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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Qualitative Process Evaluation Of An Australian Alcohol Media Literacy Study: Recommendations For Designing Culturally Responsive School-Based Programs, Chloe Gordon, Lisa K. Kervin, Sandra C. Jones, Steven J. Howard
Qualitative Process Evaluation Of An Australian Alcohol Media Literacy Study: Recommendations For Designing Culturally Responsive School-Based Programs, Chloe Gordon, Lisa K. Kervin, Sandra C. Jones, Steven J. Howard
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background: Alcohol media literacy programs seek to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of alcohol advertising on children's drinking intentions and behaviours through equipping them with skills to challenge media messages. In order for such programs to be effective, the teaching and learning experiences must be tailored to their specific cultural context. Media in the Spotlight is an alcohol media literacy program aimed at 9 to 12 year old Australian children. This study evaluates the process and implementation of the program, outlining the factors that facilitated and inhibited implementation. From this evaluation, a pedagogical framework has been developed for health professionals …
Evaluation Of An Australian Alcohol Media Literacy Program, Chloe Gordon, Steven J. Howard, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin
Evaluation Of An Australian Alcohol Media Literacy Program, Chloe Gordon, Steven J. Howard, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objective: A 10-lesson alcohol media literacy program was developed, underpinned by the message interpretation processing model, inoculation theory, and constructivist learning theory, and was tailored to be culturally relevant to the Australian context. This program aimed to increase students' media deconstruction skills and reduce intent to drink alcohol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in achieving these goals through a short-term quasi-experimental trial. Method: Elementary schools were assigned to either the intervention group (83 students) or a wait-list control group (82 students). Student questionnaires were administered at three time points (baseline, after the …
Women Drinking Alcohol: Assembling A Perspective From A Victorian Country Town, Australia, Gordon R. Waitt, Susannah Clement
Women Drinking Alcohol: Assembling A Perspective From A Victorian Country Town, Australia, Gordon R. Waitt, Susannah Clement
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Gender is a key lens for interpreting meanings and practices of drinking. In response to the overwhelming amount of social and medical alcohol studies that focus on what extent people conform to norms of healthy drinking, this article extends critical feminist geographical engagement with assemblage thinking to explore how the technologies of biopower covertly materialised as bodily habits may be preserved and challenged. We suggest an embodied engagement with alcohol to help think through the gendered practices and spatial imaginaries of rural drinking life. Our account draws on interviews with women of different cohort generations with Anglo-Celtic ancestry living in …
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Moca) Is Sensitive To Head Injury And Cognitive Impairment In A Residential Alcohol And Other Drug Therapeutic Community, Ely Marceau, Jo Lunn, Jamie Berry, Peter Kelly, Nadia Solowij
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Moca) Is Sensitive To Head Injury And Cognitive Impairment In A Residential Alcohol And Other Drug Therapeutic Community, Ely Marceau, Jo Lunn, Jamie Berry, Peter Kelly, Nadia Solowij
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Introduction: Retaining clients in residential alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment is difficult and cognitive impairment has been identified as a significant predictor of treatment dropout. The application of extensive screening for cognitive impairment is cost-prohibitive for most AOD treatment services. The current study aimed to explore cognitive functioning and impairment-associated factors in a typical sample of residential AOD clients using a free brief screening tool that could be utilised by front-line AOD services. Methods: Residents of an AOD therapeutic community (n = 128) and a non-substance using control group (n = 37) were administered a brief cognitive screening measure, …
Curriculum, Collateral And Collaboration: Addressing Alcohol And Social Norms In An Australian High School Setting, Kelly Andrews, Stephen Hudson, Hayley Dean, Danika Hall, Ashleigh Kunze, Sandra C. Jones
Curriculum, Collateral And Collaboration: Addressing Alcohol And Social Norms In An Australian High School Setting, Kelly Andrews, Stephen Hudson, Hayley Dean, Danika Hall, Ashleigh Kunze, Sandra C. Jones
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
There is a commonly held perception that the majority of Australian teenagers drink alcohol, and a perceived 'social norm' among teenagers that their peers are drinkers and expect them to be drinkers. However, results of the Australian Secondary Schools Alcohol and Drug (ASSAD) Survey, conducted every three years since 1984, show a decline in the proportion of teenagers who are regular drinkers; from 30% of 12-15 year olds in 1984 to 11% in 2011, and 50% of 16-17 years olds in 1984 down to 33% in 2011 (White & Bariola, 2012). The 'Alcohol and Social Norms Project' conducted in a …
