Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Adolescent Hiv Research Consent Index (Ahrci) Supporting Materials, Celia B. Fisher

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Is Guardian Permission A Barrier To Online Sexual Health Research Among Adolescent Males Interested In Sex With Males?, Kimberly Nelson, Michael P. Carey, Celia B. Fisher

Psychology Faculty Publications

Institutional review boards (IRBs) that refuse to grant waivers of guardian permission may hinder research to inform needed online sexual health interventions for adolescent males interested in sex with males (AMSM). Information on the challenges of obtaining (or waiving) guardian permission is imperative. In June and July 2017, AMSM (N = 206; ages 14 to 17) in the United States completed an online survey on sexual behaviors, sexually explicit media use, and sexual education exposure/needs. A mixed-methods approach assessed attitudes toward guardian permission for the current survey and future online sexual health intervention research. Logistic regression models assessed differences by …

Patient–Provider Communication Barriers And Facilitators To Hiv And Sti Preventive Services For Adolescent Msm, Celia B. Fisher, Adam L. Fried, Kathryn Macapagal, Brian Mustanski

Psychology Faculty Publications

Adolescent males who have sex with males (AMSM) are at increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Healthcare providers are a critical source of HIV/STI prevention, yet little is known about AMSM patient–provider sexual health communications and services. To explore this issue, we surveyed a national sample of 198 AMSM 14–17 years. Four online psychometrically validated scales indicated over half the youth avoided communicating their sexual orientation and sexual health concerns to providers due to fear of heterosexist bias, concern their sexual health information would be disclosed to parents, and a general belief that sexual minority …

Behavioral Impulsivity In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Amitai Abramovitch, Dean Mckay

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Grassi et al. (2015) collected data to examine impulsivity in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to nonpsychiatric controls. Their aim was to examine whether OCD may be fully captured by the behavioral addiction model, using the prototypical mechanism underlying drug addiction as their framework. Based on their findings, Grassi et al. concluded that OCD shares behavioral components with addictions, particularly behavioral impulsivity and risky decision making. Furthermore, the authors suggested that this model may be superior to the prevailing psychological model of OCD. Findings: We argue that based on the nature of their data as well as the …

Transparency Of Outcome Reporting And Trial Registration Of Randomized Controlled Trials Published In The Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, Marleine Azar, Kira Riehm, Dean Mckay, Brett Thombs

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background

Confidence that randomized controlled trial (RCT) results accurately reflect intervention effectiveness depends on proper trial conduct and the accuracy and completeness of pub- lished trial reports. The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (JCCP) is the primary trials journal amongst American Psychological Association (APA) journals. The objectives of this study were to review RCTs recently published in JCCP to evaluate (1) adequacy of primary outcome analysis definitions; (2) registration status; and, (3) among registered tri- als, adequacy of outcome registrations. Additionally, we compared results from JCCP to findings from a recent study of top psychosomatic and behavioral medicine journals. …

Searching For The Right Way To Begin Class, Part Ii, John D. Lawry

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Searching For The Right Way To Begin Class, John D. Lawry

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Applications Of Multiple Regression In Psychological Research, Razia Azen, David Budescu

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

An Essential Resource For Neuropsychological Evaluation Of Hispanic/Latino Clients, Monica Rivera-Mindt

Psychology Faculty Publications

Book Reviews: Principles of Neuropsychological Assessment With Hispanics: Theoretical Foundations and Clinical Practice, by Antolin M. Llorente (Ed.). 2008. New York: Springer for Science and Business Media, 234 pp., $59.95 (HB).

A Comparison Of Two Probability Encoding Methods: Fixed Probablity Vs. Fixed Variable Values, Ali E. Abbas, David V. Budescu, Hsiu-Ting Yu, Ryan Haggerty

Psychology Faculty Publications

We present the results of an experiment comparing two popular methods for encoding probability distributions of continuous variables in decision analysis: eliciting values of a variable, X, through comparisons with a fixed probability wheel and eliciting the percentiles of the cumulative distribution, F(X), through comparisons with fixed values of the variable. We show slight but consistent superiority for the fixed variable method along several dimensions such as monotonicity, accuracy, and precision of the estimated fractiles. The fixed variable elicitation method was also slightly faster and preferred by most participants. We discuss the reasons for its superiority and conclude with several …

