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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Communication About Pornography And Relationship Quality In Different-Gender Couples, Rachel Ann Augustus
Communication About Pornography And Relationship Quality In Different-Gender Couples, Rachel Ann Augustus
Theses and Dissertations
Scholars have begun to suggest factors that explain and influence the association between pornography use and relationship outcomes but further work is still needed. Communication about pornography is one variable that may be influential but it has yet to be considered in this way. Using a dyadic sample of 713 different-gender couples, I used Actor-Partner Structural Equation Modeling to analyze associations between pornography use (male pornography use, joint pornography use and female pornography use) and relational quality (from the perspective of each partner, respectively), associations between communication about pornography and relationship quality. Communication about pornography was also considered as a …
Women's Response To Spousal Pornography Use: A Grounded Theory, Misha Duncan Crawford
Women's Response To Spousal Pornography Use: A Grounded Theory, Misha Duncan Crawford
Theses and Dissertations
Empirical research suggests that married women may more commonly experience spousal pornography use as a relational attachment threat and are more likely to experience negatively associated relational outcomes such as distress and loss of trust. The purpose of this study was to develop a grounded theory of women’s response to concealed spousal pornography use. This study included the experiences of 30 women who reported spousal pornography use as a threat to relational attachment and demonstrated evidence of individual and relational healing thereafter. The research question, “How do women describe the experience of learning of their spouse’s pornography use and the …
Warning! Explicit Material: The Effects Of Adolescent Pornography Use On Risky Sexual Behavior Over Time, Emily Jensen-Schvaneveldt
Warning! Explicit Material: The Effects Of Adolescent Pornography Use On Risky Sexual Behavior Over Time, Emily Jensen-Schvaneveldt
Theses and Dissertations
This study explored the longitudinal effects of adolescent pornography trajectories on risky sexual behavior, as well as predictors of pornography trajectories. Data was taken from Waves V-X of the Flourishing Families Project, which included a sample of 463 families. A zero-inflated Poisson growth mixture model was run to determine class participation and growth trajectories. Findings revealed that gender and religiosity significantly predicted class participation, and class participation significantly predicted risky sexual behavior. While this study did have limitations, this study adds to the previous literature by examining adolescent pornography trajectories over an extended period of time.
Pinpointing Pornography's Effects: Paring Off The Influences Of Masturbation, Sexual Desire Discrepancy, And Sexual Engagement In Heterosexual Dyads, Brady C. Eisert
Pinpointing Pornography's Effects: Paring Off The Influences Of Masturbation, Sexual Desire Discrepancy, And Sexual Engagement In Heterosexual Dyads, Brady C. Eisert
Theses and Dissertations
Pornography has increasingly become a hot topic of discussion in the United States, likely due to its increasing rate of consumption. Recent scholarship has indicated the need to account for factors such as masturbation and sexual desire discrepancy when conducting pornography research. The current study isolated the influence pornography use had on those in heterosexual romantic relationships (N=713 couples) by parsing out the effects of sexual desire discrepancy and masturbation. This was done by using a series of nested actor-partner interdependence models (APIM) to see how the relationships between pornography use and sexual satisfaction changed in each model. Masturbation and …
Understanding Relapse In Self-Perceived Problematic Pornography Users, Erin L. Rackham
Understanding Relapse In Self-Perceived Problematic Pornography Users, Erin L. Rackham
Theses and Dissertations
This study explored reasons for relapse among a sample of 938 self-identified problematic pornography users. A combination of numeric content analysis and qualitative coding of responses to an open-ended question about pornography relapse revealed six main categories of reasons for relapse. The mental, emotional, and relational categories were then analyzed in detail, and this analysis revealed significant overlap of responses from the emotional and relational categories. Hence, a new category of relational-emotional reasons for relapse was created and analyzed. The findings from this study highlight the complex interactions of different types of factors driving relapse in self-perceived problematic pornography users …
