Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
Articles 1 - 30 of 30
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Tools For Learning: Technology And Teaching Strategies, Michelle J. Eady, Lori Lockyer
Tools For Learning: Technology And Teaching Strategies, Michelle J. Eady, Lori Lockyer
Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers
This chapter aims to help preservice teachers consider the possibilities for embedding technology into teaching. After reading this chapter you should be able to: 1. Understand the role of technology in education. 2. Identify technological applications and resources used in classrooms today. 3. Be aware of how you might embed technology through a range of teaching and learning strategies. 4. Evaluate technological tools to support teaching and learning. 5. Understand possible challenges and barriers you may face as a new teacher using technology.
Realising The Potential Of Peer-To-Peer Learning: Taming A Mooc With Social Media, Emily Rose Purser, Angela Towndrow, Ary Aranguiz
Realising The Potential Of Peer-To-Peer Learning: Taming A Mooc With Social Media, Emily Rose Purser, Angela Towndrow, Ary Aranguiz
Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers
ELearning and Digital Cultures, from the University of Edinburgh, was offered on the Coursera platform in January 2013. Over 40,000 enrolled, from every continent. The course was aimed mainly at educators wanting to “deepen their understanding of what it means to teach and learn in the digital age”. As participants, we experienced deep and significant learning, very much through social media. The peer-to-peer learning we engaged in and benefitted from was not traditionally organised ‘group work’ or micro-managed interaction, but something more fluid, open, student-initiated and led, that seems to have gone to the very core of what online learner …
Representing Learning Designs - Making Design Explicit And Shareable, Grainne Conole, Sandra Wills
Representing Learning Designs - Making Design Explicit And Shareable, Grainne Conole, Sandra Wills
Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers
Most teacher design practice is implicit and practice based, focusing primarily on discipline content. In recent years, a number of visual design representations have emerged that help guide teachers; design practice, enabling them to create explicit designs, which can then be shared and discussed with others. These design representations help guide the design process and help teachers to think beyond content to the learning activities the learners will be engaged with and the ultimate learner experience. The paper will describe the representations and draw on empirical evidence of their use in a range of contexts, including the Joint Information Systems …
Creating Socially Inclusive Online Learning Environments In Higher Education, Lisa Kay Thomas, James Herbert
Creating Socially Inclusive Online Learning Environments In Higher Education, Lisa Kay Thomas, James Herbert
Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers
The expansion of higher education across the broader Australian population has led to a more diverse student population than ever before. While research in the Australian context has focussed on support for some traditionally underrepresented students in a face-to-face learning context, how to enhance participation and success of these groups in online education has remained relatively unexplored. This paper presents the rationale and approach of a study investigating the challenges of students from traditionally underrepresented groups in online higher education (i.e. low SES, first in family, indigenous, disability, mature age, primary caregivers, remote and regional students, international, English as a …
Managing Institutional Change Through Distributive Leadership Approaches: Engaging Academics And Teaching Support Staff In Blended And Flexible Learning, Merilyn Childs, Mark Brown, Mike Keppell, Zeffie Nicholas, Carole Hunter, Natasha Hard
Managing Institutional Change Through Distributive Leadership Approaches: Engaging Academics And Teaching Support Staff In Blended And Flexible Learning, Merilyn Childs, Mark Brown, Mike Keppell, Zeffie Nicholas, Carole Hunter, Natasha Hard
Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers
Higher Education institutions face a challenge: how to transform traditional learning and teaching to create enhanced learning for current digital age students. In some universities this challenge is acute - particularly in those Universities that focus on blended and flexible learning (BFL), and distance education (DE) approaches. Many universities have emphasised the development of leadership capacity. From 2008 to 2011, utlising a partnership research grant funded by DEHub, Charles Sturt University and Massey University studied their approaches to fostering change in blended and flexible learning and DE. The study research question was: What do the strategies and activities designed to …