The Researcher As A Consumer Of Scientific Publication: How Do Name-Ordering Conventions Affect Inferences About Contribution Credits?, Boris Maciejovsky, David V. Budescu, Dan Ariely

Psychology Faculty Publications

When researchers from different fields with different norms collaborate, the question arises of how name-ordering conventions are chosen and how they affect contribution credits. In this paper, we answer these questions by studying two disciplines that exemplify the two cornerstones of name-ordering conventions: lexicographical ordering (i.e., alphabetical ordering, endorsed in economics) and nonlexicographical ordering (i.e., ordering according to individual contributions, endorsed in psychology). Inferences about credits are unambiguous in the latter arrangement but imperfect in the former, because alphabetical listing can reflect ordering according to individual contributions by chance. We contrast the fields of economics and psychology with marketing, a …

Predicting World Cup Results: Do Goals Seem More Likely When They Pay Off?, Maya Bar-Hillel, David V. Budescu, Moty Amar

Psychology Faculty Publications

Bar-Hillel and Budescu (1995) failed to find a desirability bias in probability estimation. The World Cup soccer tournament provided an opportunity to revisit the phenomenon in a context in which desirability biases are notoriously rampant. Participants estimated the probabilities of various teams’ winning their upcoming games. They were promised money if one team—randomly designated by the experimenter—won its upcoming game. Participants assigned a higher probability to a victory by their target team than did other participants, whose promised monetary reward was contingent on the victory of its opponent. Prima facie, this seems to be a desirability bias. However, in a …

Coherence And Consistency Of Investors’ Probability Judgments, David V. Budescu, Ning Du

Psychology Faculty Publications

This study investigates the quality of direct probability judgments and quantile estimates with a focus on calibration and consistency. The two response modes use different measures of miscalibration, so it is difficult to directly compare their relative (in)accuracy. We employed a more refined within-subject design in which decision makers (DMs) used both response modes to make judgments about a random sample of stocks accompanied by identical information to facilitate comparison between the two judgment methods. DMs judged the probabilities that the stocks will reach a certain threshold, provided lower and upper bounds of these forecasts, and estimated median, 50%, 70%, …

A Comparison Of Weight-Control Behaviors In African American And Caucasian Women, Rachel A. Annunziato, Janet N. Lee, Michael R. Lowe

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether there are overall differences in help-seeking, in specific weight control behaviors used, and in predictors of seeking professional help for weight loss between African American and Caucasian women.
Design: Cross-sectional study
Setting: Participants were recruited from community sources in Philadelphia.
Participants: One hundred twenty female participants were studied. Of these, 58% were African American.
Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed a packet of measures assessing weight control behaviors, body mass index, co-morbid medical conditions, socioeconomic status, disordered eating behavior, and body image.
Results: Caucasian women were significantly more likely to …

Detecting Denial Of Severe Psychiatric Disorder: An Mmpi-2 Investigation Of Criminal Defendants, L. Thomas Kucharski, Paul Tang, Barry Rosenfeld

Psychology Faculty Publications

The ability of the MMPI-2 validity scales to differentiate mentally ill defendants who denied being mentally ill from mentally ill defendants who acknowledged their illness and those without mental illness was investigated. A stepwise logistic regression analysis (LGA) was utilized to identify the most parsimonious set of predictors among the MMPI-2 validity measures. The F and K scales and the Es-K index significantly differentiated the denying mental illness group from those acknowledging their psychiatric difficulties with a high degree of accuracy. An ROC curve utilizing the prediction scores from the LGA yielded an area under the curve of .89. An …

Dialectical Behavior Therapy For The Treatment Of Stalking Offenders, Barry Rosenfeld, Michele Galietta, Andre Ivanoff, Alexandra Garcia-Mansilla, Ricardo Martinez, Joanna Fava, Virginia Fineran, Debbie Green

Psychology Faculty Publications

The need for effective mental health interventions for specific offender populations has become clear in recent decades. In particular, individuals who engage in stalking and harassment have increasingly attracted the attention of the public and mental health and criminal justice professionals, however no evidence-based treatment currently exists for this population. We adapted Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for the treatment of this offender group, in part because of the high prevalence of personality disorders. This study describes the application of a 6-month treatment program to a sample of 29 individuals, 14 of whom completed treatment. Treated offenders were significantly less likely …

