Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Race and Ethnicity

Series

2019

Institution
Keyword
Publication

Articles 1 - 30 of 191

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

The Tradition Of Cassava Rice Eating: Communication Patterns Of Sunda Wiwitan Indigenous Families In Cultural Heritage In Cireundeu Village, Cimahi City, West Java, Nanda Utaridah, Antar Venus, Atwar Bajari, Dadang Suganda Dec 2019

The Tradition Of Cassava Rice Eating: Communication Patterns Of Sunda Wiwitan Indigenous Families In Cultural Heritage In Cireundeu Village, Cimahi City, West Java, Nanda Utaridah, Antar Venus, Atwar Bajari, Dadang Suganda

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract

The people of Cireundeu Village are known to hold firm Sundanese wiwitan customs and traditions of ancestral heritage that contain local wisdom. The tradition of eating cassava rice has been carried out by indigenous peoples for a hundred years since 1918 for generations. The process of introducing and applying the tradition of eating cassava rice was started by this traditional family in carrying out the inheritance of giving culture to the village of Cireundeu.

This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to three indigenous families in Cireundeu village who have different beliefs and birthplaces. As …


Middle East, North Africa, South Asia Initiative Report, Portland State University. Cultural Resource Centers, Wafaa Almaktari, Bo Koering, Kevin Thomas, Shanice Clark, Stacie Taniguchi, Cynthia Carmina Gómez Dec 2019

Middle East, North Africa, South Asia Initiative Report, Portland State University. Cultural Resource Centers, Wafaa Almaktari, Bo Koering, Kevin Thomas, Shanice Clark, Stacie Taniguchi, Cynthia Carmina Gómez

Cultural Resource Centers Reports and Resources

The Middle East, North Africa, South Asia (MENASA) Initiative was created to address a lack of resources and services to support the MENASA student population at Portland State University (PSU). Formed by a group of undergraduate and graduate MENASA students, and supported administratively by the Cultural Resource Centers, the MENASA Initiative is a student-centered effort with the goal of creating a MENASA Student Center to match the other five Cultural Resource Centers (La Casa Latina Student Center, the Multicultural Student Center, the Native American Student and Community Center, the Pacific Islander, Asian, and Asian American Student Center, and the Pan-African …


Racial Considerations In The Language Used Around Mass Shootings Are Vital, Liz Theriault Dec 2019

Racial Considerations In The Language Used Around Mass Shootings Are Vital, Liz Theriault

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

The Gun Violence Archive has logged 385 mass shootings across the U.S. as of Dec. 1, 2019. Just ��ve days later, on the morning of Dec. 6, another shooting was added to that list, when three were fatally shot and eight injured in the shooting at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Florida.


Navigating Cultures And Development: An Account Of A Female Peace Corps Volunteer In Morocco, Renee Palecek Dec 2019

Navigating Cultures And Development: An Account Of A Female Peace Corps Volunteer In Morocco, Renee Palecek

Stevenson Center for Community and Economic Development—Student Research

Little is known of how the “doers” of development may navigate regarding her community’s culture and her job in international development. This lack of knowledge leads to the erasure of experiences, felt both by the volunteer herself, as well as the community members she works with. Through autoethnographic methodology, and analysis, I retell my experiences and entanglements as a Peace Corps volunteer in Morocco with Moroccan institutions and culture, with my own identities and prior American socialization. I examine three questions: (1) How does the female PCV in Morocco make sense out of and create value from life events, relationships, …


The Black Identity, Hair Product Use, And Breast Cancer Scale, Dede Teteh, Marissa Ericson, Sabine Monice, Lenna Dawkins-Moultin, Nasim Bahadorani, Phyllis Clark, Eudora Mitchell, Lindsey S. Treviño, Adana Llanos, Rick Kittles, Susanne Montgomery Dec 2019

The Black Identity, Hair Product Use, And Breast Cancer Scale, Dede Teteh, Marissa Ericson, Sabine Monice, Lenna Dawkins-Moultin, Nasim Bahadorani, Phyllis Clark, Eudora Mitchell, Lindsey S. Treviño, Adana Llanos, Rick Kittles, Susanne Montgomery

Health Sciences and Kinesiology Faculty Articles

Introduction
Across the African Diaspora, hair is synonymous with identity. As such, Black women use a variety of hair products, which often contain more endocrine-disrupting chemicals than products used by women of other races. An emerging body of research is linking chemicals in hair products to breast cancer, but there is no validated instrument that measures constructs related to hair, identity, and breast health. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the Black Identity, Hair Product Use, and Breast Cancer Scale (BHBS) in a diverse sample of Black women to measure the social and cultural constructs associated …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 14, Wku Student Affairs Dec 2019

