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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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Articles 1 - 15 of 15
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Consciousness: Where We Are At, Imants Barušs
Consciousness: Where We Are At, Imants Barušs
Psychology
It is useful every couple of years to take a bird’s eye view of consciousness studies and reflect on what we see. When I look, I still see two streams, one of which is the social and political framework for the study of consciousness, and the other of which is the substance of what we know about consciousness. The former is still largely defined by the extent to which the scientific study of consciousness has been freed from a materialist agenda. The latter includes recent research into the clarity of cognitive functioning in the absence of sufficient neurological support for …
Responses To Intimate Partners’ Attempts To Change Health Behavior: The Role Of Readiness, Kieran T. Sullivan, Lauri A. Pasch, Meredith Schreier, Melissa Healy
Responses To Intimate Partners’ Attempts To Change Health Behavior: The Role Of Readiness, Kieran T. Sullivan, Lauri A. Pasch, Meredith Schreier, Melissa Healy
Psychology
Intimate partners seeking to influence one another’s health may do so by providing support for positive health behavior and attempting to change negative health behavior (social control). Research findings examining the effectiveness of intimate partners’ attempts to influence health behavior are mixed however, and the purpose of the present research is to examine individuals’ responses to hypothetical health behavior influence attempts by an intimate partner. Specifically, we examine the role of readiness to change, cognitive appraisals, and affective responses to partner change attempts. Undergraduate students (n = 185) who reported infrequent exercise or unhealthy eating habits were asked to …
Style Semiotics: The Influence Of Levels Of Professional Style Of Dress On Perceived Competency, Brianna Esparza
Style Semiotics: The Influence Of Levels Of Professional Style Of Dress On Perceived Competency, Brianna Esparza
Psychology
In a consumerist world, where people are regularly bombarded with advertisements promoting products and lifestyles, the public is often convinced that they need to buy a certain product, wear specific clothes, and live a particular life in order to be happy and feel accepted by peers and strangers. The media convinces young girls and women that they need to show off and enhance their feminine features to be well-liked (Goodin, Van Demburg, Murnen, & Smolak, 2001). More and more clothing stores for girls and teens, sell provocative clothing (Goodin, Van Demburg, Murnen, & Smolak, 2001). Although some girls and women …
Follow-Up To An Early Intervention For Parents Of Young Children With Or At-Risk For Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alexandra Payne
Follow-Up To An Early Intervention For Parents Of Young Children With Or At-Risk For Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alexandra Payne
Psychology
The goal of this research was to study a training program for parents of young children with or at genetic risk for autism and assess the program’s impact on self-reported parent stress levels and competence beliefs. The current study was part of a larger parent training project at the Center for Autism and Related Disabilities (CARD) at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Parents completed assessment measures of stress, knowledge, and competence at pre-training, post-training, and again six weeks following the completion of the parent training. Paired samples t-tests were used to assess for significant changes in …
The Intrinsic Motivation Of Immigrant Women In Male-Dominated Fields Of Study, Cassandra Edwards
The Intrinsic Motivation Of Immigrant Women In Male-Dominated Fields Of Study, Cassandra Edwards
Psychology
The present study examined the hypothesis that female students with first- or second-generation immigrant status (vs. their native-born peers) would be better prepared academically and have stronger intentions of pursuing and staying within their current field of study. We focused specifically on students in STEM versus non-STEM fields, as STEM fields are traditionally male-dominated. We predicted that female immigrant STEM majors in particular would not only perform better than their non-immigrant male peers, but also cope with stressors more efficiently and be less vulnerable to stereotype threat. We tested our predictions by assigning participants to one of two possible conditions …
Psychotherapy Clients’ Recalled Treatment Experiences: A Survey Of Perceived Evidence-Based Practice Elements, Yadi Chen
Psychology
