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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Proctor Model Of Clinical Supervision: An Introduction For Professional Counselors, Gideon Litherland, Gretchen Schulthes, Charlotte Cowles, Edward Ewe
The Proctor Model Of Clinical Supervision: An Introduction For Professional Counselors, Gideon Litherland, Gretchen Schulthes, Charlotte Cowles, Edward Ewe
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counseling supervisors require an increasingly diverse set of tools, theories, and interventions to address the myriad concerns that arise in clinical supervision. The ability to support, provide feedback, and systematically address supervisee issues are critical to effective supervision. Deliberate practice remains a key indicator of clinical effectiveness, with supervision skills requiring the same attention and practice. As consumers of supervision or providers of supervision services, professional counselors require useful models of how to engage in supervision. The Proctor Model is an internationally recognized and implemented model of supervision that has great utility for professional counselors.
Experience Of Underrepresented Students In Master’S-Level Counselor Education Programs, Deborah L. Duenyas, Andre Sumiel, Jill Krahwinkel
Experience Of Underrepresented Students In Master’S-Level Counselor Education Programs, Deborah L. Duenyas, Andre Sumiel, Jill Krahwinkel
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The purpose of this phenomenological investigation was to understand the racial and ethnic experiences of underrepresented Master’s-level counseling graduate students in CACREP-accredited counselor education programs. The second author conducted semi-structured interviews with six masters-level counseling graduate students. Data analysis revealed four composite themes that comprised students’ experience. The themes were: Perceived Cultural Competence, Individual Characteristics, Connection and Advocacy, and Bringing “It” Up. Implications on how counselor education programming and curriculum can provide support for underrepresented students are provided.
Let’S Practice: Shaping Crisis Management Of Preservice Counseling Professionals, Yuleinys A. Castillo Lpcc, Crc, Jason Cartwright M.A., Mandy Greaves Phd, Lmft, Suzanne Maniss
Let’S Practice: Shaping Crisis Management Of Preservice Counseling Professionals, Yuleinys A. Castillo Lpcc, Crc, Jason Cartwright M.A., Mandy Greaves Phd, Lmft, Suzanne Maniss
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselors frequently encounter crises in practice with various factors shaping crisis management. However, limited preparation and training combined with personal and situational characteristics affect a counselors’ ability to properly handle a crisis. The purpose of the present study was to identify factors that could potentially affect the ability to handle a crisis in session among counselors-in-training and add to the understanding of self-efficacy in crisis counseling. The study consisted of participants enrolled in a practicum pre-service course in a CACREP accredited program. Results were analyzed through a narrative research approach, specifically a categorical-content narrative analysis, theory-driven thematic analysis and cross-case …
Recommendations For Counselor Education And Supervision Programs To Improve Gatekeeping Processes Developed From Doctoral Student Experiences, Evan C. Smarinsky, Cian L. Brown, Erin Popejoy
Recommendations For Counselor Education And Supervision Programs To Improve Gatekeeping Processes Developed From Doctoral Student Experiences, Evan C. Smarinsky, Cian L. Brown, Erin Popejoy
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of eleven doctoral students at three CACREP accredited programs to address issues in counselor education and supervision programs and faculty face regarding gatekeeping. The information was used to develop and provide recommendations for gatekeeping procedures that can be implemented at the departmental and classroom levels. Ways programs can improve the training of doctoral students for gatekeeping roles and responsibilities, steps faculty can take to create an environment which supports gatekeeping at their institution, as well as support doctoral students as they grow into future gatekeepers of the profession are …
Supervision In Nature: Integrating The Natural World In Supervision, Kimberly L. A. Walker, Jacqueline M. Swank
Supervision In Nature: Integrating The Natural World In Supervision, Kimberly L. A. Walker, Jacqueline M. Swank
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counseling supervision is a crucial component to the development of a counselor. Supervisors may integrate a variety of supervision techniques within the supervision process to facilitate the growth of the supervisee. This manuscript focuses on the integration of nature within the supervision process. We discuss the benefits of nature for humans, present nature-based supervision activities within the eight domains of professional functioning within the Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) of supervisee development, and discuss considerations for integrating nature within the supervision process.