Domestic Bliss, Or Technological Diss? Problematic Media Use, Attachment, And Relationship Outcomes, Mccall A. Booth
Domestic Bliss, Or Technological Diss? Problematic Media Use, Attachment, And Relationship Outcomes, Mccall A. Booth
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine how problematic media use (technoference, internet gaming disorder symptoms, and pornography use) predicted later partner relationship outcomes, operating through the mediator of attachment behaviors. Participants (N = 1039) were from Waves II–IV of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study, a nationally representative quantitative study on marriage relationships across the United States. Both spouses completed surveys reporting problematic media use, attachment behaviors, and relationship outcomes at three separate time points each spaced a year apart. In order to test the hypotheses, three longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models with indirect paths were estimated, …
Do You Feel In Control? Sexual Desire, Sexual Passion Expression, And Associations With Perceived Compulsivity To Pornography And Pornography Use Frequency, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby
Do You Feel In Control? Sexual Desire, Sexual Passion Expression, And Associations With Perceived Compulsivity To Pornography And Pornography Use Frequency, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby
Faculty Publications
Previous scholars have found that when individuals feel that pornography use is uncontrollable, it is linked to more extreme negative outcomes than frequency of use. With a Mechanical Turk sample of 1421 individuals, we used structural equation modeling to evaluate how multiple aspects of sexual desire (sexual drive and dyadic desire) and multiple aspects of sexual passion expression (harmonious, obsessive, and inhibited) were associated with both pornography use frequency and perceived compulsivity to pornography. In general, sexual desire was more connected to pornography use and sexual passion was more connected to perceived compulsivity. Specifically, sexual drive was associated with higher …
What Motives Drive Pornography Consumption, Charlotte R. Esplin
What Motives Drive Pornography Consumption, Charlotte R. Esplin
Theses and Dissertations
Pornography use has become widespread and mainstream in American society, with estimates that 60% of men and 35% of women have viewed pornography at some time in the last year. Pornography use has been associated with both positive and negative outcomes depending on the user, and some of these conflicting results may stem from problematic measurement. Using a newly validated measure that assesses frequency, duration, arousal, and deliberate or accidental exposure to seven common types of pornography, we sought to understand if the motivations to view pornography differed depending on biological sex of the user and the type of use …
Measuring The Multidimensional Construct Of Pornography: A Long And Short Version Of The Pornography Usage Measure, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen
Measuring The Multidimensional Construct Of Pornography: A Long And Short Version Of The Pornography Usage Measure, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen
Faculty Publications
With the increase in the availability and usage of pornography, the research on the effects of pornography has also increased. This research has uncovered several controversies in the field regarding how pornography usage influences attitudes, sexual behaviors, and relationships. However, many of the measures of pornography are problematic as there is often little reliability and validity information for them and it is not clear that participants in these research studies are referring to the same types of materials when they answer pornography usage questions. Consequently, many of the research findings are suspect and it is crucial to develop reliable and …
What Is The Relationship Between Religiosity, Self-Perceived Problematic Pornography Use, And Depression Over Time?, Meghan Elizabeth Maddock
What Is The Relationship Between Religiosity, Self-Perceived Problematic Pornography Use, And Depression Over Time?, Meghan Elizabeth Maddock
Theses and Dissertations
Previous studies suggest that religious individuals are more likely than non-religious individuals to perceive their pornography use as problematic. For our six-month longitudinal study, we recruited a sample of adults from Turkprime.com. We hypothesized that more religious individuals who use pornography at baseline would report higher self-perceived problematic pornography use at three months, which would be associated with higher depression at six months. We constructed and validated our own measure of self-perceived problematic pornography use, which included two factors: excessive pornography use and compulsive pornography use. We ran two separate structural equation models, one with excessive use at three months …
