Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Geographic Research On Hate Crimes And Incidents: Approaches For Advancing Inclusive Practices, Hyejin Yoon, Hyowon Ban, Jessie Jungeun Hong-Dwyer

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

COVID-19, originally reported in China, has brought an increase in anti-Asian and Asian American hate incidents and crimes in the United States. However, research on hate incidents and crimes are relatively new in the field of geography. To provide better ways to investigate hate crime incidents against Asians and Asian Americans during COVID-19, this article draws on various research methods from existing studies on hate crimes. Geographers have focused attention on minority groups linked to different geographic scales, and non-geographic studies have focused mainly on psychological symptoms and impacts on health. Even though existing studies have helped broaden the knowledge …

The Usage Of Band Ratios To Predict Lake Water Quality Parameters Using Sentinel-2 L1c Imagery, Austin Spoor, Ho-Seop Cha

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Band ratios using remote imagery can be useful for monitoring large bodies of water when high quality imagery is available. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery provides frequent, high-resolution coverage of the globe. This study set out to test the usefulness of existing band ratios for estimating chlorophyll a (CHL-a), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and turbidity with Sentinel-2 imagery. USGS in-situ data was matched to Sentinel-2 imagery of Beaver Lake, Arkansas taken August 2015 to July 2019 and the dark spectrum fitting (DSF) atmospheric correction method in ACOLITE was applied to generate surface reflectance values. CHL-a was estimated using two …

Accuracy Assessment Of Measuring Linear And Areal Features In Aerial Imagery, I-Kuai Hung, David L. Kulhavy, Daniel R. Unger, Reid A. Viegut, Yanli Zhang, Nicholas C. Schiwitz

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

As part of natural resource education in the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture at Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU), students were instructed to take areal and linear measurements of grounds remotely using available platforms including aerial orthomosaic derived from UAS (unmanned aerial system) acquired imagery, Google Earth Pro, and Pictometry. The onscreen measurement was conducted at five different map scales, 1/1000, 1/2000, 1/3000, 1/4000, and 1/5000. Accuracy of the measurements was assessed by comparing the onscreen measurements to ground truth data verified with a measuring tape. Results show that measurements based on the UAS were more accurate …

Comparing Drone2map Versus Pix4dmapper When Creating Orthophoto Mosaics Over Homogeneous Land Features, Victoria Williams, Daniel R. Unger, David Kulhavy, I-Kuai Hung, Yanli Zhang

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study evaluated two popular software packages currently used within the natural resources profession to create orthophoto mosaics: Drone2Map and Pix4Dmapper. Of particular concern was how effective these two software packages would perform in creating orthophoto mosaics over a city park in East Texas consisting of forest, open grass, and urban concrete surrounding a lake. Two drone flights over the city park were conducted. One flight was at 76 meters (250 feet) above ground with a single pass configuration. The other flight was at 122 meters (400 feet) above ground with a double pass configuration. Upon the completion of each …

Special Thanks To Reviewers 2021-2022, Woonsup Choi

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Sincere thanks are extended to the individuals who reviewed manuscripts for International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research during the period from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2022.

Sorokdo: From The Island Of Stigma To The Island Of Historical Reflection, Eun-Hye Choung, Hyun-Jin Cho, Jewon Ryu, Suh-Hee Choi

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This article focuses on Sorokdo Island (Jeollanam-do, South Korea) as a remnant of the stigmatized landscape reflecting Hansen’s Disease and the Japanese colonial power. Sorokdo began to be stigmatized due to the Japanese colonial rule in the early 20th century when patients with Hansen's Disease were forced to relocate there, suffering from human rights violations and labor exploitation. Isolation and the management of the patients by suppression and control were justified with the logic of modern values of sanitization supported by the colonial rule. Stigma has remained even after the liberation from the colonial power. Continuously recognized by people as …

Virtual Water And Agricultural Exports During Recent Drought In California, Wonsuh Song, Alida Cantor, Heejun Chang

