Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

A Comparison Of Two Probability Encoding Methods: Fixed Probablity Vs. Fixed Variable Values, Ali E. Abbas, David V. Budescu, Hsiu-Ting Yu, Ryan Haggerty

Psychology Faculty Publications

We present the results of an experiment comparing two popular methods for encoding probability distributions of continuous variables in decision analysis: eliciting values of a variable, X, through comparisons with a fixed probability wheel and eliciting the percentiles of the cumulative distribution, F(X), through comparisons with fixed values of the variable. We show slight but consistent superiority for the fixed variable method along several dimensions such as monotonicity, accuracy, and precision of the estimated fractiles. The fixed variable elicitation method was also slightly faster and preferred by most participants. We discuss the reasons for its superiority and conclude with several …

The Researcher As A Consumer Of Scientific Publication: How Do Name-Ordering Conventions Affect Inferences About Contribution Credits?, Boris Maciejovsky, David V. Budescu, Dan Ariely

Psychology Faculty Publications

When researchers from different fields with different norms collaborate, the question arises of how name-ordering conventions are chosen and how they affect contribution credits. In this paper, we answer these questions by studying two disciplines that exemplify the two cornerstones of name-ordering conventions: lexicographical ordering (i.e., alphabetical ordering, endorsed in economics) and nonlexicographical ordering (i.e., ordering according to individual contributions, endorsed in psychology). Inferences about credits are unambiguous in the latter arrangement but imperfect in the former, because alphabetical listing can reflect ordering according to individual contributions by chance. We contrast the fields of economics and psychology with marketing, a …

Responding Destructively In Leadership Situations: The Role Of Personal Values And Problem Construction, Jody J. Illies, Roni Reiter-Palmon

Psychology Faculty Publications

This study explored the influence of personal values on destructive leader behavior. Student participants completed a managerial assessment center that presented them with ambiguous leadership decisions and problems. Destructive behavior was defined as harming organizational members or striving for short-term gains over long-term organizational goals. Results revealed that individuals with self-enhancement values were more destructive than individuals with self-transcendence values were, with the core values of power (self-enhancement) and universalism (self-transcendence) being most influential. Results also showed that individuals defined and structured leadership problems in a manner that reflected their value systems, which in turn affected the problem solutions they …

The Political Personality Of 2008 Republican Presidential Nominee John Mccain, Aubrey Immelman

Psychology Faculty Publications

This paper presents the results of an indirect assessment of the personality of Arizona senator John McCain, Republican nominee in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, from the conceptual perspective of personologist Theodore Millon.

Psychodiagnostically relevant data regarding Sen. McCain was extracted from biographical sources and published reports and synthesized into a personality profile using the second edition of the Millon Inventory of Diagnostic Criteria (MIDC), which yields 34 normal and maladaptive personality classifications congruent with Axis II of DSM–IV.

The personality profile yielded by the MIDC was analyzed in accordance with interpretive guidelines provided in the MIDC manual. McCain’s …

Effects Of Pre-Pubertal Social Experiences On The Responsiveness Of Juvenile Rats To Predator Odors, Stephen M. Siviy

Psychology Faculty Publications

The extent to which social variables may modulate the fear associated with a predator cue was assessed in juvenile rats. Cat odor reduced play to a comparable extent in both socially housed and isolate-housed rats, although socially housed rats exhibited more risk assessment during extinction. Rats that had played previously in the context used for assessing fear hid slightly less when exposed to cat odor than those rats that had not played previously in the testing context. However, no other differences were found between these two groups suggesting that prior social experience with the testing context has minimal effects on …

Creating Safety In The Testing Process In Primary Care Offices, Nancy C. Elder, Timothy R. Mcewen, John M. Flach, Jennie J. Gallimore

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: The testing process in primary care is complex, and it varies from one office to another. We sought to understand how family medicine offices create safety in this process.

Methods: Using observations, interviews, and surveys, we collected data at four family medicine offices. We searched the interview and observation notes for stories of safety, error prevention, and recovery and coded them to a model of resilient engineering properties, work system components, and testing process steps.