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 14, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Dobbs, Jack. Experienced Staff Members Exit Finance Office – Paula Jarboe, Jim Cummings
  • Deppen, Laurel. 3rd Racial Slur Incident Prompts Greek Life Review – Alpha Tau Omega
  • Nutter, Abbey. Students Study the Forgotten History Under Their Feet – Jonesville
  • Chisenhall, Jeremy. A Senior Sign-off: Thanks for Reading This Semester’s News
  • Heichelbech, Evan. Letter from the (Former) Editor: Dear Herald, Thank You
  • Collins, Michael. THC Vapes Continue to Pose a Danger to Public Health – Tetrahydrocannabinol
  • Williams, Matthew. WKU Middle of the Road in Student …


Ua12/2/1 Grad Guide, Wku Student Affairs Dec 2019

Ua12/2/1 Grad Guide, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

Special graduation magazine issue of the College Heights Herald includes articles:

  • Robb, Hayley. Dear Fall 2019 Graduates
  • Graduation Weekend Schedule
  • College of Education & Behavioral Sciences Graduates
  • Norvell, Abbey & Ryan Goodlett. Topping Off the College Years – Mortarboards
  • Gordon Ford College of Business Graduates
  • College of Health & Human Services Graduates
  • Benningfield, Chloe. Graduate Christmas List
  • Ogden College of Science & Engineering Graduates
  • Norvell, Abbey. Picking the Perfect Pair – Shoes
  • Potter College of Arts & Letters Graduates
  • Brandt, Jess. What Kind of Co-Worker Are You?


Latino Immigration And The Importance Of Bilingualism In Children’S Literature, Lauren Bridgeman Dec 2019

Latino Immigration And The Importance Of Bilingualism In Children’S Literature, Lauren Bridgeman

English Class Publications

Sometimes, in life, a person goes through a struggle they cannot identify or explain, but when a book portrays their struggle it helps them come to terms with it. Books do not necessarily solve problems, but they can give people the confidence to name and think differently about them. This notion remains especially true for children because their limited vocabulary hinders their ability to communicate their problems to adults since they themselves cannot put it into words. When they see their struggle played out in books, they gain tools to express themselves. One obstacle children endure but cannot identify is …


The Intergenerational Transmission Of Discrimination: Children’S Experiences Of Unfair Treatment And Their Mothers’ Health At Midlife, Cynthia G. Colen, Qi Li, Corinne Reczek, David R. Williams Dec 2019

The Intergenerational Transmission Of Discrimination: Children’S Experiences Of Unfair Treatment And Their Mothers’ Health At Midlife, Cynthia G. Colen, Qi Li, Corinne Reczek, David R. Williams

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

A growing body of research suggests that maternal exposure to discrimination helps to explain racial disparities in children’s health. However, no study has considered if the intergenerational health effects of unfair treatment operate in the opposite direction—from child to mother. To this end, we use data from mother-child pairs in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to determine whether adolescent and young adult children’s experiences of discrimination influence their mother’s health across midlife. We find that children who report more frequent instances of discrimination have mothers whose self-rated health declines more rapidly between ages 40 and 50 years. Furthermore, …


The Concentration Of Household Income In The United States By Race/Ethnicity, 1967 - 2018, Laird W. Bergad Dec 2019

The Concentration Of Household Income In The United States By Race/Ethnicity, 1967 - 2018, Laird W. Bergad

Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies

Introduction: This report studies income distribution in the United States between 1967 and 2018 by race and ethnicity.

Methods: The data were derived from the US Census Bureau's Historical Income Tables: Income Inequality

Results: The upper 5% of households controlled 17% of total household income in 1967 and 23% in 2018. The upper 20% of households accounted for 44% of all income in 1967 and 52% in 2018. Economic growth, which has been impressive in the period under consideration, did not result in rising household incomes across the social hierarchy. Between 1967 and 2018 the upper 5% of income-earning households …


A Longitudinal Examination Of African American Adolescent Females Detained For Status Offense, Dexter R. Voisin Nov 2019

A Longitudinal Examination Of African American Adolescent Females Detained For Status Offense, Dexter R. Voisin

Faculty Scholarship

Introduction: Behaviors like truancy, running away, curfew violation, and alcohol possession fall under the status offense category and can have serious consequences for adolescents. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency and Prevention Act prohibited detaining status offenders. We explored the degree to which African American adolescent girls were being detained for status offenses and the connections to their behavioral health risks and re-confinement. Methods: 188 African American girls (aged 13–17), recruited from detention facilities, were surveyed at baseline and 3-month follow-ups. Logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of longitudinal re-confinement, controlling for sexual and behavioral health risk factors. Results: One third …