The Experience Of Sexual Betrayal Trauma: A Qualitative Analysis Of Responses From The Trauma Inventory For Partners Of Sex Addicts (Tipsa), Laurel Kaylee Williams
The Experience Of Sexual Betrayal Trauma: A Qualitative Analysis Of Responses From The Trauma Inventory For Partners Of Sex Addicts (Tipsa), Laurel Kaylee Williams
Theses and Dissertations
Partners of sex addicts report symptoms similar to those of post-traumatic stress disorder in a mental health crisis known as betrayal trauma. Behaviors that constitute sexual addiction include viewing pornography, a behavior often claimed to affect no one but the user. This article presents an analysis of 1,191 qualitative responses to an item on the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA), with particular emphasis on respondents’ self-reported disruption to relationships outside of the marriage/romantic relationship (e.g., with their children, employers, friends) following discovery of betrayal. Phenomenological analysis was conducted on participants’ responses to determine if other relationships are/are …
The Pornography Debate: Religiosity And Support For Censorship, Brian A. Droubay, Robert P. Butters, Kevin Shafer
The Pornography Debate: Religiosity And Support For Censorship, Brian A. Droubay, Robert P. Butters, Kevin Shafer
Faculty Publications
Pornography has become an increasingly salient topic in public discourse. We sought to better understand the role of religiosity in shaping people’s support of policy stances against pornography, in the form of censorship, using nationally representative data from the 2014 General Social Survey (n = 1676). Results from logistic regression indicate that high religiosity significantly increases odds of supporting censorship. Holding control variables at their sample means, the least religious persons had a predicted probability of 0.09 of supporting censorship, compared to 0.57 for the most religious respondents. We discuss these findings within the context of the current public …
An Organizational Framework For Sexual Media’S Influence On Short-Term Versus Long-Term Sexual Quality, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Travis J. Spencer, Mark H. Butler, Alex C. Theobald
An Organizational Framework For Sexual Media’S Influence On Short-Term Versus Long-Term Sexual Quality, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Travis J. Spencer, Mark H. Butler, Alex C. Theobald
Faculty Publications
Although research has suggested a net negative influence of sexual media on sexual quality, enough researchers have found results suggesting that sexual media has no effect or a positive influence that the matter warrants further investigation. We present an organizational framework utilizing primarily the acquisition, activation, application model (3AM), and the Antecedents-Context-Effects model (ACE) to reconcile these apparently contradictory claims. By synthesizing these theories, we suggest that to truly understand the impact of sexual media on sexual quality, four factors must be taken into account: (1) the content of the sexual media being viewed, (2) the difference between short-term and …
Redefining The Measurement Of Pornography Consumption, Stephen Hatch, Dr. Scott Braithwaite
Redefining The Measurement Of Pornography Consumption, Stephen Hatch, Dr. Scott Braithwaite
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Pornography consumption has grown over the past decade with the industry’s leading providers reporting billions of more views with each passing year (Pornhub.com, 2015). The Internet has facilitated the social acceptance and spread of pornographic material, and it is believed that approximately 40 million Americans view pornography regularly. With such a large number of Americans viewing pornography, and providers reporting more video views, it is unsurprising to learn that the pornography industry generates more income than professional basketball, football, and baseball combined (Cooper, 1998; Ropelato, 2006).
Navigating The Teen Years: The Adolescent Brain And Christ’S Atonement, Mark H. Butler, Genevieve L. Smith
Navigating The Teen Years: The Adolescent Brain And Christ’S Atonement, Mark H. Butler, Genevieve L. Smith
Faculty Publications
Like other spiritually sincere youth, Caleb struggles with pornography use. At first, he was repulsed by it, but he found himself drawn back to it. The arousal was preoccupying and pleasurable. Pornography use became a habit. He still wanted to go on a mission, marry in the temple, be a worthy father. Repeatedly, he resolved to stop using pornography. He felt anger and shame every time he fell short. Caleb became discouraged and felt like he could never change. He felt that he didn’t deserve God’s or anyone else’s love and forgiveness because of all his broken promises.