Results: We found only six examples of practices that were systematically creating safety in the testing process via organizational resilience. The most common resilience …

When Rejection By One Fosters Aggression Against Many: Multiple-Victim Aggression As A Consequence Of Social Rejection And Perceived Groupness, Lowell Gaertner, Jonatham Iuzzini, Erin M. O'Mara

Psychology Faculty Publications

Two experiments examined the hypothesis that social rejection and perceived groupness function together to produce multiple-victim incidents of aggression. When a rejecter’s group membership is salient during an act of rejection, the rejectee ostensibly associates the rejecter’s group with rejection and retaliates against the group. Both experiments manipulated whether an aggregate of three persons appeared as separate individuals or members of an entity-like group and whether one of those persons rejected the participant. Consistent with the hypothesis, participants who experienced both rejection and perceived groupness behaved more aggressively against the aggregate (Experiment 1) and evidenced less favorable affective associations toward …

The Political Personality Of 2007 French Presidential Candidate Ségolène Royal, Aubrey Immelman, Pascal De Sutter

Psychology Faculty Publications

This paper presents the results of an indirect assessment of the personality of Ségolène Royal, candidate of the Socialist Party in the 2007 French presidential election.

The study was conducted from the conceptual perspective of Theodore Millon’s model of personality. Information concerning Royal was collected from biographical sources and media reports and synthesized into a personality profile using the second edition of the Millon Inventory of Diagnostic Criteria (MIDC), which yields 34 normal and maladaptive personality classifications congruent with Axis II of DSM–IV.

The personality profile yielded by the MIDC was analyzed on the basis of interpretive guidelines provided …

The Political Personality Of French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Aubrey Immelman, Pascal De Sutter

Psychology Faculty Publications

This paper presents the results of an indirect assessment of the personality of French president Nicolas Sarkozy. The study was conducted from the conceptual perspective of Theodore Millon’s model of personality.

Information concerning Sarkozy was collected from biographical sources and media reports and synthesized into a personality profile using the second edition of the Millon Inventory of Diagnostic Criteria (MIDC), which yields 34 normal and maladaptive personality classifications congruent with Axis II of DSM–IV.

The personality profile yielded by the MIDC was analyzed on the basis of interpretive guidelines provided in the MIDC and Millon Index of Personality Styles …

Are Maximizers Really Unhappy? The Measurement Of Maximizing Tendency, Scott Edward Highhouse, Dalia L. Diab, Michael A. Gillespie

Psychology Faculty Publications

Recent research suggesting that people who maximize are less happy than those who satisfice has received considerable fanfare. The current study investigates whether this conclusion reflects the construct itself or rather how it is measured. We developed an alternative measure of maximizing tendency that is theory-based, has good psychometric properties, and predicts behavioral outcomes. In contrast to the existing maximization measure, our new measure did not correlate with life (dis)satisfaction, nor with most maladaptive personality and decision-making traits. We conclude that the interpretation of maximizers as unhappy may be due to poor measurement of the construct. We present a more …

Etiology And Treatment Of Ptsd Symptoms With American Indian Adolescents : A Summary Of Five Years Of Research, Aaron Morsette, Richard Vandenpol, David Schuldberg

Psychology Faculty Publications

This article discusses PTSD among American Indian adolescents.

High Status Men (But Not Women) Capture The Eye Of The Beholder, C. Nathan Dewall, Jon K. Maner

Psychology Faculty Publications

Two studies tested the hypothesis that people attend preferentially to high status men (but not women). Participants overestimated the frequency of high status men in rapidly presented arrays (Experiment 1) and fixated their visual attention on high status men in an eye-tracking study (Experiment 2). Neither study showed any evidence of preferential attention to high status women, but there was evidence that physically attractive women captured attention. The results from both studies support evolutionary theories regarding differential prioritization of social status and physical attractiveness in men versus women. These findings illustrate how examination of early-in-the-stream social cognition can provide useful …

Predicting World Cup Results: Do Goals Seem More Likely When They Pay Off?, Maya Bar-Hillel, David V. Budescu, Moty Amar

Psychology Faculty Publications

Bar-Hillel and Budescu (1995) failed to find a desirability bias in probability estimation. The World Cup soccer tournament provided an opportunity to revisit the phenomenon in a context in which desirability biases are notoriously rampant. Participants estimated the probabilities of various teams’ winning their upcoming games. They were promised money if one team—randomly designated by the experimenter—won its upcoming game. Participants assigned a higher probability to a victory by their target team than did other participants, whose promised monetary reward was contingent on the victory of its opponent. Prima facie, this seems to be a desirability bias. However, in a …

Mind Your Meetings: Improve Your Organization’S Effectiveness One Meeting At A Time, Joseph A. Allen, Steven G. Rogelberg, John C. Scott

Psychology Faculty Publications

Managers and executives spend an inordinate amount of time in the estimated 11 million meetings held in the United States every day. In a survey of 1,900 business leaders, 72% indicated they spend more time in meetings today than they did five years ago, and 49% said they expect that time in meetings to increase.

