traumatic stress or sustaining a healthy mental state. This review investigates successful mental health intervention for emergency service personnel, such as Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD),concluding CJSD to be an effective intervention treatment among secondary victims of trauma. Effective traumatic stress prevention strategies …
The Effects Of Caffeinated Vs. Placebo Beverage On Self-Reported Mood State In College Students, Sheena Williams, Jason King, Johnathan Hammersley
The Effects Of Caffeinated Vs. Placebo Beverage On Self-Reported Mood State In College Students, Sheena Williams, Jason King, Johnathan Hammersley
Modern Psychological Studies
Many people rely on caffeine because of its effects. The primary purpose of the current study was to measure the effects of caffeine on current mood state, the effects of caffeine on mood dependent upon time of questionnaire administration, how caffeine and mood interact to impact attention and distraction, and if this varied by gender. A Feeling State Questionnaire (FSQ) was taken by each of the 13 participants throughout the day, before and after the administration of a soft drink containing either caffeine or placebo; furthermore it was a within subjects design meaning that each of the participants received both …
The Effects Of Situational Cues On Inducing Stress, Asma Mahood, Rebecca White
The Effects Of Situational Cues On Inducing Stress, Asma Mahood, Rebecca White
Modern Psychological Studies
The effect of situational cues on inducing and increasing state anxiety was investigated in this research experiment. 132 college students were asked to participate in the experiment. After completing a baseline stress questionnaire, a story was read out loud in three parts to the students about a party that involved underage drinking and other escalating stressors. After each part a short questionnaire was given to measure the impact on stress levels based on self-report. Previous research on the subject was conclusive in finding that presenting situational cues could influence state anxiety. An experiment involving positive and negative written scenarios evidenced …
A Comparison Of The Response Topography Of Steady-State Versus Transient Verps To Global Form And Motion, Sophia Gray
A Comparison Of The Response Topography Of Steady-State Versus Transient Verps To Global Form And Motion, Sophia Gray
Modern Psychological Studies
Neurons in area VI are responsible for visual processing of the local properties of visual array while the lager receptive fields of extra-striate visual areas such as V4 and V.5 serve to process global representations. In adults, transitions in global coherence of both form and motion yield reliable visual event-related potentials (VERPs) with scalp distributions that are topographically distinct. Ten adult students at UCL participated in the current VERP study, which compared steady-state stimuli, which have rapid transitions between coherent and incoherent states, to transient stimuli, which have longer intervals between transitions, for both form and motion. Analysis of VERP …
Working With Clay Reduces Anxiety Among College Students, Melissa Lindquist, Cynthia Turk
Working With Clay Reduces Anxiety Among College Students, Melissa Lindquist, Cynthia Turk
Modern Psychological Studies
This study examined the efficacy of an art therapy intervention (working with clay) on reducing anxiety. Forty-eight college students participated in small groups. Participants underwent a brief anxiety induction and were then randomly assigned to work with either a Rubik's cube or clay for 15 minutes. The two anxiety subscales were administered at baseline, after the anxiety induction, and after the intervention. The individuals in the clay condition experienced a significantly greater reduction in anxiety at post-intervention on both measures relative to the control condition. Possible explanations, clinical implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
When Counting Sheep Becomes Counting Worries: Insomnia, Rumination, And Depression, Huiting Lui, Partrick Rich, Emily Maurer, Shivani Santoki
When Counting Sheep Becomes Counting Worries: Insomnia, Rumination, And Depression, Huiting Lui, Partrick Rich, Emily Maurer, Shivani Santoki
Modern Psychological Studies
Previous studies have examined how both external and internal factors are related to sleep disorders. Internal factors such as depression have been linked to insomnia and other sleep disorders. The current study examines the relationship between rumination, insomnia, and depression. The study also examines how sleep rumination, the act of persistently worrying about how much sleep one is getting, might affect the relationship between insomnia and depression. In the results, depression was strongly correlated with rumination (r = .635, p < .001). Though there was no correlation between sleep rumination and depression, there was a significant correlation between depression and sleep discrepancy, the difference between the amount of sleep and the amount of sleep desired (r = .51, p < .001). This finding suggests that more research should be conducted on sleep discrepancy to see how it may relate to other disorders and psychological concepts.