Evaluating The Dimensionality Of Pornography, Dean M. Busby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen, Brian J. Willoughby
Evaluating The Dimensionality Of Pornography, Dean M. Busby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen, Brian J. Willoughby
Faculty Publications
Pornography may be a construct with a single trait or one with many traits. Research in the past was inconsistent in this regard with most researchers assuming that pornography was unidimensional (with one single trait of pornography). However, the considerable amounts of residual variation found in these studies beyond that explained by the single trait hints at what might be a multidimensional construct (with multiple traits such as sensitization and differentiation). Consequently, in this study, we intended to address the question of whether pornography consisted of a single trait or if it was multidimensional. Using MTurk, 2173 participants from the …
Understanding And Predicting Classes Of College Students Who Use Pornography, Cameron C. Brown, Jared A. Durtschi, Jason S. Carroll, Brian J. Willoughby
Understanding And Predicting Classes Of College Students Who Use Pornography, Cameron C. Brown, Jared A. Durtschi, Jason S. Carroll, Brian J. Willoughby
Faculty Publications
Despite the widespread acceptance and use of pornography, much remains unknown about the heterogeneity among consumers of pornography. Using a sample of 457 college students from a mid-western university in the United States, a latent profile analysis was conducted to identify unique classifications of pornography users considering motivations of pornography use, level of pornography use, age of user, degree of pornography acceptance, and religiosity. Results indicated three classes of pornography users: Porn Abstainers (n = 285), Auto-Erotic Porn Users (n = 85), and Complex Porn Users (n = 87). These three classes of pornography use are carefully …
A Common-Fate Analysis Of Pornography Acceptance, Use, And Sexual Satisfaction Among Heterosexual Married Couples, Cameron C. Brown, Jason S. Carroll, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Jeffrey H. Larson
A Common-Fate Analysis Of Pornography Acceptance, Use, And Sexual Satisfaction Among Heterosexual Married Couples, Cameron C. Brown, Jason S. Carroll, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Jeffrey H. Larson
Faculty Publications
Using matched, heterosexual couple data from the Relationship Evaluation Questionnaire (RELATE; n = 326 couples), an adapted common-fate approach was used to examine both common and unique attributes of husbands’ and wives’ acceptance of pornography and sexual satisfaction as well as husbands’ and wives’ pornography use. It was expected that spouses’ unique as well as shared variance of pornography acceptance would be significantly associated with husbands’ and wives’ levels of personal pornography use and that these use patterns would be significantly associated with husbands’ and wives’ unique as well as shared variance of sexual satisfaction. It was also expected that …
Pornography Use And Dating Patterns Among Young Adults, Bonnie Young, Brian Willoughby
Pornography Use And Dating Patterns Among Young Adults, Bonnie Young, Brian Willoughby
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Pornography use is known to be disruptive in relationships by creating unrealistic expectations for intimacy and partner image (Daneback, Træen, &Mansson, 2009; Yucel & Gassanov, 2009). This is significant because as emerging adults are searching for potential marriage partners, dating practices may be negatively influenced by attitudes and practices rooted in pornography exposure. By understanding the relationships between dating and pornography viewing behaviors, we will be able to understand the best way to help individuals struggling to date because of pornography related behaviors and more generally how pornography is generally influencing the dating culture among young adults. This will lead …
Differences In Pornography Use Among Couples: Associations With Satisfaction, Stability, And Relationship Processes, Brian J. Willoughby, Jason S. Carroll, Dean M. Busby, Cameron C. Brown
Differences In Pornography Use Among Couples: Associations With Satisfaction, Stability, And Relationship Processes, Brian J. Willoughby, Jason S. Carroll, Dean M. Busby, Cameron C. Brown
Faculty Publications
The present study utilized a sample of 1755 adult couples in heterosexual romantic relationships to examine how different patterns of pornography use between romantic partners may be associated with relationship outcomes. While pornography use has been generally associated with some negative and some positive couple outcomes, no study has yet explored how differences between partners may uniquely be associated with relationship well-being. Results suggested that greater discrepancies between partners in pornography use were related to less relationship satisfaction, less stability, less positive communication, and more relational aggression. Mediation analyses suggested that greater pornography use discrepancies were primarily associated with elevated …