Another study revealed that small businesses (fewer than 10 people) spend about 10% of their time preparing, attending, leading and concluding meetings. Larger organizations (500 or more employees) spend about 75% of their work time on these activities.

As the number of meetings increases, the …

The Interactive Effects Of Antisocial Personality Disorder And Court-Mandated Status On Substance Abuse Treatment Dropout, Stacey B. Daughters, Brooke A Stipelman, Marsha N. Sargeant, Randi Schuster, Marina Bornovalova, C W Lejuez

Psychology Faculty Publications

The present study sought to examine the interactive effects of court-mandated (CM) treatment and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) on treatment dropout among 236 inner-city male substance users receiving residential substance abuse treatment. Of the 236 participants, 39.4% (n = 93) met criteria for ASPD and 72.5% (n = 171) were mandated to treatment through a pretrial release-to-treatment program. Results indicated a significant interaction between ASPD and CM status, such that patients with ASPD who were voluntarily receiving treatment were significantly more likely to drop out of treatment than each of the other groups. Subsequent discrete time survival analyses …

Effects Of Neonatal Handling On Play Behavior And Fear Towards A Predator Odor In Juvenile Rats, Stephen M. Siviy

Psychology Faculty Publications

The effects of brief daily separation, also known as "handling," during the first 2 weeks of life on play behavior and fearfulness toward a predatory odor were assessed in juvenile rats. Handled rats were more playful than nonhandled control rats, and while handling had no effect on the direct response of these rats toward a predatory odor, handled rats did not exhibit a conditioned suppression of play when tested later in the same context where they had been exposed to the predatory odor. Handled rats were still wary of the environment in that they continued to show a heightened level …

Age And Body Satisfaction Predict Diet Adherence In Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Christina H. Vlahou, Lindsey L. Cohen, Amanda M. Woods, Jeffrey D. Lewis, Benjamin D. Gold

Psychology Faculty Publications

The aim of the current study was to determine whether age and body satisfaction predict dietary adherence in adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and whether older females are less adherent than younger males and females. Forty-four participants aged 10-21 with IBD were recruited. Participants provided informed consent and demographics. Body satisfaction was measured by a questionnaire and a task in which participants selected their current and ideal body image out of silhouettes depicting bodies ranging from underweight to obese. Adherence was measured by marking a 100mm visual analog scale, the 1-week completion of a dietary log, and a questionnaire …

Chimpanzee Autarky, Sarah F. Brosnan, Mark F. Grady, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro, Michael J. Beran

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Economists believe that barter is the ultimate cause of social wealth—and even much of our human culture—yet little is known about the evolution and development of such behavior. It is useful to examine the circumstances under which other species will or will not barter to more fully understand the phenomenon. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are an interesting test case as they are an intelligent species, closely related to humans, and known to participate in reciprocal interactions and token economies with humans, yet they have not spontaneously developed costly barter.

Methodology/Principle Findings: Although chimpanzees do engage in noncostly barter, …

A Developmental Examination Of Amygdala Response To Facial Expressions, Amanda E. Guyer, Christopher S. Monk, Erin Tone, Eric E. Nelson, Roxann Roberson-Nay, Abby D. Adler, Stephen J. Fromm, Ellen Leibenluft, Daniel S. Pine, Monique Ernst

Psychology Faculty Publications

Several lines of evidence implicate the amygdala in face-emotion processing, particularly for fearful facial expressions. Related findings suggest that face-emotion processing engages the amygdala within an interconnected circuitry that can be studied using a functional-connectivity approach. Past work also underscores important functional changes in the amygdala during development. Taken together, prior research on amygdala function and development reveals a need for more work examining developmental changes in the amygdala’s response to fearful faces and in amygdala functional connectivity during face processing. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare 31 adolescents (9–17 years old) and 30 adults …

Recognition Of Facial Emotions Among Maltreated Children With High Rates Of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, Carrie L. Masten, Amanda E. Guyer, Hilary B. Hodgdon, Erin B. Mcclure, Dennis S. Charney, Monique Ernst, Joan Kaufman, Daniel S. Pine, Christopher S. Monk