Subjective Well-Being In Centenarians, Christoph Rott, Daniela Jopp

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Special Issues In Juvenile Justice, Keith R. Cruise

Psychology Faculty Publications

From the original juvenile court founded in Cook County, Illinois, to current juvenile court systems across the United States, the philosophy of juvenile justice has reflected society’s predominant views on youth and adolescence. The first juvenile courts developed during the industrial revolution when social reformers were concerned about the dangers children faced in the workplace. In the early 1900s, compulsory education was promoted as a mechanism to improve the status of poor and immigrant children as well as a tool of social control (Steinberg, 2002). G. Stanley Hall had defined the boundaries of adolescence and described the ensuing “storm and …

Neuropsychological Impairment In Racial/Ethnic Minorities With Hiv Infection And Low Literacy Levels: Effects Of Education And Reading Level In Participant Characterization, Elizabeth L. Ryan, Reon Baird, Monica Rivera-Mindt, Desiree Byrd, Jennifer Monzones, Susan Morgello, The Manhattan Hiv Brain Bank

Psychology Faculty Publications

Educational attainment is an important factor in the interpretation of cognitive test scores but years of education are not necessarily synonymous with educational quality among racial/ethnic minority populations. This study investigated the comparability of educational attainment with reading level and examined whether discrepancies in education and reading level accounted for differences in neuropsychological test performance between HIV+ racial/ethnic minority and nonminority participants. Study participants (N = 200) were derived from the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank (MHBB) where 50% of the cohort had ≤8th grade reading level but only 5% had ≤8 years of education. Significantly lower reading ability and education …

The Influence Of Psychosocial Maturity On Male Juvenile Offenders' Comprehension And Understanding Of The Miranda Warning, Lori H. Colwell, Keith R. Cruise, Laura S. Guy, Wendy K. Mccoy, Krissie Fernandez, Heather H. Ross

Psychology Faculty Publications

Self-report measures of psychosocial maturity and screening measures of achievement and intelligence (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WASI) were used to investigate the influence of psychosocial maturity on male juvenile offenders’ comprehension and appreciation of the Miranda warning (Grisso’s Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights; GUAM). A sample of 67 male juvenile offenders, placed in a short-term detention facility or juvenile boot camp facility, participated in the study. Demographic differences revealed that youths in short-term detention were approximately one year older than boot camp youths. The two groups did not differ in IQ or measures of psychosocial …

The Reliability And Validity Of Two Ambulatory Monitoring Actigraphs, Warren W. Tryon

Psychology Faculty Publications

Evidence for the reliability and validity of two models of Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc. actigraphs was obtained by testing four instruments of each kind 10 times each on a precision pendulum. Correlation and coefficient of variation methods were used to analyze the data. Reliability coefficients of .98 were obtained for both models. Coefficient of variation methods yielded reliability coefficients of 92% for the MotionLogger model and 97% for the BuzzBee model. Validity coefficients of .99 were obtained for both models. However, MotionLogger means were found to differ by up to 36% from one instrument to another, whereas BuzzBee means differed by …

The Impact Of Hiv-Associated Neuropsychological Impairment On Everyday Functioning, Robert K. Heaton, Thomas D. Marcotte, Monica Rivera-Mindt, Joseph Sadek, David J. Moore, Heather Bentley, J Allen Mccutchan, Carla Reicks, Igor Grant, The Hnrc Group

Psychology Faculty Publications

HIV-1 infection can be associated with neuropsychological (NP) deficits ranging from subtle to severe. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional, or “real-world” impact of HIV-associated NP impairment in a group of 267 HIV-infected participants. All participants received comprehensive NP, neuromedical, and standardized functional evaluations that included laboratory measures of shopping, cooking, financial management, medication management and vocational abilities. Compared to NP-normal participants, those with NP impairment performed significantly worse on all laboratory measures of everyday functioning. Multivariate analyses revealed that the NP ability domains of Abstraction/Executive Function, Learning, Attention/Working Memory and Verbal abilities most strongly and …

Validating Internet Research: A Test Of The Psychometric Equivalence Of Internet And In-Person Samples, Paul Meyerson, Warren W. Tryon