Ethical Practice In Learning Through Participation: Showcasing And Evaluating The Pace Ethical Practice Module, Michaela Baker, Alison Beale, Laura Ann Hammersley, Kate Lloyd, Anne-Louise Semple, Karolyn L. White
Ethical Practice In Learning Through Participation: Showcasing And Evaluating The Pace Ethical Practice Module, Michaela Baker, Alison Beale, Laura Ann Hammersley, Kate Lloyd, Anne-Louise Semple, Karolyn L. White
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
In 2008, Macquarie University instituted the Participation and Community Engagement (PACE) initiative. This initiative embeds units in the curriculum that involve learning through participation (LTP) that is mutually beneficial to the student, the University and the organisation or community in which student participation activities take place. Ethical practice is thus an integral part of this initiative. The issue of ethical practice in LTP 'has not been comprehensively addressed in the literature to date' and warrants further examination. This paper discusses the development of the innovative PACE Ethical Practice Module to teach ethical practice in participation units. We evaluate the effectiveness …
A Cross-Cultural Validation Study Of The Questionnaire Of Educational And Learning Capital (Qelc) In China, Germany And Turkey, Anamaria Vladut, Qian Liu, Marilena Z. Leana-Tascila, Wilma Vialle, Albert Ziegler
A Cross-Cultural Validation Study Of The Questionnaire Of Educational And Learning Capital (Qelc) In China, Germany And Turkey, Anamaria Vladut, Qian Liu, Marilena Z. Leana-Tascila, Wilma Vialle, Albert Ziegler
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Unlike traditional person-centered models of giftedness, the Actiotope Model of Giftedness focuses on the person-environment interactions. It postulates that successful learning requires necessary resources, termed educational and learning capital, located both in the environment and the individual. The Questionnaire of Educational and Learning Capital (QELC) is introduced. The results of a validation study with students from China, Turkey and Germany is reported which shows that the QELC has satisfactory psychometric properties as well as construct and concurrent validity.
A Timeline Reflection: Emboldened Learning From My Stories, Angela Brown
A Timeline Reflection: Emboldened Learning From My Stories, Angela Brown
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
This paper is a personal reflection on my leadership development using empowerment, enlightenment and emancipation as a reflective framework. Aim and objectives: To reflect on my leadership journey and share some of my leadership stories as examples of opportunities for personal growth. Conclusions: I have experienced a rich and fulfilling leadership journey; others could experience similar paths if they seek and seize the right opportunities. My journey continues. Implications for practice: • Leadership development can be enhanced by an open and responsive attitude to opportunities • A model of reflection can be used to analyse experiences and tell them as …
Enriching A Medical Curriculum With Community-Based Public Health Projects: Are There Opportunities For Inter-Professional Learning?, Judy Mullan, Kathryn Weston
Enriching A Medical Curriculum With Community-Based Public Health Projects: Are There Opportunities For Inter-Professional Learning?, Judy Mullan, Kathryn Weston
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
The University of Wollongong graduate-entry medical course embeds research and critical analysis within the curriculum, concluding with the students designing and undertaking a 12-month regional/ rural community-based research project.
Facilitation Development In The Essentials Of Care Program; Learning About And Leading Change, D Higgs, P Bergin, C Green, J Crisp, K Walsh
Facilitation Development In The Essentials Of Care Program; Learning About And Leading Change, D Higgs, P Bergin, C Green, J Crisp, K Walsh
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
Abstract of paper presented at the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Conference, Newcastle, Australia, 17-18 October 2013.
An Immersive Work Integrated Learning Experience- Showcasing An Innovative, Experiential Clinical Placement., Lorna Moxham, Susan Liersch, Chris Patterson, Renee Brighton, Terry Froggatt, Ian Butler
An Immersive Work Integrated Learning Experience- Showcasing An Innovative, Experiential Clinical Placement., Lorna Moxham, Susan Liersch, Chris Patterson, Renee Brighton, Terry Froggatt, Ian Butler
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A
In May 2013, UOW provided the opportunity for 3rd year student nurses, psychology students and 30 people with severe and enduring mental illness to accompany four mental health nurse academics on a camp.