Flourishing, Languishing And Moderate Mental Health: Prevalence And Change In Mental Health During Recovery From Drug And Alcohol Problems, Breanna Mcgaffin, Frank P. Deane, Peter James Kelly, Joseph Ciarrochi
Flourishing, Languishing And Moderate Mental Health: Prevalence And Change In Mental Health During Recovery From Drug And Alcohol Problems, Breanna Mcgaffin, Frank P. Deane, Peter James Kelly, Joseph Ciarrochi
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The aim was to explore the utility of Keyes' concept of mental health in a substance addiction context. Mental health is considered the presence of emotional wellbeing in conjunction with high levels of social and psychological functioning. Using Keyes' measure, the frequency of languishing and flourishing is compared between clients who became abstinent and those continuing to use substances following treatment. It was hypothesised that there would be a significant interaction between substance use and levels of mental health over time. Participants were 794 individuals (79.5% male) attending residential substance abuse treatment provided by The Australian Salvation Army. The current …
Effectiveness Of Alcohol Media Literacy Programmes: A Systematic Literature Review, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin
Effectiveness Of Alcohol Media Literacy Programmes: A Systematic Literature Review, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Alcohol media literacy is an emerging field that aims to address the link between exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent expectancies and behaviours for children and adolescents. The design, rigour and results of alcohol media literacy programmes vary considerably, resulting in a number of unanswered questions about effectiveness. To provide insight into some of these questions, a systematic literature review of alcohol media literacy studies was conducted. The review was guided by the following research question: What considerations are needed to develop an effective school-based alcohol media literacy programme? On the basis of a critical synthesis of 10 interventions (published …
'[I Learnt] How To Look At Ads Differently...': Lessons From An Australian Alcohol Media Literacy Program, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin, Jeong Kyu Lee
'[I Learnt] How To Look At Ads Differently...': Lessons From An Australian Alcohol Media Literacy Program, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin, Jeong Kyu Lee
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at The Inaugural Early Start Conference, 28-30 September 2015, Wollongong, Australia
Healthy Recovery: An Opportunity To Address Smoking, Diet And Physical Activity As Part Of Alcohol And Other Substance Abuse Treatment, Peter James Kelly
Healthy Recovery: An Opportunity To Address Smoking, Diet And Physical Activity As Part Of Alcohol And Other Substance Abuse Treatment, Peter James Kelly
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract of a workshop at the ADDICTION 2015: the Australian & New Zealand Addiction Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 20-22 May.
Children's Implicit Recall Of Junk Food, Alcohol And Gambling Sponsorship In Australian Sport, Amy Bestman, Samantha L. Thomas, Melanie J. Randle, Stuart Dm Thomas
Children's Implicit Recall Of Junk Food, Alcohol And Gambling Sponsorship In Australian Sport, Amy Bestman, Samantha L. Thomas, Melanie J. Randle, Stuart Dm Thomas
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background: In Australia, sport is saturated by the promotion of junk food, alcohol and gambling products. This is particularly evident on player jerseys. The effect of this advertising on children, who are exposed to these messages while watching sport, has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this research study was to investigate: (1) the extent to which children implicitly recalled shirt sponsors with the correct sporting team; (2) whether children associated some types of sponsors with certain sporting codes more than others; and (3) whether age of the children influenced the correct recall of sponsoring brands and teams. Method: …
The Feasibility Of Telephone Follow-Up Interviews For Monitoring Treatment Outcomes Of Australian Residential Drug And Alcohol Treatment Programs, Frank Deane, Peter James Kelly, Trevor Crowe, Geoffrey Lyons, Elizabeth Kate Cridland
The Feasibility Of Telephone Follow-Up Interviews For Monitoring Treatment Outcomes Of Australian Residential Drug And Alcohol Treatment Programs, Frank Deane, Peter James Kelly, Trevor Crowe, Geoffrey Lyons, Elizabeth Kate Cridland