Background: Common evidence-based practice (EBPs) elements can be observed across cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) manuals for commonly occurring disorders. Example EBP elements include exposure, cognitive restructuring, teaching active coping skills (e.g., relaxation), enhancing positive affect, and facilitating a positive working alliance. It is unclear if EBP elements are frequently delivered or prioritized in routine psychotherapy. Also, little is known about the prevalence or pervasiveness of EBP elements from the routine clients’ perspective. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess psychotherapy clients’ self-reported retrospective treatment experiences with regard to common EBP elements. Method: Participants (N = 592) …
Investigating The Roles Of Felt Obligation And Politics In The Context Of Procedural Justice-Outcome Relationships, Caitlin Briggs
Investigating The Roles Of Felt Obligation And Politics In The Context Of Procedural Justice-Outcome Relationships, Caitlin Briggs
Psychology
Social Exchange Theory positions employee felt obligation as a mechanism by which organizational justice leads to positive organizational outcomes such as decreased turnover and increased job satisfaction. However, little has been done to test the empirical value of this theoretical claim. Additionally, although organizational politics is generally negatively correlated with justice, investigation of the mechanism by which politics might influence justice is lacking. Here, I look at whether politics has a moderating role on procedural justice and felt obligation, and thus turnover intentions and job satisfaction, or in words, whether politics reduces the positive relationship between procedural justice and felt …
The Contributions Of Perceived Ethnic Discrimination And Rumination To Depression, Anxiety, And Anger In Emerging Adults, Alexis M. Lima
The Contributions Of Perceived Ethnic Discrimination And Rumination To Depression, Anxiety, And Anger In Emerging Adults, Alexis M. Lima
Psychology
Perceived ethnic discrimination (PED), a type of race-based social stress, is conceptualized as a subjective experience of discrimination based on phenotype, linguistic, or cultural characteristics. As an environmental stressor, it is associated with the same negative outcomes as other stressors such as greater depressive and anxious symptoms, poorer academic performance, and poorer health outcomes. Previous research has focused on PED’s association with mental and physical health outcomes, but cognitive factors (i.e., cognitive ruminations, coping strategies, executive functioning) that might mediate or moderate outcomes have received less attention. Moreover, while some research has investigated the associations of anger rumination and perceived …
A Survey Of Ethics Training In Undergraduate Psychology Programs At Jesuit Universities, Thomas G. Plante, Selena Pistoresi
A Survey Of Ethics Training In Undergraduate Psychology Programs At Jesuit Universities, Thomas G. Plante, Selena Pistoresi
Psychology
Training in ethics is fundamental in higher education among both faith-based and secular colleges and universities, regardless of one’s academic major or field of study. Catholic colleges and universities have included moral philosophy, theology, and applied ethics in their undergraduate curricula for generations. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what, if anything, Jesuit college psychology departments are doing to educate psychology majors regarding ethical issues. A survey method was used to assess the psychology departments of all 28 Jesuits colleges and universities in the United States. A total of 21 of the 28 schools responded and completed the …
How Emerging Adults Are Affected By Parental Chronic Illness: A Study Of Psychosocial Functioning And Academic Achievement, Ashley May
Psychology
Chronic illness is widespread and often affects parents, yet the impact of parental chronic illness on emerging adults has been largely ignored by research. The existing literature on the impact of chronic illness on family members suggests spousal and parental caregivers can suffer significant adverse psychological, social, cognitive, and physical consequences. This study was designed to examine the effects of parental chronic illness on children transitioning to adulthood. Participants were asked to complete several questionnaires, which quantified psychosocial and academic functioning of college students. Upon comparing those with parents with chronic illness to those without, we found that emerging adults …
2.5-Year-Olds’ Retention And Generalization Of Novel Words Across Short And Long Delays, Erica H. Wojcik
2.5-Year-Olds’ Retention And Generalization Of Novel Words Across Short And Long Delays, Erica H. Wojcik