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

In recent years, the western United States has been experiencing severe droughts. In this paper we focus on the state of California, which has a complex and vast water conveyance and irrigation system to support intensive agricultural production. We examine agricultural production and exports, in particular ‘virtual water’ exports, to better understand whether and how agricultural producers responded to recent drought conditions. We specifically focus on agricultural exports from 2010 to 2019 in order to better understand virtual water export during the recent drought. We show that despite occurrence of severe drought, California growers have largely continued their agricultural production …

Exploring The Spatial Distribution Of Air Pollutants And Covid-19 Death Rate: A Case Study For Los Angeles County, California, Akhil Mandalapu, Junfeng Jiao, Amin Azimian

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Objective

Since March 2020, COVID-19 has rapidly spread across the world with over 240 million cases and over 5 million deaths as of November 2021. It has been unclear what role air pollutants may play in exacerbating respiratory illnesses such as COVID-19 due to their interaction with the respiratory system. The association with air pollutants and COVID-19 severity has been explored at the regional and metropolitan area, however it is unclear if such an association is consistent at the neighborhood level.

Methods

Weekly death rates from COVID-19 from March 2020 to November 2021 were compared using one-sided unpaired t-tests across …

What Geographers Research: An Analysis Of Geography Topics, Clusters, And Trends Using A Keyword Network Analysis Approach And The 2000-2019 Aag Conference Presentations, Jeong C. Seong, Chul Sue Hwang, Ana Stanescu, Youngho Lee, Yubin Lee

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

The spectrum of geographic research topics is very broad, and several thousands of research projects are presented at AAG annual conferences. This research aims at analyzing geography research topics, clusters, and trends using conference presentation data. We analyzed the 2000-2019 AAG conference presentations with keyword network analysis methods. The most frequently used keywords during the 20-year span were GIS, followed by Remote Sensing, Climate Change, Urban, China, Education, Political Ecology, Migration, Gender, and Agriculture. Results showed that geographic research has focused on six major clusters during 2000-2019: GIS, Urban, Climate Change, Political Ecology, People, and Education. About 68.6 percent of …

Exploring Micro-Scale Spatiotemporal Dynamics Of Restaurant Entrepreneurship With Public Open Data, Chanwoo Jin, Alan T. Murray

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Commercial activities within a city have competed to attract people, and the interactions between these activities have affected urban dynamics. Among many services, the restaurant business accounts for a significant portion of the urban economy, with spatiotemporal variations in survivability reflecting crucial signs of changes in urban structure. This study aims to identify the patterns of spatiotemporal changes in restaurants locations to deepen our understanding of urban dynamics. Studies have utilized a variety of data sources, including social media and consumer review services, but they cover relatively short periods and focus on currently operating businesses. Public open data, however, offers …

Characterizing Clustering Models Of High-Dimensional Remotely Sensed Data Using Subsampled Field-Subfield Spatial Cross-Validated Random Forests, Andrew B. Whetten

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Clustering models are regularly used to construct meaningful groups of observations within complex datasets, and they are an exceptional tool for spatial exploratory analysis. The clusters detected in a recent spatio-temporal cluster analysis of leaf area index (LAI) in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) require further investigation since they are only derived using a single greenness metric. It is of great interest to further understand how greening indices can be used to determine separation of sites across an array of remotely sensed environmental attributes. In this prior work, there are highly localized minority clusters that were detected to be most …

Short-Term Slope Changes On Dokdo Island Identified From Ground-Based 3d Lidar Data, Jihyun Kang, Hyejin Kim, Jaegeum Park, Hyunchul Shin

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study was designed to determine the slope changes on Dokdo Island, focusing on Seodo islet (slopes consisting of colluvial debris) and Dongdo islet (slopes consisting of large-scale tafoni). To do so, we obtained high-resolution 3D LiDAR data in May and November 2020 and calculated the changes in slope shape and volume over this period. Our results showed that during this time, approximately 136 m³ of colluvial debris was removed from the slopes of Seodo islet and a boulder that had separated from the massive tuff breccia migrated approximately 5 cm downslope. The major causes of such rapid changes …