Experiences Of Counselors Counseling Clients Who Have Been Sexually Assaulted, Carrie J. Tremble
Experiences Of Counselors Counseling Clients Who Have Been Sexually Assaulted, Carrie J. Tremble
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Approximately one in four women will be sexually assaulted, many of whom will seek counseling as a result. However, the literature regarding the experiences of counselors who counsel clients who have been sexually assaulted is limited. This qualitative, phenomenological study explored the experiences of nine counselors who have counseled clients who have been sexually assaulted. The analysis of participant data revealed several themes, which included (a) self-care; (b) utilizing effective counseling skills; (c) lack of counselor training impacts work; (d) seeking supervision and consultation; (e) societal myths about sexual assault; and (f) legal issues regarding sexual assault. The findings may …
“A Big Part Is To Address The Elephant": International Counseling Trainees’ Experiences In Clinical Supervision In The United States, Bellah N. Kiteki, Ahmet Can, Gulsah Kemer, Judith Preston
“A Big Part Is To Address The Elephant": International Counseling Trainees’ Experiences In Clinical Supervision In The United States, Bellah N. Kiteki, Ahmet Can, Gulsah Kemer, Judith Preston
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Enrollment of international counseling trainees in graduate counseling programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) in the United States is considerably high. Researchers previously revealed that international counseling trainees’ supervision challenges related to language barriers, relationship-building processes, supportive and unsupportive experiences, and limited supervisor attention to diversity issues. In this qualitative study, the authors used reflective thematic analysis to explore the experiences of international counseling trainees (n = 14) in clinical supervision. Four key findings were: (a) the need to address the “elephant”: supervisor failure to address cultural aspects; (b) acculturative challenges and …
From Readiness To Action: Social Justice Training In Practicum, Steven J. Moody, Justin D. Lauka, Amanda K. Mccarthy
From Readiness To Action: Social Justice Training In Practicum, Steven J. Moody, Justin D. Lauka, Amanda K. Mccarthy
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Social justice is an imperative within counseling and is recognized through the American Counseling Association's code of ethics, nationally endorsed competencies, and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. The authors completed a phenomenological study exploring the experience of five master’s-level counseling students in their practicum course relative to their development of a socially just counseling approach. The authors identified themes to provide a textural-structural description of how students experienced the transition towards social action. Moving from readiness to action encompassed previous experiences, the learning community, and change agents including awareness, responsibility, motivation, and comfort. Implications for …
Burnout, Self-Care, And Supervision In Middle School Counselors, Sarah L. Evans Zalewski
Burnout, Self-Care, And Supervision In Middle School Counselors, Sarah L. Evans Zalewski
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This study examines middle school counselor supervision types in relation to burnout and self-care scores. The impact of supervision via technology on self-care and burnout scores was considered. This study found that school counselors who received both administrative and clinical supervision fared better on the incompetence domain of burnout, that self-care was inversely proportional to burnout, and that receiving supervision via technological means had no impact on either burnout or self-care.
Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson
Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselors working with clients who have experienced trauma may encounter a range of indirect trauma responses (i.e., vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, and/or secondary traumatic stress). Alternatively, counselors may experience positive affects such as living life more fully, treating others differently, or becoming more emotionally expressive in their relationships due to indirect trauma exposure. The latter experience is called vicarious post traumatic growth and has implications for more positive counselor functioning and better client outcomes. In this article, we review four enabling factors of vicarious post traumatic growth to provide supervision strategies to address indirect trauma; meaning making, social interests, social …
Creativity In Supervision Using The Integrated Developmental Model Of Supervision, Kyle Bellinger, Stacia Carone
Creativity In Supervision Using The Integrated Developmental Model Of Supervision, Kyle Bellinger, Stacia Carone
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Clinical supervision is a primary task of the professional counseling supervisor. The American Counseling Association (2014) Code of Ethics includes requirements for supervisors to be competent in the delivery of supervision. The Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) (McNeill & Stoltenberg, 2015; Stoltenberg & Delworth, 1987) is a widely accepted supervision model (Salvador, 2016) that can be utilized to conceptualize supervisees’ levels of expertise and corresponding skills. The use of creativity in supervision has been reported to improve counselor insight and resulting conceptualizations of and relationships with clients (Lahad, 2000). The IDM of supervision, in conjunction with creative interventions can be implemented …
Helping Beginning Supervisors Reduce Barriers To Licensure: Ethical Roadblocks In Supervision, Sarah M. Blalock, Kathy Ybanez-Llorente, Molly K. Morman
Helping Beginning Supervisors Reduce Barriers To Licensure: Ethical Roadblocks In Supervision, Sarah M. Blalock, Kathy Ybanez-Llorente, Molly K. Morman
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Ethical and competent supervision are critical to successful entry into the profession for counselors in training and newly licensed counselors. New supervisors should be mindful of the mistakes even well-intentioned supervisors can make that jeopardize the licensure process, or worse, the well-being of clients. Lack of attention to substantial supervision paperwork requirements can cost supervisees long delays in licensure, and call into question a supervisor’s reputation as a competent and ethical professional. The purpose of this article is to help inform beginning supervisors on how to use ethical guidelines to avoid some of the most common supervision pitfalls, including multiple …
Readiness Of Counselor Education And Supervision For Suicide Training: A Cqr Study, Jenny L. Cureton, Elysia V. Clemens, Janessa Henninger, Connie Couch
Readiness Of Counselor Education And Supervision For Suicide Training: A Cqr Study, Jenny L. Cureton, Elysia V. Clemens, Janessa Henninger, Connie Couch
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The Counselor Education and Supervision professional community is responsible for providing training on suicide to Master’s students in counseling. Elevated suicide rates and historically insufficient training along with updated practice, ethical, and accreditation standards necessitate changes to counselor preparation on suicide. Readiness assessment can support the CES community’s aims to meet such standards. A Consensual Qualitative Research team utilized a community readiness framework to analyze interviews with fifteen educators, administrators, and supervisors in diverse CACREP-accredited programs. Readiness findings inform counselor preparation and policy at the course, program, state, and national level.