"I Feel Like I'Ve Had A Bag Over My Head:" New Teachers Explore Issues Of Diversity, Power And Justice, Rebecca Buchanan Nov 2019

"I Feel Like I'Ve Had A Bag Over My Head:" New Teachers Explore Issues Of Diversity, Power And Justice, Rebecca Buchanan

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

Over 80 percent of teachers in the U.S. are white, despite an increasingly diverse PK-12 student population (Barnum, 2018). This demographicimperative has prompted teacher education to respond in two diverging ways. The ��rst is to diversify the teaching workforce by increasing the number of teachers of color (Neal, Sleeter, & Kumashiro, 2015). The second is to better prepare a mostly white teaching workforce to work with aracially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse student population (Zeichner, 2009).


Psu Black Studies At Risk, Professor Says: Administration Called Out For Toxic Environment, Beverly Corbell, Ethan Johnson Nov 2019

Psu Black Studies At Risk, Professor Says: Administration Called Out For Toxic Environment, Beverly Corbell, Ethan Johnson

Black Studies Faculty Publications and Presentations

This school year is the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Black Studies Department at Portland State University, a momentous occasion for celebrating the formation of a degree curriculum devoted to the history, culture and politics of black people, but the African-American director of the department doesn’t feel much like celebrating.

Ethan Johnson, who has headed the department for the past 15 years, says the university is failing to support the black studies curriculum and even more is failing to listen to the concerns of minority students and faculty at the school, a result that is disastrous to their …


Ua12/2/1 Adulting, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2019

Ua12/2/1 Adulting, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

Magazine edition of the College Heights Herald includes articles:

  • Robb, Hayley. Dear Reader
  • Certifying Success
  • Navigating Your Faith After College
  • Brandt, Jess. The Post-grad Adjustment Period
  • Morrison, Brittany. How to Dress Professionally
  • Wax On, Wax Off – Waxing the City
  • Christensen, Nicole. Striking a Balance: Combining Passions with Careers
  • A Booth & a Brand – Ashley Rogers, Tapsnap
  • Planning the Perfect Wedding


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 11 [13], Wku Student Affairs Nov 2019

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 11 [13], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Chisenhall, Jeremy. WKU Deals Offer Chances to Study in China – Shaanxi Normal University
  • Collins, Michael. How DACA Rulings Could Affect WKU Students – Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
  • Stahl, Matt. WKU Basketball Records Request Heads to In-camera Review
  • Burris, Lily. 5 Questions with Dean Larry Snyder
  • Lamb, Cassady. Students Can Pay Back Library Fines in a New Way
  • Stack, Madalyn. Editorial Cartoon re: Freedom of the Press
  • Penalizing the Press – China
  • Mattison, Reed. On Ice – SoKY Ice Rink
  • Holland, Kelley. Folklore Class …


Umaine's Wgs Program Hosts A Lecture On Gender-Based Violence, Leela Stockley Nov 2019

Umaine's Wgs Program Hosts A Lecture On Gender-Based Violence, Leela Stockley

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

On Wednesday, Nov. 13, 2019, the University of Maine Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies (WGS) Program hosted Professor Ruth Lewis of Northumbria University in Newcastle, England, for a lecture and discussion on the “New Manifestations and Conceptualizations of Gender-based Violence” brought by technological advancements. The lecture, which was held in the Norman Smith Center, shared Lewis’ extensive research on the subject, which included references to media stories and scholarship, as well as her personal views on how a positive and lasting change could be achieved.


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 12, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2019

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 12, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Lamb, Cassidy & Lily Burris. College Towns Go Blue, Aiding Andy Beshear – Elections
  • Dobbs, Jack. Double-Check – Matt Bevin
  • Rexing, Brody. WKU Retention, Out-of-State Enrollment Improves
  • Nutter, Abbey & Cassady Lamb. New Cash Registers Reduce Waits at On-campus Restaurants
  • Stack, Madalyn. Editorial Cartoon re: Matt Bevin Losing
  • Just Give It Up – Matt Bevin
  • Heath, Esther. Stressful Relief – Kart Racing
  • Tolbert, Eleanor. GypsyMoon Marketplace Increases Draw, Builds Tradition
  • Button, Gabby. Style for All – Paige McKinney, Trash Queen
  • Latture, Katelyn. Pop-up Doughnut Shop …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 11, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2019