Trainee Teachers' Attitudes Towards Students With Specific Learning Disabilities, Stuart Woodcock
Trainee Teachers' Attitudes Towards Students With Specific Learning Disabilities, Stuart Woodcock
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Policies on the inclusion of students with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms have focused attention on how general education teachers perceive these students. Furthermore with specific learning disabilities forming a large group of diverse students, and teachers' attitudes often not changing over the career span, preparing teachers for inclusive education is vitally important. This study aimed to identify the attitudes of trainee1 teachers towards students with specific learning disabilities and differentiation of the curriculum. Significant differences were found between the attitudes of primary and secondary school trainee teachers, and the influence of training. There were no differences in attitudes …
Systems Of Integration: Using System Dynamics To Understand Technology Integration In Learning And Teaching, Sarah K. Howard, Kate Thompson
Systems Of Integration: Using System Dynamics To Understand Technology Integration In Learning And Teaching, Sarah K. Howard, Kate Thompson
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This paper presents the use of system dynamics to analyze factors impacting on teachers adoption and integration of technology in learning and teaching. Educational change is a complex and dynamic process, particularly in the area of technology integration. Existing models of teacher integration have not been designed to account for shifting and changing teacher experience, confidence and cultural aspects of technology integration. Therefore, the use of system dynamics is proposed to provide a more informed understanding of these interactions, with the aim to extend existing models of teachers' technology integration. This discussion applies this approach to analyze and model teachers' …
The Learning Life Course Of At 'Risk' Children Aged 3-16: Perceptions Of Students And Parents About 'Succeeding Against The Odds', Iram Siraj-Blatchford, Aziza Mayo, Edward Melhuish, Brenda Taggart, Pam Sammons, Kathy Sylva
The Learning Life Course Of At 'Risk' Children Aged 3-16: Perceptions Of Students And Parents About 'Succeeding Against The Odds', Iram Siraj-Blatchford, Aziza Mayo, Edward Melhuish, Brenda Taggart, Pam Sammons, Kathy Sylva
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Understanding how we can support children through their learning life course has become a policy imperative, particularly those children from poor homes who would normally be facing a low achiever trajectory. The paper reports on 50 in-depth Child and Family Case Studies (CFCS) that were conducted as part of the Effective Provision of Pre-School, Primary and Secondary Education (EPPSE 3-16) research project. The CFCS was designed as a mixedmethods study in order to look at why and when certain children manage to succeed 'against the odds' while others do not. Using in-depth interviews with students, parents and teachers, quantitative data …
Affective Learning Profiles In Compulsory High School Physical Education: An Instructional Communication Perspective, Collin Webster, Diana Mindrila, Glenn Weaver
Affective Learning Profiles In Compulsory High School Physical Education: An Instructional Communication Perspective, Collin Webster, Diana Mindrila, Glenn Weaver
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Affective learning is a major focus of the national K-12 physical education (PE) content standards (National Association for Sport and Physical Education [NASPE, 2004]). Understanding how students might fit into different affective learning subgroups would help extend affective learning theory in PE and suggest possible intervention strategies for teachers wanting to increase students' affective learning. The present study used cluster analysis (CA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) to develop a two-level affective learning-based typology of high school students in compulsory PE from an instructional communication perspective. The optimal classification system had ten clusters and four latent profiles. A comparison of …
Exploring The Application Of Computer-Assisted English Learning In A Chinese Mainland Context: Based On Students' Attitudes And Behaviours, Jinjin Lu, Paul Throssell, Han Jiang
Exploring The Application Of Computer-Assisted English Learning In A Chinese Mainland Context: Based On Students' Attitudes And Behaviours, Jinjin Lu, Paul Throssell, Han Jiang