The Role Of Clinical Supervision In Treating Clients With Antisocial Personality Disorder, Edward T. Dunbar Jr., Rebecca L. Koltz, Anna Elliott, Kara M. Hurt-Avila
The Role Of Clinical Supervision In Treating Clients With Antisocial Personality Disorder, Edward T. Dunbar Jr., Rebecca L. Koltz, Anna Elliott, Kara M. Hurt-Avila
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Clinicians often have negative attitudes toward clients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), which can sabotage treatment and lead to clinician burnout and job dissatisfaction. Researchers recommend clinicians receive regular clinical supervision; however, clinical supervision strategies and models related to working with ASPD are lacking. We identify supervisors’ primary task as exploring and improving clinicians’ attitudes toward clients having ASPD and examine this task within the discrimination model of clinical supervision. A case study is offered as an illustration for how to approach working with ASPD in supervision.
A Multipoint Qualitative Analysis Of Group Training: Counseling Student Perspectives And Self-Efficacy, Heather Thompson, Melodie Frick, Russ Curtis
A Multipoint Qualitative Analysis Of Group Training: Counseling Student Perspectives And Self-Efficacy, Heather Thompson, Melodie Frick, Russ Curtis
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this qualitative study, we explored 26 master’s level counseling students’ perceptions of their self-efficacy and group leadership development across three scaffolded group counseling experiences: (a) a first-semester membership in a counseling group led by a licensed counselor; (b) a third-semester membership, co-facilitation, and observation in a peer-led counseling group; and (c) a third semester co-facilitation of a counseling service group in a school or agency while participating in group supervision. Results revealed increased tolerance for ambiguity, appreciation for self-disclosure, an understanding of unique group facilitation skills, enhanced self-efficacy, and appreciation for observational learning coupled with supportive and constructive feedback.
Racial Dynamics In Counselor Training: The Racial Identity Social Interaction Model, Stephanie J. Thrower, Janet E. Helms, Maggi Price
Racial Dynamics In Counselor Training: The Racial Identity Social Interaction Model, Stephanie J. Thrower, Janet E. Helms, Maggi Price
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselors frequently receive their initial training about the dynamics of race and culture in the counseling process in didactic group settings, such as multicultural courses and experiential skills-building labs. Whereas multicultural and diversity courses reportedly have been growth promoting for students, counselor educators describe several difficulties that arise as they attempt to teach these courses. Yet virtually no research has focused on examination of instructors’ difficulties from a theoretical perspective. To examine the complex, intersecting dynamics that occur when teaching groups of counselor trainees about race and culture, we used Directed Content Analysis with theoretical guidance from the Racial Identity …
Gatekeeping In Master’S Level Rehabilitation Counseling Programs: An Exploratory Study, Allison Levine, Connie Sung, Alicia Strain
Gatekeeping In Master’S Level Rehabilitation Counseling Programs: An Exploratory Study, Allison Levine, Connie Sung, Alicia Strain
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The current study explores attitudes and procedures of gatekeeping in rehabilitation counseling programs. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the current study explores underlying causes for a lack of gatekeeping discussion and action in rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation educators and program directors from both CORE and CACREP-accredited rehabilitation counseling programs participated in the online Gatekeeping Attitudes and Procedures Survey (GAPS). Results indicate that, while attitudes towards gatekeeping were positive, programs lack formalized procedures. TPB aids in understanding that attitudes towards gatekeeping may not influence educator behavior on the matter. Implications include further research into this area to better understand the …
Developing A Pre-Practicum Environment For Beginning Counselors: Growing My Counselor Educator Self, Logan M. Lamprecht, Sneha Pitre
Developing A Pre-Practicum Environment For Beginning Counselors: Growing My Counselor Educator Self, Logan M. Lamprecht, Sneha Pitre
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This paper is a narrative of the challenges experienced as a faculty member in an attempt to transform the existing educational model for how school and clinical mental health counselors are trained to enter field-based clinical experiences with students and clients. The author shares the pre-practicum laboratory training as an important step towards the growth of a counselor both personally and professionally. The laboratory training addresses aspects of student anxiety and self-efficacy with relation to live supervision with use of technology, nature of feedback, reflective journaling, reflective teams, and process group experiences as pedagogical adjuncts to enhance the training and …