The Spatial Patterns Of Pluvial Flood Risk, Blue-Green Infrastructure, And Social Vulnerability: A Case Study From Two Alaskan Cities, Arun K. Pallathadka, Heejun Chang, Idowu Ajibade

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Flooding is a serious form of natural hazard in Alaska, USA. Two of Alaska’s biggest cities, Anchorage and Fairbanks, have experienced flooding of varying magnitude since the cities were first settled in the early 20th century. Although flood mitigation measures such as blue-green infrastructure (BGI) are rising in prominence, the spatial relationship of BGI, urban pluvial flood (UPF) zone, and social vulnerability remains understudied. This study delineates the UPF zone of Anchorage and Fairbanks using the Blue Spot modeling and correlates it with the distribution of BGI at Census Block Group (CBG) scale, focusing on underlying social vulnerability using a …

Measuring Spatio-Temporal Responses To Hurricane Matthew Employing Twitgis, Seungil Yum

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study explores spatio-temporal responses to Hurricane Matthew across the US states by analyzing Twitter data. This study finds that people in different states and periods respond differently to Hurricane Matthew. For instance, people in the Midwest and Northeast regions show a high proportion of tweets in the pre-hurricane period. Those in the Southeast region demonstrate a high proportion of those in the hurricane period, and those in the West region show a high proportion of those in the post-hurricane period. This study also finds that people increase long distance trips (over 100 km) and decrease short distance trips (within …

Geospatial Technology In Sustainable Cities And Communities: Introduction To The Special Issue, Siti Aekbal Salleh, Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Nazri Che Dom

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This special issue aims to demonstrate how we could leverage geospatial technology for sustainable cities and communities. Contributions on a wide range of geospatial technologies (e.g., GIS, remote sensing, spatial statistics, photogrammetry, and geomatics) as well as issues addressing better cities and communities for a sustainable future are encouraged. This issue contains selected papers from the 7th International Conference on Geomatics and Geospatial Technology (GGT) 2021, which took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 24th March 2021. The five articles selected for this special issue demonstrate how geospatial technology can be used to create more sustainable cities and communities. The …

Geological Lineament Assessment From Passive And Active Remote Sensing Imageries, Ainyyafiatty Arifin, Nor A. Adnan

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Lineament is any extensive linear feature on the Earth’s surface that can be identified when there is a change in the topographical data. The advancement of technologies in remote sensing and Geographical Information Sciences (GIS) lead to the various studies and methods in mapping lineaments due to the availability of data from small to large scale areas. Lineament can be extracted from remote sensing data either with manual, semi-automatic or automatic image processing techniques that incorporate in numerous remote sensing and GIS software. Manually digitizing or tracing the aerial photograph is a subjective method as the lineament will be interpreted …

Mapping For Indoor Walking Environment From Point Clouds By Using Mobile Mapping Systems, Nurfadhilah Ruslan, Nabilah Naharudin, Abdul Hakim Salleh, Maisarah Abdul Halim, Zulkiflee Abd Latif

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Walkability is one of the issues to be addressed in the planning of smart urban cities. Although, there is a substantial amount of studies on outdoor walking pedestrian, limited study has been done to address indoor walkability. Recently, most of the pedestrians are likely to use indoor route than outdoor route to protect themselves from sun and rain as most of the indoor routes are located on the buildings such as shopping mall and rail transit station. Therefore, it important to collect all the relevant information in the indoor building to addressed the walkability issues. The GeoSLAM ZEB REVO scanner …

A Comparative Study Of Delineated Watersheds Using Aster And Srtm In Johor, Malaysia, Nafisah Khalid, Maisarah Abdul Halim, Siti Nur A’Tirah Shahimi

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

The availability of watershed delineation that has been generated from DEM data is difficult to obtain and the accessibility of DEM data which are unrestricted and precise are hard to obtain in Malaysia. The aim of this study is to examine the accuracy of watershed delineation between Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from ASTER and SRTM in Johor State Malaysia. In this study, free online data sources from USGS website are used to delineate watershed from ASTER and SRTM satellite imageries. The hydrological modelling tool namely ArcSWAT is utilized to delineate watersheds for both DEM datasets. Both DEM data that had …