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) has played an important role in language curriculums for Chinese schools and university over two decades; however, few researchers rare focused on this applicable tool from students' views. Based on theories of human agency, it is essential to know people' attitudes and acceptance of the information technology (Rogers, 1983). Hence, this paper explores university students' attitudes on the widespread teaching and learning approaches utilising computer-assisted language learning in the subject university in mainland China. Data was collected by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Current computer-related behaviours were investigated by using a questionnaire; while their attitudes …
Effects Of Simultaneously Observing And Making Gestures While Studying Grammar Animations On Cognitive Load And Learning, Lysanne S. Post, Tamara Van Gog, Fred Paas, Rolf A. Zwaan
Effects Of Simultaneously Observing And Making Gestures While Studying Grammar Animations On Cognitive Load And Learning, Lysanne S. Post, Tamara Van Gog, Fred Paas, Rolf A. Zwaan
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This study examined whether simultaneously observing and making gestures while studying animations would lighten cognitive load and facilitate the acquisition of grammatical rules. In contrast to our hypothesis, results showed that children in the gesturing condition performed worse on the posttest than children in the non-gesturing, control condition. A more detailed analysis of the data revealed an expertise reversal effect, indicating that this negative effect on posttest performance materialized for children with lower levels of general language skills, but not for children with higher levels of general language skills. The finding that for children with lower language ability, cognitive load …
Manipulation Of The Self-Determined Learning Environment On Student Motivation And Affect Within Secondary Physical Education, Dana Perlman
Manipulation Of The Self-Determined Learning Environment On Student Motivation And Affect Within Secondary Physical Education, Dana Perlman
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Secondary physical education (PE) has become a popular area of inquiry because students are not meeting overarching goals of PE programs, are less motivated, and demonstrate negative affect while in class. As such, teachers and researchers are starting to examine pedagogical approaches that support student motivation as a means to alleviate some of the aforementioned issues. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of two different learning contexts based within self-determination theory on the motivation and affect of secondary PE students. Seventy-nine secondary PE students were randomly assigned to a unit of basketball taught in either a …
An Adaptive Bilateral Negotiation Model Based On Bayesian Learning, Chao Yu, Fenghui Ren, Minjie Zhang
An Adaptive Bilateral Negotiation Model Based On Bayesian Learning, Chao Yu, Fenghui Ren, Minjie Zhang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Endowing the negotiation agent with a learning ability such that a more beneficial agreement might be obtained is increasingly gaining attention in agent negotiation research community. In this paper, we propose a novel bilateral negotiation model based on Bayesian learning to enable self-interested agents to adapt negotiation strategies dynamically during the negotiation process. Specifically, we assume that two agents negotiate over a single issue based on time-dependent tactic. The learning agent has a belief about the probability distribution of its opponent's negotiation parameters (i.e., the deadline and reservation offer). By observing opponent's historical offers and comparing them with the fitted …
Bayesian Learning And Predictability In A Stochastic Nonlinear Dynamical Model, John Parslow, Noel Cressie, Edward P. Campbell, Emlyn Jones, Lawrence Murray
Bayesian Learning And Predictability In A Stochastic Nonlinear Dynamical Model, John Parslow, Noel Cressie, Edward P. Campbell, Emlyn Jones, Lawrence Murray
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Bayesian inference methods are applied within a Bayesian hierarchical modelling framework to the problems of joint state and parameter estimation, and of state forecasting. We explore and demonstrate the ideas in the context of a simple nonlinear marine biogeochemical model. A novel approach is proposed to the formulation of the stochastic process model, in which ecophysiological properties of plankton communities are represented by autoregressive stochastic processes. This approach captures the effects of changes in plankton communities over time, and it allows the incorporation of literature metadata on individual species into prior distributions for process model parameters. The approach is applied …
Evaluations Of Heuristic Algorithms For Teamwork-Enhanced Task Allocation In Mobile Cloud-Based Learning, Geng Sun, Jun Shen, Junzhou Luo, Jianming Yong
Evaluations Of Heuristic Algorithms For Teamwork-Enhanced Task Allocation In Mobile Cloud-Based Learning, Geng Sun, Jun Shen, Junzhou Luo, Jianming Yong