Shaping Supervisory Working Alliance From A Distance, Tawny Chamberlain, Carol Smith
Shaping Supervisory Working Alliance From A Distance, Tawny Chamberlain, Carol Smith
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
As technology advances, more counselor education programs are implementing options for students to complete clinical experiences at a distance from campus which requires distant supervision. Although distance supervision has the benefit of flexibility, it also has challenges such as building rapport and establishing effective communication. Supervisors would benefit from understanding the influence of delivery method on supervisory working alliance in order to monitor supervisee growth and development.This article explores the influence of supervision delivery method on supervisory working alliance. Recommendations for future research and counselor education supervisory practice are provided.
Using Supervision Mapping To Enrich School Counseling Fieldwork Supervision, Megan M. Krell, Peg Donohue
Using Supervision Mapping To Enrich School Counseling Fieldwork Supervision, Megan M. Krell, Peg Donohue
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Supervision mapping is a creative, visual approach to supervision wherein trainees identify concerns, strengths, goals, and ethical questions. While the supervision map has been identified as a potential tool for school counselors-in-training, no research has focused on its effectiveness. Therefore, this study sought to explore trainees’ experiences using the supervision map with faculty supervisors throughout their fieldwork experiences. The supervision map was used with school counseling trainees in two graduate practicum seminars in the Northeast (n=31). After using the supervision map for the duration of the seminar class, an electronic survey of their experience was administered, to which 23 trainees …
An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Of Doctoral Counselor Education Students' Experience Of Receiving Cybersupervision, Sara Bender, Deborah J. Rubel, Cass Dykeman
An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Of Doctoral Counselor Education Students' Experience Of Receiving Cybersupervision, Sara Bender, Deborah J. Rubel, Cass Dykeman
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Cybersupervision with counselor education doctoral students is an understudied practice. This phenomenological study explored five doctoral-level counselor education supervisees’ lived experiences engaging in cybersupervision, Their experiences, which were embedded in their converging professional roles, included skepticism and anxiety, learning and growth in their relationship with supervisors, and unique context-dependent meaning making. Limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Building A Consensus Of The Professional Dispositions Of Counseling Students, Jeffrey K. Christensen, Charles A. Dickerman, Cort Dorn-Medeiros
Building A Consensus Of The Professional Dispositions Of Counseling Students, Jeffrey K. Christensen, Charles A. Dickerman, Cort Dorn-Medeiros
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Professional dispositions expected of counseling students has been a contested area within the counseling profession, and students challenging dismissal decisions have put counseling programs at risk of litigation. To better guide counseling programs’ evaluation and remediation efforts, the authors used a content analysis to investigate the most recurring professional dispositions of master’s level counseling students listed within student retention policies, evaluations and rubrics of CACREP accredited counseling programs (n=224). The most common dispositional themes included; Openness to Growth, Awareness of Self and Others, Emotional Stability, Integrity, Flexibility, Compassion, and Personal Style. Implications for how the disposition themes can assist in …
Therapeutic Relationship And Outcome Effectiveness: Implications For Counselor Educators, Nicole A. Stargell
Therapeutic Relationship And Outcome Effectiveness: Implications For Counselor Educators, Nicole A. Stargell
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselor and client pairs from a university training clinic were analyzed, and therapeutic relationship was the strongest predictor of counseling outcome effectiveness as it progressed across time. In this quantitative study, therapeutic relationship accounted for 25% of the overall variance in outcome effectiveness. The results of this study support the idea that the therapeutic relationship is positively related to counseling outcomes and can be intentionally improved across time.