Travel Time Patterns Of Students With Special Needs To Special Education Integrated Program-Based Schools In Johor Bahru, Malaysia: An Initial Finding, Nurul Hawani Idris, Nur Afiqah Ahmad Bakhtiar, Mohamad Hafis Izran Ishak

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Education for all has been a global priority to ensure that all students have equal access to high-quality education regardless of disability or minority status. In Malaysia, the special education integrated programme (SEIP) is designed to close the inequality gap by integrating special education into existing government and vernacular schools. Numerous studies examine the travel patterns of regular students to school, resulting in a dearth of research on the travel patterns of special needs students to formal school. Thus, this paper uses spatial analysis to demonstrate the travel patterns of students with special needs to SEIP schools. This paper demonstrated …

Geospatial Clustering And Hot Spot Detection Of Covid-19 Incidence In 2020: A Global Analysis, Munazza Fatima, Sana Arshad, Ibtisam Butt, Saba Arshad

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Emergence and spread of Covid-19 initiated diversified researches based on spatial analysis in visualization, exploration, and modelling of this infection. This short communication is an attempt to comprehend the geographic distribution and spatial clustering of Covid-19 in year 2020. Main objective is to spatially analyze Covid-19 incidence rates, identification of hotspots and clusters outliers at global level. Monthly data of reported cases were taken from World Health Organization dashboard and situation reports. Incidence rate was calculated for each country for each month. Spatial autocorrelation techniques of Global Moran are I and Anselian Local Moran’s I were used to examine the …

Measuring Social Vulnerability In Transit Deserts Of United States Metro Areas, Junfeng Jiao, Josh Conrad, Amin Azimian

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study was aimed at identifying areas in the US that need both transit improvements and anti-displacement protection. First, rather than focusing on transit-dependent populations, we developed a new method of accounting for overall transportation demand among independent residents in comparison with public transit supply. Next, we analyzed transit deserts in metro areas using the social vulnerability index. Results indicated that living in transit deserts across 200 metro areas today are approximately 24.6 million people, of which about 19% live below the poverty line. Additionally, residents of transit deserts exhibit, on average, a social vulnerability that is approximately 21% higher …

Evaluation Of Spatio-Temporal Land Use And Land Cover Dynamics Using Geospatial Technologies: The Case Of Majang Zone, Ethiopia, Girma Alemu Melka, Muluneh Woldetsadik Abshare

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

The dynamics of land use-land cover changes is one of the phenomena which interweave the socio-economic, political, and environmental issues in Ethiopia. This study investigated the land use-land cover (LULC) changes in the Majang Zone of Gambela Region, Ethiopia over a period of 33 years from 1985 to 2018. Four sets of Landsat imageries (i.e.,1985, 1996, 2007, and 2018) were the input data from which LULC maps were produced and analyzed using remote sensing and GIS applications. Concurrently, key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions, and questionnaires were used to identify and describe the drivers of LULC changes. The LULC change …

Special Thanks To Reviewers 2020, Woonsup Choi

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Sincere thanks are extended to the individuals who reviewed manuscripts for International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research during the period of 1 January to 31 December 2020.

Geographical Counterpoint To Choreographic Information Based On Approaches In Giscience And Visualization, Hyowon Ban, Ola Ahlqvist

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study provides geographical counterpoint to existing knowledge of a dance piece through approaches from GIScience and visualization by focusing on spatio-temporal movement of dancers in a large dataset of the dance. The goal of this study is to introduce a new application to bridging art and science in the domain of dance and geography disciplines. The study utilizes existing methodologies in GIScience, including exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), spatial analysis, Relative Motion (REMO) analysis, and Qualitative Trajectory Calculus (QTC) analysis for the reasoning of the dance data. The results of the study demonstrate the following. First, spatio-temporal information in …