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 11, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Nutter, Abbey. Heat Issues Affect 15 Buildings on Campus
  • Decision Day – Election Day
  • Dobbs, Jack. Potter College Has Merger Plan in Midst of CAPE – Comprehensive Academic Program Evaluation
  • Burris, Lily. Paid Parental Leave Policy Could Benefit Multiple Parties
  • Stack, Madalyn. Editorial Cartoon re: Finals
  • Laves, Karl. Letter to the Editor: Get Ahead of the Curve on Finals
  • Warner, Casey. Kentucky’s Heavy Metal Artists Deserve More Support
  • Mallon, Sam. Cynthiana Found Us – Mountain Workshops
  • Martel, Andrew. Philosophy Course Examines Our Darker Sides – …


Editorial: Black Bear Pride Means Protecting Students From Hate Speech, Liz Theriault Nov 2019

Editorial: Black Bear Pride Means Protecting Students From Hate Speech, Liz Theriault

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

On Wednesday, Oct. 30, 2019, Rep. Lawrence Lockman arrived at the University of Maine campus to give a keynote presentation at the “Crisis at the Border; A Citizen’s Guide to Resisting Racist Immigration Policies in Maine” event, organized by the UMaine College Republicans. It did not take long for many UMaine students and alumni to condemn this visit, citing evidence of violent, discriminatory and hateful statements made by Lockman in the past. The controversy stirred up by Rep. Lockman’s visit is a perfect example for how UMaine, its students and its administration need to take a moment to reassess how …


End Racism Protest Is Held On The Umaine Mall, Charles Cramer Nov 2019

End Racism Protest Is Held On The Umaine Mall, Charles Cramer

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

Students, faculty and community members from across the Orono area gathered on Monday to protest online comments made three weeks earlier about Columbus Day and Indigenous American peoples by members of the University of Maine College Republicans (UMCR). The comments in question were initially uploaded to the UMCR’s Facebook page on Oct. 5 and were addressed in an email on Oct. 7 by both UMaine President Joan Ferrini-Mundy and Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students Robert Dana. The email from Ferrini-Mundy and Dana denied that the posts were representative of UMaine’s values, but chose to maintain their …


An Examination Of Cuban-American Social Studies Teachers' Cultural Consciousness Relative To Their Identity, Educational Beliefs, And Curricular Decisions: A Critical Latino Theoretical Perspective, Victor Barrios Nov 2019

An Examination Of Cuban-American Social Studies Teachers' Cultural Consciousness Relative To Their Identity, Educational Beliefs, And Curricular Decisions: A Critical Latino Theoretical Perspective, Victor Barrios

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this research was to examine how five self-identified Cuban-American social studies teachers, in a city where they are viewed as the dominant culture, demonstrated ethnic and cultural identity, expressed educational beliefs on teaching and learning, promoted culturally diverse pedagogy, and approached the official curriculum relative to their cultural consciousness. This study used a qualitative research design with multiple case and cross-case analysis. Critical Latino theory was the theoretical framework employed for social and cultural categories pertinent to Latinx groups. The study found that the teacher-participants in this study reflected a dominant cultural ideology in Miami which influenced …


End Racism Protest Is Held On The Umaine Mall, Charles Cramer Nov 2019

End Racism Protest Is Held On The Umaine Mall, Charles Cramer

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

Students, faculty and community members from across the Orono area gathered on Monday to protest online comments made three weeks earlier about Columbus Day and Indigenous American peoples by members of the University of Maine College Republicans (UMCR). The comments in question were initially uploaded to the UMCR’s Facebook page on Oct. 5 and were addressed in an email on Oct. 7 by both UMaine President Joan Ferrini-Mundy and Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students Robert Dana. The email from Ferrini-Mundy and Dana denied that the posts were representative of UMaine’s values, but chose to maintain their …


End Racism Protest' Is Held On The Umaine Mall, Charles Cramer Nov 2019

End Racism Protest' Is Held On The Umaine Mall, Charles Cramer

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

Students, faculty and community members from across the Orono area gathered on Monday to protest online comments made three weeks earlier about Columbus Day and Indigenous American peoples by members of the University of Maine College Republicans (UMCR). The comments in question were initially uploaded to the UMCR’s Facebook page on Oct. 5 and were addressed in an email on Oct. 7 by both UMaine President Joan Ferrini-Mundy and Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students Robert Dana. The email from Ferrini-Mundy and Dana denied that the posts were representative of UMaine’s values, but chose to maintain their …


