Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

R&D Policy In The United States: The Promotion Of Nanotechnology, Philip Shapira, Jue Wang

Philip Shapira

This case study reviews the evolution of nanotechnology policies and programmes in the United States with a particular focus on three thematic areas: governance, interactions among R&D policies, and interaction between R&D policy and non-R&D policies. Federal R&D policy in nanotechnology has moved through several stages, including initial exploration before the 1980s, the promotion of scientific and technological breakthroughs in the 1980s, policy development in the 1990s and multiagency national initiatives in the 2000s. Since 2001, the major federal R&D policy mechanism in nanotechnology in the US has been the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). NNI promotes policy deliberation and, most …

Defining A Research Domain In An Emerging Technology: Vaccine Research In The State Of Georgia, Shannon Barker, Jan Youtie, Philip Shapira

Philip Shapira

This paper presents an approach for measuring emerging technologies in the context of mature industries. In particular, this article focuses on vaccine-related research. Although vaccines comprise an established industry, new developments in biotechnology have led to emerging area in vaccine R&D, including therapeutic vaccines; subunit and DNA-based vaccines; advances in vaccine delivery; and new methodologies for vaccine design, manufacturing, and testing. Defining this field is challenging because it spans multiple disciplines, including biotechnology, public health, and epidemiology. To gain an understanding of the field as it is related to biomedical research, we focused our study parameters to concentrate on these …

Testimony On Broadband To Senate Committee On Small Business And Entrepreneurship, Scott J. Wallsten

Scott J. Wallsten

No abstract provided.

The Concept Of Resources In Triz, Umakant Mishra

Umakant Mishra

An ideal system should have all advantages and no harms. If the resources consumed are expensive than the output produced then the invented system becomes ridiculous. The objective should be to use least amount of resources, cheapest resources, easily available resources and resources available within the system.

Every system intends to achieve a main useful function. The use of resources should target to improve its main useful function. If certain parts of a system or certain resources lead to unwanted functions or harmful effects then that part of the system needs to be modified and those resources need to be …

El Staff Presidencial En México. Del Secretario Particular A Las Oficinas De La Presidencia, J. R. Joel Flores-Mariscal

J. R. Joel Flores-Mariscal

No abstract provided.

The Production Of Knowledge In Applied Sociology, Manuel Fernández-Esquinas

Manuel Fernández-Esquinas

This paper examines knowledge resulting from applied sociology, namely from sociological research oriented towards resolving practical problems rather than providing new contributions to our understanding of social phenomena. Departing from James Coleman’s analytical distinction between ‘the world of discipline’ and ‘the world of action’, I draw a conceptual framework which depicts the main dimensions of typical organizational arrangements for doing basic and applied sociological work. Secondly, I analyze applied sociology as a set of social and political conditions where research is produced. These conditions usually give rise to descriptions and, on occasions, to empirical generalizations, whereas results contrasting important theoretical …

La Encuesta Como Tecnología Social, Manuel Fernández-Esquinas, Rafaela Sotomayor-Lozano

Manuel Fernández-Esquinas

Este artículo realiza un análisis de las encuestas sociales entendidas como tecnología social. Las encuestas no son exactamente una ciencia. Son tecnologías que aúnan un conjunto de conocimientos procedentes de varias disciplinas con un objetivo práctico. Para ello se requieren formas organizativas que articulan recursos materiales y humanos para producir un resultado aceptable en un periodo de tiempo y con unos recursos limitados. Desde este punto de vista, el artículo se divide en dos partes. La primera parte se ocupa de la necesidad de combinar adecuadamente varios tipos de conocimientos para obtener resultados de calidad en las encuestas. Se tratan …

Organizational And Functional Dilemmas In Large Public Research Centers: The Spanish National Research Council Csic, Manuel Fernández-Esquinas, Jesús Sebastián, Javier López-Facal, Enrique Tortosa-Martorell

Manuel Fernández-Esquinas

What factors affect the organizational models of the large national public research centers? How does organizational change affect the nature of the scientific activities they perform? This article uses the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) to illustrate an institutional change process taking into account the tension that exists between the public status of research centers and the high level of independence of its scientific communities. The main purpose is to explain how changes in the CSIC’s internal power structure, along with the relationships with external funding and evaluation agencies, cause those research practices considered most legitimate to emerge and …

Sociología Del Conocimiento, De La Ciencia Y De La Tecnología En España, María Teresa González-De-La-Fe, Cristóbal Torres-Albero, Manuel Fernández-Esquinas

Manuel Fernández-Esquinas

No abstract provided.

Applied Cultural Theory As A Tool In Policy Analysis, Robert Hoppe

Robert Hoppe

No abstract provided.

A Regulatory Play In Two Acts, Scott J. Wallsten

Scott J. Wallsten

No abstract provided.

Criteria For Manual Clustering Of Verb Senses, Cecily Jill Duffield, Jena D. Hwang, Susan Windisch Brown, Dmitriy Dligach, Sarah E. Vieweg, Jenny Davis, Martha Palmer

Sarah E. Vieweg

No abstract provided.

Criteria For The Manual Grouping Of Verb Senses, Cecily Jill Duffield, Jena D. Hwang, Susan Windisch Brown, Dmitriy Dligach, Sarah E. Vieweg, Jenny Davis, Martha Palmer

Sarah E. Vieweg

No abstract provided.

Crisis Informatics: Studying Crisis In A Networked World.”, Leysia Palen, Sarah Vieweg, Jeannette Sutton, Sophia B. Liu, Amanda L. Hughes

Sarah E. Vieweg

No abstract provided.

Vom Rechenautomaten Zum Elektronischen Medium: Eine Kurze Geschichte Des Interaktiven Computers, Michael Friedewald

Michael Friedewald

No abstract provided.

Understanding Virtuality: Contributions From Goffman’S "Frame Analysis", Joann Brooks

JoAnn M. Brooks

Virtual interactions are normally assumed to be separate and distinct from the “real world,” yet they are also situated within material reality. In this paper I propose that a situated approach to understanding virtuality can be developed through drawing from Goffman’s Frame Analysis (1974/1986). I explain how Goffman’s terminology and concepts afford a way of integrating the study of virtual interaction with the study of social interaction more generally. His frame analysis approach offers constructs useful for distinguishing virtual worlds from each other and from real worlds in a way that is consonant with perspectives on human-computer interaction. His language …