Exploring Internship Experiences Of Counselors-In-Training Through Pinterest: A Consensual Analysis, Jeffrey M. Warren, Mark Schwarze
Exploring Internship Experiences Of Counselors-In-Training Through Pinterest: A Consensual Analysis, Jeffrey M. Warren, Mark Schwarze
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Field placements are one component of essentially all counselor education programs. However, little is known about the lived experiences of counselors-in-training enrolled in internship. Over the course of a semester, students enrolled in internship submitted images and comment to an on-line pinboard (Pinterest) to describe their weekly field placement experiences. Consensual qualitative research was utilized in this study to analyze the submissions and to better understand counseling students’ experiences during internship. Findings are presented and implications for counselor educators are discussed.
A Survey Of Students’ Knowledge About Child Sexual Abuse And Perceived Readiness To Provide Counseling Services, Jennifer Marie Foster
A Survey Of Students’ Knowledge About Child Sexual Abuse And Perceived Readiness To Provide Counseling Services, Jennifer Marie Foster
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Master's level students in counselor education and counseling psychology (N = 304) were surveyed to explore their knowledge about child sexual abuse (CSA) and perceived readiness to provide related counseling services. While students demonstrated general knowledge about sexual abuse, preparedness to counsel was rated much lower with 69% of students indicating low levels of competency. Data was analyzed to explore demographic characteristics that led to increased readiness scores. Indicators of statistically significant higher readiness scores included: prior work or volunteer experience with victims of sexual abuse, participation in CSA trainings, and supervised field experience. Implications for student training and recommendations …
Lessons From Triadic Supervisors: Maximizing Effectiveness, Andrew Felton, Michael Morgan, Mary Alice Bruce
Lessons From Triadic Supervisors: Maximizing Effectiveness, Andrew Felton, Michael Morgan, Mary Alice Bruce
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Through this hermeneutic-phenomenological qualitative study, 10 supervisors of a CACREP accredited program identified emergent themes and challenges of triadic supervision: relationship dynamics, feedback, time management, contextual learning, and matching of supervisees. The researchers offer specific methods to approach these challenges within triadic supervision to maximize effectiveness.
Infusing Postmodernism Into Counseling Supervision: Challenges And Recommendations, W. Matthew Shurts
Infusing Postmodernism Into Counseling Supervision: Challenges And Recommendations, W. Matthew Shurts
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this manuscript, two postmodern approaches to counseling supervision are examined: Narrative supervision and solution-focused supervision. Postmodernism is defined, key themes within the postmodern supervision literature are identified, a brief review and critique of the literature on both supervision approaches is provided, and implications for the practice of supervision and future research/scholarship areas are discussed.
Developmental Level As A Predictor Of Counseling Skills, Margaret J. Jensen, Garrett J. Mcauliffe, Renee Seay
Developmental Level As A Predictor Of Counseling Skills, Margaret J. Jensen, Garrett J. Mcauliffe, Renee Seay
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
What is the relationship between the developmental characteristics of counseling interns and their counseling skills? Thirty master’s-level counseling students in their fieldwork phase were rated by their supervisors on both a measure of developmental level and counseling skills. Results indicated that the construct of Self/Other Awareness was the strongest predictor of counseling skills level. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that counselor supervisees possessing this awareness appear better equipped to deal with the complex problem-solving and social interactions required for successfully counseling clients.
Students' Experiences With Bilingual Counseling, Heather Trepal, Nathaniel Ivers, Anna Lopez
Students' Experiences With Bilingual Counseling, Heather Trepal, Nathaniel Ivers, Anna Lopez
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Multilingual diversity is increasing in the United States. In response, more counselors are providing bilingual counseling services. However, little is known about their experiences. This qualitative, phenomenological study examined six mental health counseling students' experiences with providing counseling services in a second language. Analyses revealed that, although unintentional, these students found their experience with bilingual counseling both challenging and connecting. Implications for counselor educators and supervisors are discussed.
Integrating Continuous Client Feedback Into Counselor Education, Christopher D. Schmidt
Integrating Continuous Client Feedback Into Counselor Education, Christopher D. Schmidt
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Researchers show that the integration of continuous client feedback mechanisms provides many benefits to treatment including enhanced effectiveness and a reduction in early terminations. Although practitioners in the field are increasing their use of this evidence-based practice, counselor educators may not be promoting it. The author suggests that as counselor educators introduce evidence-based practices to their students, they should examine the potential benefits of teaching and practicing continuous client feedback. The article provides both the reasoning behind and recommendations for integrating continuous client feedback into the curriculum of counseling programs