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background: Telephone follow-up interviewing is one method of monitoring treatment outcomes of individuals involved in drug and alcohol treatment programs. The present study is the first to examine the feasibility and generalizability of data obtained from telephone follow-up interviews after drug and alcohol treatment in Australia. Methods: Participants attended 1 of 8 Salvation Army Recovery Service Centres where staff administered outcome measures at intake. Three-month postdischarge telephone follow-up interviews were conducted by researchers from the Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong. Results: A sample of 700 clients was obtained for follow-up (582 males; 118 females). A 51% follow-up …
Smoking Cessation In Drug And Alcohol Treatment Settings: A Qualitative Study Of Staff And Client Barriers And Facilitators, Billie Bonevski, Amanda Wilson, Adrian Dunlop, Anthony Shakeshaft, Flora Tzelepis, Scott Walsberger, Michael Farrell, Peter James Kelly, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Eliza Skelton
Smoking Cessation In Drug And Alcohol Treatment Settings: A Qualitative Study Of Staff And Client Barriers And Facilitators, Billie Bonevski, Amanda Wilson, Adrian Dunlop, Anthony Shakeshaft, Flora Tzelepis, Scott Walsberger, Michael Farrell, Peter James Kelly, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Eliza Skelton
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2014, 9-12 November 2014, Adelaide, Australia
The Lure Of Alcohol Point Of Sale Promotions, Sandra C. Jones
The Lure Of Alcohol Point Of Sale Promotions, Sandra C. Jones
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Point-of-sale (POS) refers to promotional materials that are found within a store or venue, at the point where a purchase will be made. POS is increasingly being used as a marketing tool for alcohol products, to the point where it is has been coined as 'aggressive' (Howard et al. 2004). Australian alcohol POS promotions include price-related promotions, such as 'buy 1, get 1 free' and 'X% off with a purchase of $Y'; as well as non-price promotions, such as a gift or competition entry with purchase.
'He Gave Him The Booze Because ...' Using A Projective Method To Explore Why Parents Provide Alcohol To Teenagers, Sandra C. Jones, Christopher Magee, Kelly Lee Andrews
'He Gave Him The Booze Because ...' Using A Projective Method To Explore Why Parents Provide Alcohol To Teenagers, Sandra C. Jones, Christopher Magee, Kelly Lee Andrews
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2014, 9-12 November 2014, Adelaide, Australia
Development Of Media In The Spotlight: A School-Based Alcohol Media Literacy Program, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa Kervin
Development Of Media In The Spotlight: A School-Based Alcohol Media Literacy Program, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa Kervin
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2014, 9-12 November 2014, Adelaide, Australia
Key Considerations For Developing An Effective Alcohol Media Literacy Program: Findings From A Systematic Literature Review, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa Kervin
Key Considerations For Developing An Effective Alcohol Media Literacy Program: Findings From A Systematic Literature Review, Chloe Gordon, Sandra C. Jones, Lisa Kervin
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2014, 9-12 November 2014, Adelaide, Australia
The Effects Of Inhibitory Control Training On Alcohol Consumption, Implicit Alcohol-Related Cognitions And Brain Electrical Activity, Claire Bowley, Cameron Faricy, Bronwyn Hegarty, Stuart J. Johnstone, Janette L. Smith, Peter J. Kelly, Jacqueline A. Rushby
The Effects Of Inhibitory Control Training On Alcohol Consumption, Implicit Alcohol-Related Cognitions And Brain Electrical Activity, Claire Bowley, Cameron Faricy, Bronwyn Hegarty, Stuart J. Johnstone, Janette L. Smith, Peter J. Kelly, Jacqueline A. Rushby
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This study aimed to replicate findings that alcohol consumption and positive implicit beer-related cognitions can be reduced using inhibitory control (IC) training, with the addition of an active training control. Frontal EEG asymmetry, an objective psychophysiological index of approach motivation, was used as a dependent measure to examine training outcomes. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two IC training conditions (Beer NoGo or Beer Go) or a Brief Alcohol Intervention (BAI) (i.e. the active training control). The IC training tasks consistently paired a stimulus that required a response with images of water (Beer NoGo) or images of beer (Beer …
Regulation Of Alcohol Advertising: Policy Options For Australia, Sandra C. Jones, Ross Gordon
Regulation Of Alcohol Advertising: Policy Options For Australia, Sandra C. Jones, Ross Gordon
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
A systematic search of academic databases was conducted to identify all refereed papers published between 1990 and 2012 on the regulation of alcohol advertising in Australia and three comparison countries (New Zealand, Canada and the UK). This paper reviews the codes that apply to alcohol advertising in each of the four countries, research into the effectiveness of these codes, and the small body of research into consumer attitudes towards alcohol advertising regulation. This review adduces considerable evidence that alcohol advertising influences drinking behaviours, and that current regulatory systems based on co-regulation and voluntary regulation (as is the case in Australia) …