Does Pornography Consumption Increase Participation In Friends With Benefits Relationships?, Scott R. Braithwaite, Sean C. Aaron, Krista Joy Dowdle, Kersti A. Spjut, Frank D. Fincham
Does Pornography Consumption Increase Participation In Friends With Benefits Relationships?, Scott R. Braithwaite, Sean C. Aaron, Krista Joy Dowdle, Kersti A. Spjut, Frank D. Fincham
Faculty Publications
Friends with benefits (FWB) relationships integrate two types of relationships—friendship and a relationship that includes sexual intimacy but without an expectation of commitment. These relationships are often seen as less risky than other casual sexual behaviors, but they still pose a high risk of contracting an STI. Pornography consumption has been connected to increases in risky sexual behavior in other types of casual sex. In two studies (Study 1 N = 850; Study 2 N = 992), we examined the hypothesis that pornography use influences FWB behaviors, specifically through the mechanism of sexual scripts. Our results demonstrate that more frequent …
The Influence Of Pornography On Sexual Scripts And Hooking Up Among Emerging Adults In College, Scott Braithwaite, Gwen Coulson, Krista Keddington, Frank D. Fincham
The Influence Of Pornography On Sexual Scripts And Hooking Up Among Emerging Adults In College, Scott Braithwaite, Gwen Coulson, Krista Keddington, Frank D. Fincham
Faculty Publications
The explosive growth in access to the Internet has led to a commensurate increase in the availability, anonymity, andaffordabilityofpornography.Anemergingbodyofresearch has shown associations between pornography and certain behaviors and attitudes; yet, how pornography actually influences these outcomes has not been documented. In two studies (Study 1N=969; Study 2N=992) we examined the hypothesis that pornography influences potentially risky sexual behavior (hooking up) among emerging adults via sexual scripts. Our results demonstrate that more frequent viewing of pornography is associated with a higher incidence of hooking up and a higher number of unique hook up partners. We replicated these effects both cross-sectionally and …
The Influence Of Pornography On Sexual Scripts And Hooking Up Among Emerging Adults In College, Scott R. Braithwaite, Gwen Coulson, Krista Keddington, Frank D. Fincham
The Influence Of Pornography On Sexual Scripts And Hooking Up Among Emerging Adults In College, Scott R. Braithwaite, Gwen Coulson, Krista Keddington, Frank D. Fincham
Faculty Publications
The explosive growth in access to the Internet has led to a commensurate increase in the availability, anonymity, and affordability of pornography. An emerging body of research has shown associations between pornography and certain behaviors and attitudes; yet, how pornography actually influences these outcomes has not been documented. In two studies (Study 1N=969; Study 2N=992) we examined the hypothesis that pornography influences potentially risky sexual behavior (hooking up) among emerging adults via sexual scripts. Our results demonstrate that more frequent viewing of pornography is associated with a higher incidence of hooking up and a higher number of unique hook up …
The Relationship Between Male Partner's Pornography Use And Couples' Attachment, Andrew P. Brown
The Relationship Between Male Partner's Pornography Use And Couples' Attachment, Andrew P. Brown
Theses and Dissertations
Adult attachment theory continues to play an important role in explaining pathology within couples. Pornography is becoming more and more pervasive since the inception of the internet. This study looked at the relationship between insecure attachment, accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement with frequency of male pornography use. Little is known about pornography use and its impact on couple dynamics. This study specifically looked at pornography use predicting insecure attachment within couples. The sample was taken from the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE) and consisted of 189 couples. Male pornography use was found to be a predictor of insecure attachment …
Examining The Mediating Factors Between Religiosity And Pornography Use In Adolescents, Michael A. Steelman
Examining The Mediating Factors Between Religiosity And Pornography Use In Adolescents, Michael A. Steelman
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine relations between adolescent religiosity and pornography use, and the roles of self-regulation, attitudes towards pornography, and social control as mediators of these relations. It was hypothesized that religiosity would protect adolescents from exposure to pornography by increasing their self-regulation capacity, their conservative attitudes about pornography, and their perceived social norms regarding pornography. The sample consisted of 419 adolescents (ages 15 - 18 years; M age = 15.68, SD = .98; 56% male) recruited online from across the U.S. Participants completed an online survey. All variables were bivariately associated as expected. Path models …