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective. The purpose of this study is to examine processing of facial emotions in a sample of maltreated children showing high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Maltreatment during childhood has been associated independently with both atypical processing of emotion and the development of PTSD. However, research has provided little evidence indicating how high rates of PTSD might relate to maltreated children’s processing of emotions. Method. Participants’ reaction time and labeling of emotions were measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task. Participants included a diverse sample of maltreated children with and without PTSD and controls ranging in age from …

Amygdala And Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Function During Anticipated Peer Evaluation In Pediatric Social Anxiety, Amanda E. Guyer, Jennifer Y. Lau, Erin B. Mcclure, Jessica Parrish, Nina D. Shiffrin, Richard C. Reynolds, Gang Chen, R J.R. Blair, Ellen Leibenluft, Nathan A. Fox, Monique Ernst, Daniel S. Pine, Eric E. Nelson

Psychology Faculty Publications

1. Context. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction manifests in adolescents with anxiety disorders when they view negatively-valenced stimuli in threatening contexts. Such fear-circuitry dysfunction may also manifest when anticipated social evaluation leads socially anxious adolescents to misperceive peers as threatening. 2. Objective. To determine whether photographs of negatively-evaluated smiling peers, viewed during anticipated evaluation, engage the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex differentially in adolescents with and without social anxiety. 3. Design. Case-control study. 4. Setting. Government clinical research institute. 5. Participants. Fourteen adolescents with anxiety disorders associated with marked social concerns and 14 diagnosis-free adolescents, matched on sex, age, …

Amygdala And Nucleus Accumbens Activation To Emotional Facial Expressions In Children And Adolescents At Risk For Major Depression, Christopher S. Monk, Rachel G. Klein, Eva H. Telzer, Salvatore Mannuzza, John L. Moulton Iii, Mary Guardino, Carrie L. Masten, Erin B. Mcclure, Stephen Fromm, Daniel S. Pine, Monique Ernst

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective. Offspring of parents with major depressive disorder (MDD) face three-fold higher risk for MDD than offspring without a family history. Although MDD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, neural correlates of risk for MDD remain poorly understood. This study compares amygdala and nucleus accumbens activation in children and adolescents at high and low risk for MDD under varying attentional and emotional conditions. Methods. Thirty-nine juveniles, 17 offspring of parents with MDD (high-risk group) and 22 offspring of parents without histories of MDD, anxiety or psychotic disorders (low-risk group) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. During imaging, …

Attention Bias Towards Threat In Pediatric Anxiety Disorders, Amy K. Roy, Roma A. Vasa, Maggie Bruck, Karin Mogg, Brendan P. Bradley, Michael Sweeney, Lindsey Bergman, Erin B. Mcclure-Tone, Daniel S. Pine

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective: To examine attention bias towards threat faces in a large sample of anxiety disordered youths using a well-established visual probe task.

Method: Study participants included 101 children and adolescents (ages 7- 18 years) with generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and/or separation anxiety disorder enrolled in a multi-site anxiety treatment study. Non-anxious youths (n = 51; ages 9 – 18 years) were recruited separately. Participants were administered a computerized visual probe task that presents pairs of faces portraying threat (angry), positive (happy) and neutral expressions. They pressed a response-key to indicate the spatial location of a probe that replaced one …

Amygdala And Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation To Masked Angry Faces In Children And Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Christopher S. Monk, Eva H. Telzer, Karin Mogg, Brendan P. Bradley, Xiaoquin Mai, Hugo M.C. Louro, Gang Chen, Erin Tone, Daniel S. Pine, Monique Ernst

Psychology Faculty Publications

1. Context. Vigilance to threat is a key feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex comprise a neural circuit that is responsible for detection of threats. Disturbed interactions between these structures may underlie pediatric anxiety. To date, no study has selectively examined responses to briefly-presented threats (e.g. less than 50 msec) in GAD or in pediatric anxiety.

2. Objective. To investigate amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation during processing of briefly-presented threats in pediatric GAD.