Responsibility Messages In Alcohol Advertising - Just One More Selling Tool?, Sandra C. Jones, Kirsten Brighten
Responsibility Messages In Alcohol Advertising - Just One More Selling Tool?, Sandra C. Jones, Kirsten Brighten
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2013, 24-27 November 2013, Brisbane, Australia
Are Parents Concerned About Alcohol Branded Merchandise?, Sandra C. Jones, Kelly Andrews
Are Parents Concerned About Alcohol Branded Merchandise?, Sandra C. Jones, Kelly Andrews
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2013, 24-27 November 2013, Brisbane, Australia
My Friends Bundy, Cruiser And Vb: Alcohol Marketing On Facebook, Sandra C. Jones, Laura Robinson, Lance Barrie, Sondra Davroen
My Friends Bundy, Cruiser And Vb: Alcohol Marketing On Facebook, Sandra C. Jones, Laura Robinson, Lance Barrie, Sondra Davroen
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Conference 2013, 24-27 November 2013, Brisbane, Australia
Views Of Children And Parents On Limiting Unhealthy Food, Drink And Alcohol Sponsorship Of Elite And Children's Sports, Bridget Kelly, Louise Baur, Adrian Bauman, Lesley King, Kathy Chapman, Ben Smith
Views Of Children And Parents On Limiting Unhealthy Food, Drink And Alcohol Sponsorship Of Elite And Children's Sports, Bridget Kelly, Louise Baur, Adrian Bauman, Lesley King, Kathy Chapman, Ben Smith
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Objective To determine parents' and children's attitudes towards food, beverage and alcohol sponsorship of elite and children's sports and the acceptability of policies and alternative funding models to limit this sponsorship. Design Telephone surveys were conducted with parents in February-May 2011. One child from each household was invited to complete an online survey. Surveys assessed parents' perceptions about the influence of sponsorship on children and support for limiting sponsorship, and children's awareness of and attitudes towards sponsors. Setting Randomly sampled households in New South Wales, Australia. Subjects Parents (n 825) and children aged 10-16 years (n 243). Results Three-quarters of …
Alcohol Advertising During Televised Australian Football Finals, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie, Michael Chapman, Nicholas J. Corr, Sondra Davoren
Alcohol Advertising During Televised Australian Football Finals, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie, Michael Chapman, Nicholas J. Corr, Sondra Davoren
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Alcohol marketing during sport, and alcohol industry sponsorship of sporting events, is highly lucrative; however, concerns have been raised over the impact on child and adolescent viewers of repeated exposure to alcohol marketing messages. The aim of this research project was to investigate the amount and type of alcohol marketing during two major sporting events in 2012 - the semi-finals and grand final of the AFL and NRL. The broadcasts of these six games were audited for alcohol advertisements and other advertising communications. Almost one-fifth of the screen time included alcohol marketing. Policy and practice implications of these findings are …
Relative Importance Of Abstinence In Clients' And Clinicians' Perspectives Of Recovery From Drug And Alcohol Abuse, Lauren Maffina, Frank P. Deane, Geoffrey C.B Lyons, Trevor P. Crowe, Peter J. Kelly
Relative Importance Of Abstinence In Clients' And Clinicians' Perspectives Of Recovery From Drug And Alcohol Abuse, Lauren Maffina, Frank P. Deane, Geoffrey C.B Lyons, Trevor P. Crowe, Peter J. Kelly
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This study collected data on drug and alcohol workers' (n = 55) and clients' (n = 139) perspectives on what constitutes a "recovery" from substance use disorder. Data were collected during 2010 from four residential faith-based treatment programs across the east coast of Australia. Self-report surveys specifically designed for this study were administered. Responses were compared using nonparametric test. Abstinence was seen as an important component of recovery but nonabstinent factors were also seen as having an important role. Staff placed more emphasis on clients taking responsibility for their problems and on the role of spiritual development. The importance of …
Self-Forgiveness, Shame, And Guilt In Recovery From Drug And Alcohol Problems, Breanna J. Mcgaffin, Geoffrey C. B Lyons, Frank P. Deane
Self-Forgiveness, Shame, And Guilt In Recovery From Drug And Alcohol Problems, Breanna J. Mcgaffin, Geoffrey C. B Lyons, Frank P. Deane
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background: People with drug and/or alcohol problems often experience feelings of shame and guilt, which have been associated with poorer recovery. Self-forgiveness has the potential to reduce these negative experiences. Methods: The current study tested theorized mediators (acceptance, conciliatory behavior, empathy) of the relationships between shame and guilt with self-forgiveness. A cross-sectional sample of 133 individuals (74.4% male) receiving residential treatment for substance abuse completed self-report measures of shame, guilt, self-forgiveness, and the mediators. Results: Consistent with previous research, guilt had a positive association with self-forgiveness, whereas shame was negatively associated with self-forgiveness. Acceptance mediated the guilt and self-forgiveness relationship …