“I Believe It Is Wrong But I Still Do It”: A Comparison Of Religious Young Men Who Do Versus Do Not Use Pornography, Larry J. Nelson, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Jason S. Carroll
“I Believe It Is Wrong But I Still Do It”: A Comparison Of Religious Young Men Who Do Versus Do Not Use Pornography, Larry J. Nelson, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Jason S. Carroll
Faculty Publications
While researchers have found a negative association between religiosity and pornography use, little, if any, research has examined the specific aspects of religiosity that might be related the use of pornography. Therefore, the purpose of this study of religious young men was to compare those who view pornography with those who do not on indices of (a) family relationships, (b) religiosity (i.e., beliefs, past/present personal religious practices, and past family religious practices), and (c) personal characteristics (identity development, depression, self-esteem, and drug use). Participants were 192 emerging-adult men ages 18-27 (M age = 21.00, SD = 3.00) attending a …
Pornography Viewing As Attachment Trauma In Pair-Bond Relationships-A Theoretical Model Of Mechanisms., Spencer T. Zitzman
Pornography Viewing As Attachment Trauma In Pair-Bond Relationships-A Theoretical Model Of Mechanisms., Spencer T. Zitzman
Theses and Dissertations
Online sexual activities, including pornography use, have drastically increased in recent years. Many studies have examined the impact that pornography use can have on marriages and families. One of the key findings has been that pornography use can negatively impact trust in relationships. This study focused on understanding the mechanisms involved when a husband's pornography use negatively impacts his marital relationship and his wife's emotional well-being. Through qualitative analysis of interviews of 14 wives who received therapy because of their husband's pornography use, the analytic team found (1) a breakdown of expectations and assumptions central to the marriage, (2) a …
The Use Of Viewing Time Of Non-Erotic Visual Stimuli To Differentiate Between Frequent Pornography Users And Infrequent Users, Brian James Sneed
The Use Of Viewing Time Of Non-Erotic Visual Stimuli To Differentiate Between Frequent Pornography Users And Infrequent Users, Brian James Sneed
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a measure of viewing time that uses non-erotic visual stimuli can differentiate between frequent users and infrequent users of pornography. Thirty-six male participants were classified as infrequent pornography users and 37 as frequent users. Participants completed a questionnaire and were asked to rate a variety of images, both male and female of varying ages, on their sexual attractiveness. Individuals were timed as to how long they looked at each image. The groups were then compared based upon their viewing time of several categories. No statistically significant differences were detected. The temporal …
A Qualitative Study Of The Supports Women Find Most Beneficial When Dealing With A Spouse's Sexually Addictive Or Compulsive Behaviors, Jill Christine Manning
A Qualitative Study Of The Supports Women Find Most Beneficial When Dealing With A Spouse's Sexually Addictive Or Compulsive Behaviors, Jill Christine Manning
Theses and Dissertations
While not included in the diagnostic classifications of sexual disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), sexual addictions and compulsivities are increasingly being encountered by mental health professionals, and the field of sexual addictions is gaining wider acceptance (Delmonico & Carnes, 1999; Garos, 1997). Research shows the majority of people struggling with sexual addictions and compulsivities involving the Internet are married, heterosexual males (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000), and that women who are married to these men are directly impacted by this problem (Schneider, 2000b). Although there is research on many issues relating to wives of …
A Pilot Study Considering The Impact Of Husband's Internet Based Pornography Use Upon Marital Adjustment, Satisfaction, And Intimacy Within A Clinical Sample., Anthony T. Alonzo
A Pilot Study Considering The Impact Of Husband's Internet Based Pornography Use Upon Marital Adjustment, Satisfaction, And Intimacy Within A Clinical Sample., Anthony T. Alonzo
Theses and Dissertations
With increased access and use of pornography over the internet, the association between pornography use and marital distress needed to be examined in a quantitative manner. There was a need to discover if, and or how, marital relationships are impacted by internet pornography use. Assessment instruments were used to measure internet pornography use (Internet Sex Screen Test revised for pornography), marital adjustment (Marital Adjustment Test items #1 and #14), marital satisfaction (Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale), and marital intimacy (Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships). The results of this study suggested the following; there was a significant positive relationship between the …