Psychology
Two experiments investigated two-year-olds’ retention and generalization of novel words across short and long time delays. Specifically, retention of newly learned words and generalization to novel exemplars or novel contexts were tested 1 min or 1 week after learning. Experiment 1 revealed successful retention as well as successful generalization to both new exemplars and new contexts after a one-minute delay, with no statistical differences between retention and generalization performance for either generalization type. Toddlers tested after a week delay (Experiment 2) showed successful retention and generalization as well, but while context generalization was statistically equivalent to retention accuracy, exemplar generalization …
Post-Training Inactivation Of The Anterior Thalamic Nuclei Impairs Spatial Performance On The Radial Arm Maze, R.E. Harvey, S.M. Thompson, L.M. Sanchez, R.M. Yoder, B.J. Clark
Post-Training Inactivation Of The Anterior Thalamic Nuclei Impairs Spatial Performance On The Radial Arm Maze, R.E. Harvey, S.M. Thompson, L.M. Sanchez, R.M. Yoder, B.J. Clark
Psychology
The limbic thalamus, specifically the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), contains brain signals including that of head direction cells, which fire as a function of an animal's directional orientation in an environment. Recent work has suggested that this directional orientation information stemming from the ATN contributes to the generation of hippocampal and parahippocampal spatial representations, and may contribute to the establishment of unique spatial representations in radially oriented tasks such as the radial arm maze. While previous studies have shown that ATN lesions can impair spatial working memory performance in the radial maze, little work has been done to investigate spatial …
A Modified Peer Rating System To Recognise Rating Skill As A Learning Outcome, Violet Cheung, Saera R. Khan
A Modified Peer Rating System To Recognise Rating Skill As A Learning Outcome, Violet Cheung, Saera R. Khan
Psychology
The peer rating system used here advances the quantitative literacy goals outlined in social sciences. We instituted a mid-semester intervention to teach rating skills and used an objective index to track longitudinal changes of skill mastery over the course of the semester. Seventy-four students in five advanced research classes followed the procedure of the existing peer rating system by completing reading assignments, writing reflections online, engaging in class discussions, rating their peers’ reflections, and receiving feedback of their group effort. Unique to our modified system, peer ratings were compared with each other and also with the instructor ratings to derive …
Cognitive And Neural Consequences Of Memory Suppression In Major Depressive Disorder, M. D. Sacchet, Benjamin Levy, J. P. Hamilton, A. Maksimovskiy, P. T. Hertel, J. Joormann, Michael C. Anderson, A. D. Wagner, I. H. Gotlib
Cognitive And Neural Consequences Of Memory Suppression In Major Depressive Disorder, M. D. Sacchet, Benjamin Levy, J. P. Hamilton, A. Maksimovskiy, P. T. Hertel, J. Joormann, Michael C. Anderson, A. D. Wagner, I. H. Gotlib
Psychology
Negative biases in cognition have been documented consistently in major depressive disorder (MDD), including difficulties in the ability to control the processing of negative material. Although negative information-processing biases have been studied using both behavioral and neuroimaging paradigms, relatively little research has been conducted examining the difficulties of depressed persons with inhibiting the retrieval of negative information from long-term memory. In this study, we used the think/no-think paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the cognitive and neural consequences of memory suppression in individuals diagnosed with depression and in healthy controls. The participants showed typical behavioral forgetting effects, but …
The Cultural Shaping Of Compassion, Birgit Koopmann-Holm, Jeanne L. Tsai
The Cultural Shaping Of Compassion, Birgit Koopmann-Holm, Jeanne L. Tsai
Psychology
In this chapter, we first review the existing literature on cross-cultural studies on compassion. While cultural similarities exist, we demonstrate cultural differences in the conception, experience, and expression of compassion. Then we present our own work on the cultural shaping of compassion by introducing Affect Valuation Theory ( e.g., Tsai, Knutson, & Fung, 2006), our theoretical framework. We show how the desire to avoid feeling negative partly explains cultural differences in conceptualizations and expressions of compassion. Specifically, the more people want to avoid feeling negative, the more they focus on the positive (e.g., comforting memories) than the negative (e.g., the …