Factor Analysis And Validity Of A Short Six-Item Version Of The Desires For Alcohol Questionnaire, C Mo, Frank P. Deane, Geoffrey C. Lyons, Peter Kelly
Factor Analysis And Validity Of A Short Six-Item Version Of The Desires For Alcohol Questionnaire, C Mo, Frank P. Deane, Geoffrey C. Lyons, Peter Kelly
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Reductions in cravings have been associated with improved recovery from alcohol and other drug use problems. Self-report assessments of cravings provide a way of monitoring progress over the course of treatment particularly in residential settings. There is a need to develop brief craving measures suitable for repeat administration. The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of a six-item version of the Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ-6). In study 1 exploratory factor analysis involving 710 participants attending residential treatment revealed two factors: 'expectancy of negative reinforcement' and 'strong desires and intentions'. In study 2 confirmatory factor …
Why Social Marketing? Because Knowledge Is Not Enough To Deter Secondary Supply Of Alcohol To Minors, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie
Why Social Marketing? Because Knowledge Is Not Enough To Deter Secondary Supply Of Alcohol To Minors, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Australian teenagers are increasingly drinking at risky levels, defined as consuming seven or more alcohol drinks on a single day for males, and five or more for females (White and Smith, 2012). Alcohol consumption by adolescents presents serious health and social problems unique to their age group (Lubman, Yucel and Hall, 2007; National Centre on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2002). A significant factor contributing to underage drinking is the 'secondary supply' of alcohol to minors (i.e. the supply of alcohol to minors by persons other than licensees/staff employed by licensed premises, such as parents, siblings and older peers). In a …
Point-Of-Sale Alcohol Promotions In The Perth And Sydney Metropolitan Areas, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie, Laura Robinson, S Allsop, T Chikritzhs
Point-Of-Sale Alcohol Promotions In The Perth And Sydney Metropolitan Areas, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie, Laura Robinson, S Allsop, T Chikritzhs
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Introduction and Aims. Point-of-sale (POS) is increasingly being used as a marketing tool for alcohol products, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that these materials are positively associated with drinking and contribute to creating a pro-alcohol environment. The purpose of the present study was to document the nature and extent of POS alcohol promotions in bottle shops in two Australian capital cities. Design and Methods. A purposive sample of 24 hotel bottle shops and liquor stores was selected across Sydney (New South Wales) and Perth (Western Australia) and audited for the presence and nature of POS marketing. …
Alcohol Brand Websites: Implications For Social Marketing, Lance Barrie, Ross Gordon, Sandra C. Jones
Alcohol Brand Websites: Implications For Social Marketing, Lance Barrie, Ross Gordon, Sandra C. Jones
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This paper presents the findings from exploratory research that explored young people's attitudes and responses to alcohol brand websites. In recent years alcohol marketing spend has increasingly shifted away from spending on advertising in traditional media to other channels such as Internet and social media (Gordon, 2011). Systematic reviews of the evidence suggest that alcohol marketing is associated with drinking behaviours (Anderson et al. 2009). Therefore, research on the nature and impact of marketing in such channels is warranted. The findings from this study can help inform upstream social marketing (advocacy, policy making) to regulate alcohol marketing (Hastings, 2007), and …
Assessing Alcohol Consumption In Older Adults: Looking For A Solution To Inform Evaluation Of Social Marketing Campaigns, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie, Laura Robinson
Assessing Alcohol Consumption In Older Adults: Looking For A Solution To Inform Evaluation Of Social Marketing Campaigns, Sandra C. Jones, Lance Barrie, Laura Robinson
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Alcohol consumption in older people presents unique challenges due to changes in body composition, co-morbid conditions and associated mediations, as well as a reduction in metabolic capacity. As such, this generation has been identified as an at-risk group by the NHRMC (NHRMC, 2011). For the purpose of this paper "older" adults are individuals aged 65 years and over. The NHMRC produced guidelines for minimising the risks associated with alcohol consumption in 2001 (NHMRC, 2001). While the 2001 NHMRC guidelines did not provide specific recommendations regarding levels of consumption for older people the revised 2009 guidelines recommend, 'Older people are advised …