3. Design. Case-control study.

4. Setting. Government clinical research institute.

5. Participants. Youth volunteers, 17 with GAD and 12 diagnosis-free. …

The Varieties Of Pathways To Dysfluent Reading Comparing Subtypes Of Children With Dyslexia At Letter, Word, And Connected Text Levels Of Reading, Maryanne Wolf, Robin Morris, Maureen Lovett, Tami Katzir, Young-Suk Kim

Psychology Faculty Publications

The majority of work on the double-deficit hypothesis (DDH) of dyslexia has been done at the letter and word levels of reading. Key research questions addressed in this study are (a) do readers with different subtypes of dyslexia display differences in fluency at particular reading levels (e.g., letter, word, and connected text)? and (b) do children with dyslexia identified by either low-achievement or ability–achievement discrepancy criteria show similar differences when classified by the DDH? To address these questions, the authors assessed a sample of 158 children with severe reading impairments in second and third grades on an extensive battery and …

Response Style Differences In The Inattentive And Combined Subtypes Of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Karen J. Derefinko, Zachary W. Adams, Richard Milich, Mark T. Fillmore, Elizabeth P. Lorch, Donald R. Lynam

Psychology Faculty Publications

This study examined potential differences between the inattentive and combined ADHD subtypes using laboratory tasks assessing behavioral inhibitory processes. Seventy-five children completed two tasks of behavioral inhibition believed to isolate different processes: the cued reaction time task (CRT), a basic inhibition task, and the go/no-go task (GNG), a complex inhibition task that incorporates motivational contingencies. Three groups of participants were identified, including ADHD/Inattentive (n = 17), ADHD/Combined (n = 37), and comparison (n = 21). Results indicated that rather than showing behavioral inhibition deficits, the ADHD/I children appeared overly inhibited, as evidenced by slower reaction times across …

The Impact Of The P.I.C.K. A Partner Relationship Educational Program On Single Army Soldiers, Morgan C. Van Epp, Ted G. Futris, John C. Van Epp, Kelly Campbell

Psychology Faculty Publications

Educating singles on how to develop healthy, romantic relationships can be beneficial to their subsequent dating and marital satisfaction, and for Army soldiers, their satisfaction with military life. A new relationship program, the P.I.C.K. program, was delivered to single Army soldiers, and at the conclusion of the program participants demonstrated an increase in their understanding of the crucial areas to explore and discuss in a premarital relationship, gained a better understanding of how to pace their relationship, and exhibited more realistic attitudes and beliefs about marriage and mate selection.

Efecto Específico Del Hablante En El Reconocimiento Auditivo De Palabras Con Acento Extranjero, Conor T. Mclennan, Julio Alvarez Gonzalez

Psychology Faculty Publications

A pesar de la enorme variabilidad de la señal del habla, reconocemos las palabras de forma rápida y acertada. Si escuchamos la palabra "teléfono", en seguida surge en nuestra mente la idea de un aparato que sirve para comunicar a distancia. Y esto ocurre con cientos de hablantes distintos, a diferentes velocidades de habla, entonaciones, acentos, estados afectivos, etcétera. Aparentemente la información superficial del estímulo no forma parte de su contenido lingüístico.
La mayoría de los modelos actuales sobre el reconocimiento

Ernest R. Hilgard, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

Hilgard, commonly known as Jack, enjoyed one of the longest and most productive careers in twentieth-century American psychology. As a scholar who synthesized and advanced important areas of research, a teacher of leading scientists and writer of influential textbooks, an administrator who played key roles in the development of academic and professional organizations, and a strong advocate for the application of psychological knowledge in the improvement of human life, Hilgard left a lasting mark upon the scientific, educational, professional, and social spheres in which he lived and worked. His most notable scientific contributions were his integration of cognitive and motivational …

Genome-Wide Identification Of Qtl For Age At Puberty In Gilts Using A Large Intercross F2 Population Between White Duroc And Erhualian, Guangcheng Yang, Jun Ren, Shijun Li, Huirong Mao, Yuanmei Guo, Zhengzhi Zou, Dongren Ren, Junwu Ma, Lusheng Huang

Psychology Faculty Publications

Puberty is a fundamental development process experienced by all reproductively competent adults, yet the specific factors regulating age at puberty remain elusive in pigs. In this study, we performed a genome scan to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting age at puberty in gilts using a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross. A total of 183 microsatellites covering 19 porcine chromosomes were genotyped in 454 F₂ gilts and their parents and grandparents in the White Duroc × Erhualian intercross. A linear regression method was used to map QTL for age at puberty via QTLexpress. One 1% genome-wise significant QTL and …