Exploring The Potential Of Feature Selection Methods In The Classification Of Urban Trees Using Field Spectroscopy Data, Simbarashe Jombo, Elhadi Adam, Marcus J. Byrne, Khalid Adem Ali, Solomon W Newete

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Mapping of vegetation at the species level using hyperspectral satellite data can be effective and accurate because of its high spectral and spatial resolutions that can detect detailed information of a target object. Its wide application, however, not only is restricted by its high cost and large data storage requirements, but its processing is also complicated by challenges of what is known as the Hughes effect. The Hughes effect is where classification accuracy decreases once the number of features or wavelengths passes a certain limit. This study aimed to explore the potential of feature selection methods in the classification of …

Scale Mis-Matches When Assessing Chloride Concentration And Corrosiveness Using Statewide Data For Trend Analysis, Rebecca L. Kauten

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study compares chloride concentrations and a series of corrosiveness indexes to determine whether trends in statewide databases appropriately detect local conditions. Chloride concentrations in local, urban streams generally persist at higher levels than what is typical of natural waters. Data collected for statewide water quality assessments are often at a broader geographical scale. Results and subsequent policies may indicate little to no environmental concern, meanwhile degradation at the local scale remains relatively undetected. Pulses of local snowmelt runoff may violate water quality criteria, but long-term trends measured at the statewide scale are in decline. Results highlight the need for …

A Neighborhood-Level Perspective Of Real Estate Determinants In Three U.S. Cities, Mikhail Samarin, Madhuri Sharma

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This study examines the relationships between commonly available socio-economic and environmental determinants of real estate (crime, quality of schools, racial/ethnic diversity, and built environment) and real estate values in socially and politically recognized units in the three largest cities of the U.S.—New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Utilizing a variety of data sources used by potential real estate buyers, we conduct correlations, mapping, and multiple regression analyses to identify the degrees and strengths of associations between select determinants and real estate values at these politically recognized units. Results suggest that the cities exhibit similar patterns for crime-related characteristics and quality …

A Comparison Of Network Clustering Algorithms In Keyword Network Analysis: A Case Study With Geography Conference Presentations, Youngho Lee, Yubin Lee, Jeong Seong, Ana Stanescu, Chul Sue Hwang

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

The keyword network analysis has been used for summarizing research trends, and network clustering algorithms play important roles in identifying major research themes. In this paper, we performed a comparative analysis of network clustering algorithms to find out their performances, effectiveness, and impact on cluster themes. The AAG (American Association for Geographers) conference datasets were used in this research. We evaluated seven algorithms with modularity, processing time, and cluster members. The Louvain algorithm showed the best performance in terms of modularity and processing time, followed by the Fast Greedy algorithm. Examining cluster members also showed very coherent connections among cluster …

Triple Threat Gateway? Respiratory Health, Demographics And Land Use In Metro East St. Louis, Missouri-Illinois, Usa, Stacey R. Brown-Amilian

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

This paper examines a triple threat for residents of two counties in the St. Louis metropolitan area. Previous environmental justice research has focused on demographics and toxic facilities. This research builds upon those assessments by incorporating hospital discharge data and demographics as well as three different types of pollution sources. Air pollution monitors were unavailable to use during the time period of 2009-2011, therefore proxy measures of pollution in the form of major roadways, industrial land use parcels, and toxic facility information from the EPA Toxic Release Inventory are utilized. This study integrates both spatial coincidence and proximity analysis methods …

Green To Gray: Political Ecology Of Paving Over Green Spaces In Moscow, Russia, Mikhail S. Blinnikov, Liudmila Volkova

International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research

Moscow, Russia is the largest city in Europe with over 12.6 million residents. The remarkable fact is that it is also a biologically diverse ecosystem with a few dozen specially protected natural areas, including 15 large forest parks and a variety of smaller nature-places. The recent landscaping “improvements” conducted by the Moscow government since 2010 greatly increased negative impacts on the green infrastructure, e.g., a lot more paving, systematic grass mowing, widespread planting of exotic plant species, increased residential and commercial construction, more noise, etc. While quantification of the impacts of the above on the biota is not easy, we …