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Enhancing teamwork performance is a significant issue in mobile cloud-based learning. We introduce a service oriented system, Teamwork as a Service (TaaS), to realize a new approach for enhancing teamwork performance in the mobile cloud environment. To coordinate most learners' talents and give them more motivation, an appropriate task allocation is necessary. Utilizing the Kolb's learning style (KLS) to refine learner's capabilities, and combining their preferences and tasks' difficulties, we formally describe this problem as a constraint optimization model. Two heuristic algorithms, namely genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA), are employed to tackle the teamwork-enhanced task allocation, and their …
Teamwork As A Service: A Cloud-Based System For Enhancing Teamwork Performance In Mobile Learning, Geng Sun, Jun Shen
Teamwork As A Service: A Cloud-Based System For Enhancing Teamwork Performance In Mobile Learning, Geng Sun, Jun Shen
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Although cloud computing helps learners to access online learning content through commonly used devices, it can be difficult to collaborate in the mobile environment. We develop a service-oriented system, ‘Teamwork as a Service’ (TaaS), to facilitate learners’ team learning activities. The five main services of TaaS facilitate a teamwork-enhanced learning flow associated with the theory of Kolb’s team learning experience, providing learners with an introduction, a ‘jigsaw classroom’, schedule planning, and mutual supervision during the whole process. Specifically, TaaS enables a rational grouping mechanism that allocates learners to their appropriate tasks in order to give their best performance. TaaS is …
Facilitating Collaborative Learning In Taas: A Mobile Cloud System For Enhancing Teamwork Performance, Geng Sun, Jun Shen
Facilitating Collaborative Learning In Taas: A Mobile Cloud System For Enhancing Teamwork Performance, Geng Sun, Jun Shen
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Mobile cloud-based learning is a novel trend that brings many advantages to distributed learners to achieve collaborative learning, but it still lacks of mechanisms to enhance their teamwork performances. To make up that shortcoming, combining the features of cloud environment, we have identified a learning flow, a specification of workflow, based on Kolb team learning experience. This novel learning flow can be executed by our newly designed system, Teamwork as a Service (TaaS), in conjunction with cloud-hosting learning management systems, following which learners benefit from functions given by cloudbased services, separately for organizing cloud jigsaw classroom, planning and publishing tasks, …
Video Resources For Supporting Learning In Mathematics Rich Disciplines: A Teaching Perspective, Bothaina Bukhatwa, Anne L. Porter, Mark I. Nelson
Video Resources For Supporting Learning In Mathematics Rich Disciplines: A Teaching Perspective, Bothaina Bukhatwa, Anne L. Porter, Mark I. Nelson
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Video capture technology allows video to be readily recorded and edited. The distribution of videos through e-learning systems provides learning support to students. This article discusses our experiences in developing video genre resources. The "overview" video resource is found to be a useful technique for conveying the structure of a topic. Video resources can be combined in a variety of ways using concept maps, learning design maps and/or folder based approaches. We provide our perspective regarding the productio nof video resources using tablet technology tools. The relative ease and flexibility of the technology is discussed. The aim of this article …
An Exploratory Study Of Personal Reflection And Collaboration Skills Using Online Collaborative Tool In Project-Based Learning, Sim Kim Lau, Wendy Meyers
An Exploratory Study Of Personal Reflection And Collaboration Skills Using Online Collaborative Tool In Project-Based Learning, Sim Kim Lau, Wendy Meyers
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
By deepening our understanding of the use of Web 2.0 for reflective practice, knowledge co-construction and project based learning this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of collaborative learning. The paper investigates a case study of a post-graduate system development subject to increase student learning through the development of students' personal reflection and collaboration skills. The project aims to develop key foundational knowledge and skills identified in the IS 2010 curriculum guidelines, i.e. the ability to work collaboratively. Of particular interest was the ability of student collaboration combined with personal reflective learning to lead to negotiation of meaning and …