Psychology Faculty Publications

This study evaluated the psychometric equivalency of Web-based research. The Sexual Boredom Scale was presented via the World-Wide Web along with five additional scales used to validate it. A subset of 533 participants that matched a previously published sample (Watt & Ewing, 1996) on age, gender, and race was identified. An 8 X 8 correlation matrix from the matched Internet sample was compared via structural equation modeling with a similar 8 X 8 correlation matrix from the previously published study. The Internet and previously published samples were psychometrically equivalent. Coefficient alpha values calculated on the matched Internet sample yielded reliability …

Fully Proportional Actigraphy: A New Instrument, Warren W. Tryon, Robert Williams

Psychology Faculty Publications

The relevance of activity measurement is reviewed. Technical information regarding a new, small, lightweight, fully proportional accelerometer-based activity monitor suited for a wide range of wrist, waist, and ankle activity measurements over extended time periods in free-ranging persons is presented. Calibration data demonstrating within- and between-device reliability and validity are presented. Field trial data are presented showing that wrist and waist actigraphs can predict kilocalories of energy expended. The issue of how activity monitors should be validated is discussed. Instrument reliability is distinguished from clinical repeatability. Recommendations are provided to assist investigators with instrument selection.

The Usa Patriot Act: Civil Liberties, The Media, And Public Opinion, Lisa Finnegan Abdolian, Harold Takooshian

Psychology Faculty Publications

The new millennium was not yet one year old when it was rocked by the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. How does the public regard the continued protection of individual rights, after this greatest terrorist attack in U.S. history? This has naturally been a topic of intense and thorough media reporting in the United States, and worldwide. In the uneasy months following the WTC attack, an interdisciplinary team of researchers at Fordham University designed and conducted a survey of public opinions on terrorism, with several distinct objectives: 1) to question a representative sample of adults in Greater New York, …

Neural Network Learning Theory Integrates Behavior Therapy And Behavior Genetics, Warren W. Tryon

Psychology Faculty Publications

This article makes several preliminary points prior to presenting two examples of how Neural Network Learning Theory (NNLT) integrates behavior therapy and behavior genetics. I will argue that NNLT is both a cognitive and behavioral theory; that neither cognitive nor behavior theory informs us about biological, including genetic, factors; and that NNLT provides and understanding of how biological, including genetic, factors influence psychology and behavior. I use the term integration to mean that NNLT provides a single vocabulary and set of explanatory concepts consistent with the broad spectrum of behavioral and cognitive therapies and informs us as to how genetics …

Yes -- Neural Network Learning Theory Can Resolve The Behavioral Cognitive Controversy, Warren W. Tryon

Psychology Faculty Publications

The positive comments and constructive ton with which Forsyth, Hawkins, and Hutchinson (1996) begin their response to Tryon's (1993b, 1995a, 1995b) thesis that Neural Network Learning Theory (NNLT) can resolve the behavioral cognitive controversy identifies consistencies between Radical Behaviorism (RB) and connectionistic Neural Network Learning Theory (NNLT). The questions they raise in subsequent sections are important to achieving rapprochement of the cognitive behavioral schism and are therefore addressed here. The primary task of unification is to combine the positive contributions of both the behavioral and cognitive perspectives without rejecting or compromising important values of either orientation. For reasons presented below, …

Resolving The Cognitive Behavioral Controversy, Warren W. Tryon

Psychology Faculty Publications

None.

Abnormality From Scientific And Prescientific Perspectives, Frederick J. Wertz

Psychology Faculty Publications

We will take the debate concerning the reality, conceptual status, and treatment of abnormality as an occasion to clarify two divergent metascientific approaches to the problem. Then we will summarize some empirical research into people's encounters with abnormality. Finally, we will discuss some implications of these findings for psychology.

Meaning And Research Methodology: Psychoanalysis As A Human Science, Frederick J. Wertz

Psychology Faculty Publications

One of the most pressing questions for contemporary psychology is that of what research method will best provide access to the truly human. The protest that psychology has failed to provide such an access has held together diverse strains of "humanistic" psychology for three decades. Recently, the revolutionary character of a positive alternative to traditional research methodology has been highlighted. Polkinghorne (1982) defines humanistic research as that which "addresses questions raised by considering people as agents who can act in a purposeful and meaningful manner, " (p. 47), and Georgi (1987) adds, "once one gets to the meaning of 'purpose' …