Gender Ratio And Stereotype Threat In An Academic Setting, Theodore T. Bartholomew
Gender Ratio And Stereotype Threat In An Academic Setting, Theodore T. Bartholomew
Modern Psychological Studies
The study focused on the impact of stereotype threat effectiveness and gender differences in political knowledge. Sex ratio was manipulated to create conditions in which women significantly outnumbered men, similar to the overall gender ratio of women to men at Creighton University. Seventy-seven participants, 52 female and 25 male, were randomly assigned into two conditions, both of which prompted stereotype threat but differed in the gender ratio. One condition was 75% women to 25% men and the other was an equal gender ratio. The participants were given a ten question quiz of political knowledge followed by a short series of …
Is There A Relationship Between Participation In Athletics And Eating Disorders?, Jamie L. Constantz, Susan E. Mason
Is There A Relationship Between Participation In Athletics And Eating Disorders?, Jamie L. Constantz, Susan E. Mason
Modern Psychological Studies
Many of the psychological risk characteristics associated with eating disorders are also associated with participation in athletics. In athletics, for example, a certain kind of physique is expected. Often, there is pressure put on the athlete to have this perfect physique. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that athletes are more likely than non-athletes to be at risk of developing eating disorder characteristics. Unexpectedly, non-athletes were found to be at greater risk than athletes. As expected, women were at greater risk than men, and the type of sport did not have a significant effect on athletes' risk.
Verbal Abuse In Married Versus Non-Married Couples: The Relationship Between Perception Of Acceptability And Experience, Po Wa Wong, Brigitte K. Matthies
Verbal Abuse In Married Versus Non-Married Couples: The Relationship Between Perception Of Acceptability And Experience, Po Wa Wong, Brigitte K. Matthies
Modern Psychological Studies
Verbal abuse can lead to physical abuse if it is not recognized, or is tolerated in one's partner. Participant's perception of the acceptability of verbal abuse (PAVA) was compared to the level of verbal abuse in their own relationship (Conflict Tactics Scales-II). PAVA had a weak positive relationship with the actual occurrence of verbal abuse. PAVA and levels of verbal abuse were highest in very new and more established relationships regardless of relationship status. Males were more accepting of verbal abuse, and reported it less in their relationships. Finally, African American, Hispanic American and Asian American participants reported lower levels …
Family Communication Predicts The Decisions Of Adolescents To Engage In Sexual Behaviors, Keyanna R. Turner, Connie Tang, Jessica F. Jablonski, Sara Martino
Family Communication Predicts The Decisions Of Adolescents To Engage In Sexual Behaviors, Keyanna R. Turner, Connie Tang, Jessica F. Jablonski, Sara Martino
Modern Psychological Studies
This study investigated whether family communication predicted adolescent decision-making about sexual behaviors, as well as gender differences in whether adolescents prefer talking with their mother or father about sex. Male and female college students (n =148) retrospectively answered questions on a survey pertaining to their family communication about sex when they were going through puberty. Results demonstrated that females reported better communication with their mothers about sex than males, and males reported better communication with their fathers about sex than females. It also was found that the better the communication with mothers, the more informed about sex the adolescents reported …
Cognitive Dissonance: Effects Of Perceived Choice On Attitude Change, Jessica C. Miklosovic
Cognitive Dissonance: Effects Of Perceived Choice On Attitude Change, Jessica C. Miklosovic
Modern Psychological Studies
The hypothesis that greater perceived choice would induce attitude change as a method of cognitive dissonance reduction was investigated in a between-groups design. Twenty first and second year students at an undergraduate college were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: high-choice and no-choice. Participants in the high-choice condition were predicted to evaluate the possibility of a 10% tuition increase at an undergraduate college more favorably than participants in the no-choice condition upon writing essays in favor of a possible tuition increase. A one-way analysis of variance yielded results supporting the hypothesis that greater perceived choice induces attitude change as …
Postnatal Depression: A Review Of The Literature, Shannon Pridgen, Minhnoi C. Wroble Biglan
Postnatal Depression: A Review Of The Literature, Shannon Pridgen, Minhnoi C. Wroble Biglan
Modern Psychological Studies
Non-psychotic Postnatal Depression (PND) is the most common complication of childbirth. Commonly misconstrued as the "baby blues", PND is, in fact, just as serious as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). PND affects 13%-15% of all mothers; if untreated, it can lead to Postnatal Psychosis, a much more severe illness that has lead to suicide and child abuse. Despite the similarities between Major Depressive Disorder and PND, the disorders are different in many aspects. Symptoms of PND are directly related to the new child and to the demands of motherhood. Unlike PND, MDD is classified specifically in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual …
A Model Of Animal Bereavement With Pair-Housed Male Rats Using The Forced Swim Test Model Of Depression, Lindsay Kalin Dutton
A Model Of Animal Bereavement With Pair-Housed Male Rats Using The Forced Swim Test Model Of Depression, Lindsay Kalin Dutton
Modern Psychological Studies
In the present study, 12 male rats were tested to create a model of animal bereavement: the rats were separated, simulating their housing mates' deaths, and then tested for depression. Depression was determined using the forced swim test, and by monitoring daily weight and food consumption. Data for all factors were collected before separation, during separation, and after reunion. The results of the forced swim test showed that the rats spent significantly more time immobile, a sign of depression, when they were separated. Food intake and weight, however, did not appear to be a factor of the separation. The results …