Meta-Development Of Resources And Learning Designs: Providing Ict-Based Tools For Use By Mathematics Teachers, Maman Fathurrohman, Anne Porter, Annette Worthy
Meta-Development Of Resources And Learning Designs: Providing Ict-Based Tools For Use By Mathematics Teachers, Maman Fathurrohman, Anne Porter, Annette Worthy
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper is a report of a meta-development research project of mathematical learning resources and learning designs. The process of meta-development was conducted through mapping of mathematical learning resources and learning designs based on an observation of 119 participating teachers in Bojonegara Sub District, Indonesia. The outcomes of the meta-development include two prototypes that are similar in concept, yet different in function: the first prototypes can be use for mapping mathematical learning resources in the Internet, while the second prototype can be use for documenting and sharing mathematics teaching and learning experiences. The prototypes were evaluated based on trial with …
Eye Tracking Infants: Investigating The Role Of Attention During Learning On Recognition Memory, Gemma Taylor, Jane S. Herbert
Eye Tracking Infants: Investigating The Role Of Attention During Learning On Recognition Memory, Gemma Taylor, Jane S. Herbert
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
In the present study, eye tracker methodology was used to explore whether there were age-related changes in the focus of infant attention during a learning event and subsequent recognition memory for event features. Six- and 9-month old infants watched a video of an adult demonstrating a sequence of actions with an object while visual attention was recorded using an eye tracker. At both ages, attention was focused primarily on the object and person, with the background attended to for approximately 12% of their viewing time. Recognition memory for the person, object and background from the video was assessed immediately using …
Autonomous Learning In Tertiary University Efl Teaching And Learning Of The People's Republic Of China: Challenges And New Directions, Jinjin Lu, Han Jiang, Paul Throssell
Autonomous Learning In Tertiary University Efl Teaching And Learning Of The People's Republic Of China: Challenges And New Directions, Jinjin Lu, Han Jiang, Paul Throssell
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The English language, as a vital foreign language, has received considerable attention in the last 25 years in education in the People's Republic of China. Moreover, with the development of second language acquisition theories in these years, more theories and ideologies have been introduced into China. Autonomous learning is an important case in point. When the idea of "autonomous learning" was brought into EFL teaching and learning at the beginning of the 1990s, some Chinese scholars accepted the concept without any critical thought of its application in a Chinese context, which results in an increasing blurring of its boundaries. This …
Learning Designs As A Stimulus And Support For Teachers' Design Practices, Shirley Agostinho, Sue Bennett, Lori Lockyer, Jennifer Jones, Barry Harper
Learning Designs As A Stimulus And Support For Teachers' Design Practices, Shirley Agostinho, Sue Bennett, Lori Lockyer, Jennifer Jones, Barry Harper
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This chapter builds on and brings up to date the work described in Chapter 6. The authors report on a decade of empirical work with teaching practitioners which has led them to conclude that learning designs (by which they mean a specific form of graphical representation and explanatory text) are usable by university teachers. Designs are referred to for guidance and inspiration, in what the authors see as an example of case-based professional learning. Having a classification system seems to support this, even though it is not directly related to subject area. An important finding is that learning designs from …
Learning, Explaining And Communicating Science With Student-Created Blended Media, Garry F. Hoban, Wendy S. Nielsen
Learning, Explaining And Communicating Science With Student-Created Blended Media, Garry F. Hoban, Wendy S. Nielsen
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The goal of this study was to trial the feasibility of using a new assignment in a science methods course for trainee primary teachers focusing on "student-created blended media". This form integrates video with animation and static images, all linked by a narration, that students create to explain a science concept for the purpose of teaching someone. There were 129 students in the course spread across four locations and each was allocated a science topic to explain. Two hours of the course were allocated to teaching students the skills of making blended media and they then used their own technology …