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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Effects Of Repeated Lineups And Delay On Eyewitness Identification, Wenbo Lin
The Effects Of Repeated Lineups And Delay On Eyewitness Identification, Wenbo Lin
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Prior eyewitness research has examined the effects of repeated identification procedures and delays on eyewitness identification, but these studies have either confounded these two factors or studied them in isolation. Experiment 1 attempted to disentangle these factors through systematic manipulations of the number of repeated lineups and the length of delay between the original event and the first lineup. Experiment 2 examined whether the length of delay between two lineups (Lineups 1 and 2) affects the subsequent lineup identification decisions. We found that people were more inclined to choose when a lineup was repeated. A longer delay between the crime …
Goats Favour Personal Over Social Information In An Experimental Foraging Task, Luigi Baciadonna, Alan G. Mcelligott, Elodie F. Briefer
Goats Favour Personal Over Social Information In An Experimental Foraging Task, Luigi Baciadonna, Alan G. Mcelligott, Elodie F. Briefer
Alan G. McElligott, PhD
Animals can use their environments more efficiently by selecting particular sources of information (personal or social), according to specific situations. Group-living animals may benefit from gaining information based on the behaviour of other individuals. Indeed, social information is assumed to be faster and less costly to use than personal information, thus increasing foraging efficiency. However, when food sources change seasonally or are randomly distributed, individual information may become more reliable than social information. The aim of this study was to test the use of conflicting personal versus social information in goats (Capra hircus), in a foraging task.We found that goats …
Alternative Measures Of Noncognitive Skills And Their Effect On Retirement Preparation And Financial Capability, Gema Zamarro
Alternative Measures Of Noncognitive Skills And Their Effect On Retirement Preparation And Financial Capability, Gema Zamarro
Education Reform Faculty and Graduate Students Publications
Social science, more than ever, is drawing upon the insights of personality psychology. Though researchers now know that noncognitive skills and personality traits, such as conscientiousness, grit, self-control, or a growth mindset could be important for life outcomes, they struggle to find reliable measures of these skills. Self-reports are often used for analysis, but these measures have been found to be affected by important biases. We study the validity of innovative, more robust measures of noncognitive skills based on performance tasks. Our first proposed measure is an adaptation, for the adult population, of the Academic Diligence Task (ADT) developed and …
A Preliminary Comparison Of Pilots' Weather Minimums And Actual Decision-Making, Nathan W. Walters, Mattie Milner, Daniel A. Marte, Evan A. Adkins, Marie Aidonidis, Matt B. Pierce, Abigail K. Pasmore, Angela Roccasecca, Stephen Rice, Scott R. Winter
A Preliminary Comparison Of Pilots' Weather Minimums And Actual Decision-Making, Nathan W. Walters, Mattie Milner, Daniel A. Marte, Evan A. Adkins, Marie Aidonidis, Matt B. Pierce, Abigail K. Pasmore, Angela Roccasecca, Stephen Rice, Scott R. Winter
National Training Aircraft Symposium (NTAS)
Adverse weather conditions remain a leading contributing factor in general aviation accidents. In compromising situations, such as severe weather, pilots continue to make decisions, which endanger themselves, passengers, and the aircraft. Although technology and training have lowered the risks associated with poor decision making by aviators, they are often still faced with scenarios requiring split second judgments. A countermeasure to these risks is the use of personal weather minimums by pilots. The purpose of this study was to examine pilot’s decision-making and performance, while flying an instrument approach, under extreme conditions of low visibility and ceiling as based on their …
Diversity Team Building: Impact On Virtual Team Performance, Nina C. Magpili-Smith
Diversity Team Building: Impact On Virtual Team Performance, Nina C. Magpili-Smith
Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Although organizations have addressed diversity issues at the organizational-level with resulting positive employee outcomes, lack of scholarly attention to team-level interventions remain. Team-level interventions would benefit organizations more directly as they address issues directly related to task accomplishment. Since diversity may lead to negative performance results for teams, a team building intervention based on the latest empirical research was developed and tested to address the potential performance losses associated to diversity in decision-making teams. The team building intervention provides six crucial elements, namely (1) direct experience of how deep-level team diversity affect team dynamics, (2) diversity education, (3) cultivation of …