Written In Black, White, And Red: An Exploration Of Civilizer Theology In American History, Jeremy Mcginniss Nov 2019

Written In Black, White, And Red: An Exploration Of Civilizer Theology In American History, Jeremy Mcginniss

Master's Theses

This paper proposes an extended definition and discusses examples of civilizer theology within the perceptions and practices of white Protestant American Christianity faith traditions. Civilizer theology is defined as a self-referential, self-fulfilling framework actively shaping the expectations, behaviors and practices of societal norms driving cultural practices. Examples are selected as guided by three significant and interdependent dispositions characterizing civilizer theology: cultural decay/moral decline, authority, and violence. This paper hypothesizes theological interpretation, application and exegesis, mediated by the three dispositions, are deliberately applied to support socio-economic, cultural and political ends with the goal of maintaining power structures benefiting a particular group.


Book Review: The New Immigrant Whiteness: Race, Neoliberalism, And Post-Soviet Migration To The United States, By Claudia Sadowski-Smith, Tim Engles Nov 2019

Book Review: The New Immigrant Whiteness: Race, Neoliberalism, And Post-Soviet Migration To The United States, By Claudia Sadowski-Smith, Tim Engles

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

No abstract provided.


Exposures At Day Labor Corners: Using Existing Georeferenced Data To Describe Features Of Urban Environments, Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer, Amy E Hughes, Sandi L Pruitt Nov 2019

Exposures At Day Labor Corners: Using Existing Georeferenced Data To Describe Features Of Urban Environments, Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer, Amy E Hughes, Sandi L Pruitt

Journal Articles

PURPOSE: Latino day laborers are male immigrants from mainly Mexico and Central America who congregate at corners, that is, informal hiring sites, to solicit short-term employment. Studies describing the occupational environment of Latino day laborers traditionally measure jobsite exposures, not corner exposures. We sought to elucidate exposures at corners by describing their demographic, socioeconomic, occupational, business, built, and physical environmental characteristics and by comparing corner characteristics with other locations in a large urban county in Texas.

METHODS: We used multiple publicly available data sets from the U.S. Census, local tax authority, Google's Nearby Places Application Programming Interface, and Environmental Protection …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 10, Wku Student Affairs Oct 2019

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 95, No. 10, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Deppen, Laurel. Words Are Powerful – Racial Slurs
  • Dobbs, Jack. WKU Fights Declining Student Enrollment
  • Stack, Madalyn. Editorial Cartoon re: Kentucky Loves Andy Beshear
  • Coyle, Cameron. Progressive Policies – Andy Beshear
  • Warner, Casey. Students & Staff Talk Governor’s Race
  • Kohley, Chris. A Moment’s Notice – Taylor Kiser, Firemen
  • Sisler, Julie. Great to Be 21
  • Tolbert, Eleanor. Professor by Day, Sleepy Hollow Resident by Night – Craig Taylor
  • Kieser, Nick. Seniors Lead WKU Soccer in C-USA Tournament Push
  • Gaylord, Kaden. Leading Role – Volleyball
  • Jessie, Alec. …


A Little Controversy: Clarence Little In Our History And On Our Campus, Sierra Semmel Oct 2019

A Little Controversy: Clarence Little In Our History And On Our Campus, Sierra Semmel

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

Clarence Cook Little, or C.C. Little, was the sixth president of the University of Maine, serving from 1922 to 1925. Just prior to his stint as president of UMaine, he served as the president of the University of Michigan for a short period of time. He started the Jackson Lab in Bar Harbor and was a scientist, an academic and a researcher. He was also a eugenicist.


The Controversy Series: Discussing Literary Aspects Of Contemporary Black Poetics, Brielle Hardy Oct 2019

The Controversy Series: Discussing Literary Aspects Of Contemporary Black Poetics, Brielle Hardy

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

Associate English Professor Carla Billitterri delivered her presentation, “Satire, Negation, and Conditional Futurity in Black Poetics” on Thursday, Oct. 24. The talk was part of the Fall 2019 Socialist and Marxist Studies Lecture Controversy Series that is taking place Thursday afternoons in the Bangor Room of the Memorial Union.


Local Student Activist Participates In Portland Ice Protests, Leela Stockley Oct 2019

Local Student Activist Participates In Portland Ice Protests, Leela Stockley

Social Justice: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion

In mid-October, it was announced by the city of Portland, Maine that the city would be opening an office to house United States Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The new office will be located on the fourth floor of One City Center, and officials say that the office will be actively focusing on crimes related to human trafficking, child exploitation, transnational drug trafficking and transnational terrorism rather than illegal immigration and deportation efforts.