Hindsight Bias In Clinical Decision Making, Amanda Beltrani
Hindsight Bias In Clinical Decision Making, Amanda Beltrani
Student Theses
The tendency for an individual to believe that a specific event, in hindsight, was more predictable than it was in foresight is known as hindsight bias. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in the psychological literature across a variety of samples, methodologies, and predictions for decades. The current study used a sample of 95 mental health professionals to explore the impact of advanced outcome knowledge on the decision making process. Participants reviewed a hypothetical risk assessment in the form of a hospital chart and then responded to a series of questions, using only their clinical judgment. Analyses revealed that evaluators who …
Moral Traps: When Self-Serving Attributions Backfire In Prosocial Behavior, Stephanie C. Lin, Julian J. Zlatev, Dale T. Miller
Moral Traps: When Self-Serving Attributions Backfire In Prosocial Behavior, Stephanie C. Lin, Julian J. Zlatev, Dale T. Miller
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Two assumptions guide the current research. First, people's desire to see themselves as moral disposes them to make attributions that enhance or protect their moral self-image: When approached with a prosocial request, people are inclined to attribute their own noncompliance to external factors, while attributing their own compliance to internal factors. Second, these attributions can backfire when put to a material test. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that people who attribute their refusal of a prosocial request to an external factor (e.g., having an appointment), but then have that excuse removed, are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior than …
Cognition And Commerce: The Impact Of Intuitive Judgment And Rational Analysis On Business Decisions, Bridget A. Bicknell
Cognition And Commerce: The Impact Of Intuitive Judgment And Rational Analysis On Business Decisions, Bridget A. Bicknell
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Decision makers who evaluate complex alternatives in real-world decision-making contexts are susceptible to cognitive biases, which can influence judgments, and may result in irrational decisions. Engaging in deliberate, systematic evaluation may reduce the extent to which biases pervade rational judgments (Kahneman, 2011). Previous studies have demonstrated that the deliberate consideration of multiple alternatives is an effective strategy to reduce biases (Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984). However, there is limited research on the effects of deliberate analysis on judgments in business decision-making. The present study examines whether the extent of deliberate analysis would elicit differences in the degree to which judgments …
The Effects Of Delay And Probabilistic Discounting On Green Consumerism, Blake J. Bent
The Effects Of Delay And Probabilistic Discounting On Green Consumerism, Blake J. Bent
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
People have a tendency to discount outcomes that are delayed or probabilistic. In other words, people will sacrifice larger benefits for smaller benefits that are immediate or certain. For many environmentally-friendly (“green”) products, the financial benefits are both delayed and probabilistic. The current study examined how delay and probability, as well as frame and magnitude, influenced consumers’ decisions when comparing a conventional and green product. Participants were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed one of two experiments. In each experiment participants chose between a conventional product (low initial cost, high operating cost) and green product (high initial cost, low …
Thiamine Deficiency And Alcohol Exposure Both Lead To An Impulsive Phenotype, Robin J. Zimmer
Thiamine Deficiency And Alcohol Exposure Both Lead To An Impulsive Phenotype, Robin J. Zimmer
Graduate Dissertations and Theses
The detrimental effects of alcohol consumption, including impulsivity, cognitive inflexibility, and neuropathology, are due to a confluence of factors that often occur in addition to alcoholism. We examined the effects of chronic alcohol exposure and thiamine deficiency (or supplementation) in isolation, as well as in concert, to further our understanding of the independent effects of each treatment and how they interact. Our results demonstrated that both chronic alcohol exposure and moderate thiamine deficiency induce an impulsive phenotype. Importantly, the increased impulsivity induced by thiamine deficiency was protracted as compared to that exhibited after chronic alcohol alone. Additionally, differential pathology was …