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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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Articles 1 - 30 of 120
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Understanding Factors That Influence Black Caregivers' Ongoing Engagement In Behavioral Parent Training Programs, Jennifer L. Tomlin
Understanding Factors That Influence Black Caregivers' Ongoing Engagement In Behavioral Parent Training Programs, Jennifer L. Tomlin
Dissertations (1934 -)
Despite the efficacy of behavioral parent training programs (BPTs) in reducing young children’s challenging behaviors, ongoing caregiver engagement in these skill- based programs is poor, particularly in low-income Black populations. The existing literature relied heavily on associating client demographic variables with treatment attendance and focused almost exclusively on BPTs with older children. Contemporary conceptualizations of engagement view it as a multidimensional construct comprised of cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral components, and prior research has called for continued investigation into the caregiver-therapist alliance and cultural relevance of these treatment programs when looking at ways to increase Black caregiver engagement. The purpose of …
More Than “Just A Friend”: Exploring The Therapeutic Needs Of Adult Survivors Of A Suicide Loss Of A Friend, Kat R. Mcconnell
More Than “Just A Friend”: Exploring The Therapeutic Needs Of Adult Survivors Of A Suicide Loss Of A Friend, Kat R. Mcconnell
Dissertations (1934 -)
Individuals who are bereaved by the suicide loss of a loved one (also known as “suicide survivors”) face high rates of complicated grief, mental illness, social isolation, experiences of stigma, and suicide attempts. While suicide loss therapy (or “postvention”) attracts many individuals grieving familial suicides, those impacted by the suicide loss of a close friend are underrepresented in both individual and group therapies, despite indications that friend suicide survivors are impacted at an equivalent level and frequency to family members. Using a constructivist grounded theory method, this study aimed to investigate the lived experiences and therapeutic needs of 8 adults …
Exemplar Trans-Affirmative Therapists: A Consensual Qualitative Research Study, Shannon Skaistis
Exemplar Trans-Affirmative Therapists: A Consensual Qualitative Research Study, Shannon Skaistis
Dissertations (1934 -)
The consensus approach for psychotherapy with transgender and nonbinary clients (TNB) has come to be known as trans-affirmative psychotherapy (TAP). TAP is influenced by a collection of guidelines and models (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2010; APA, 2015; Chang et al., 2017; Singh & dickey, 2017) and a small number of empirical studies related to psychotherapy with transgender clients (e.g., Elder, 2016; McCullough et al., 2017, Mizock & Lundquist, 2016, Morris et al., 2020). However, the limited empirical research and guidelines provide minimal direction to clinicians working in-session with TNB clients. This study sought to investigate the perceptions of exemplar clinicians’ …
Efficacy Of, And Preference For, A Modification To Differential Reinforcement Procedures, Carissa Basile
Efficacy Of, And Preference For, A Modification To Differential Reinforcement Procedures, Carissa Basile
Dissertations (1934 -)
Tic disorders, such as Tourette’s Syndrome, are chronic, childhood-onset neurological conditions that involve sudden, repetitive, and involuntary motor movements and/or vocalizations. Individuals with tics often experience a premonitory urge, which is an aversive sensation that occurs right before a tic that may functionally influence tics. Previous research has suggested reinforced tic suppression can effectively reduce tics. Although effective, it may be useful to better understand the behavioral contingencies that most effectively lead to suppression. The purpose of the current study was to compare standard reinforced tic suppression with reinforced tic suppression that included an option for participant-initiated breaks using an …
Describing Parents' Beliefs About The Causes Of Mental Health Problems In Youth: Implications For Service Utilization, Madeline Buchanan
Describing Parents' Beliefs About The Causes Of Mental Health Problems In Youth: Implications For Service Utilization, Madeline Buchanan
Dissertations (1934 -)
Parents have an important role in accessing mental health services for youth. Understanding what factors might enhance or impede this process is critical to engaging more children and adolescents in treatment. Evidence suggests parents’ beliefs about the causes of youth mental health problems likely influence mental health service utilization, though existing research is limited. The current study examined parents’ causal beliefs about youth mental health problems and their impact on factors related to help-seeking and service utilization. A diverse group of parents (N = 417; 36.9% non-Hispanic White; 33.3% Black/African American; 29.7% Hispanic/Latino) completed a series of questionnaires via an …
A Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Pilot Trial Of Online-Delivered Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention For Tics-Enhanced, Jordan Stiede
A Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Pilot Trial Of Online-Delivered Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention For Tics-Enhanced, Jordan Stiede
Dissertations (1934 -)
Although studies demonstrate that comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) is more effective than nonspecific supportive therapy in reducing tics and related impairment, there is room for improvement, as up to 47% of treatment seeking youth do not show adequate response to treatment. Accordingly, the current randomized, waitlist-controlled pilot trial examined the preliminary efficacy, acceptability, and durability of online-delivered CBIT-Enhanced (CBIT-E), which included the standard CBIT protocol, plus specific and targeted instrumental conditioning procedures focused on directly reinforcing the use of inhibitory competing responses. The present study also explored differences in tic severity outcomes between CBIT-E participants and waitlist control …
Nondisclosure Of Supervisee Disagreement To Supervisor Feedback: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth A. Tinsley
Nondisclosure Of Supervisee Disagreement To Supervisor Feedback: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth A. Tinsley
Dissertations (1934 -)
Feedback has been described by researchers and supervisors as an important tool of clinical supervision contributing to supervisees’ development (Hein et al., 2011; Jaworski & Kohli, 1991; Nelson et al., 2008; O’Donovan et al., 2011; Sapyta et al., 2005; Worthington, 2006). Because feedback often comes from one perspective, generally the supervisor’s, it seems reasonable to expect supervisors and supervisees may see feedback differently. This difference in perspectives may foster disagreement between the supervisor and supervisee. Not everyone is comfortable discussing disagreement, nor even conflict, which can lead to larger difficulties in supervision. The act of censoring information provided to supervisors …
The Utility Of Clinical And Blood-Based Biomarkers To Discriminate Between Typical And Prolonged Pediatric Mtbi Symptom Recovery, Morgan E. Nitta
The Utility Of Clinical And Blood-Based Biomarkers To Discriminate Between Typical And Prolonged Pediatric Mtbi Symptom Recovery, Morgan E. Nitta
Dissertations (1934 -)
Prolonged recovery following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is poorly understood, particularly in pediatric samples, despite significant work to understand prolonged postconcussive symptoms (PPS). Emerging evidence in adult mTBI literature suggests blood-based biomarkers have diagnostic and prognostic value, but there is limited research examining this in pediatric mTBI. Further, while adult research documents that combining physiological biomarkers, emotional distress and symptom reports more optimally differentiates between mTBI and healthy controls, it is unknown if this finding will replicate in pediatric samples. This project examined foundational relationships between clinical, cognitive, inflammatory markers, and kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites following mTBI in adolescents …
Applying The Vulnerability Stress Adaptation Model To Romantic Relationships Of Couples Raising A Child With Asd, Hillary Katherine Schiltz
Applying The Vulnerability Stress Adaptation Model To Romantic Relationships Of Couples Raising A Child With Asd, Hillary Katherine Schiltz
Dissertations (1934 -)
Cross-sectional evidence indicates that raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with strain on caregivers’ romantic couple relationship, yet many couple relationships thrive (Hock et al., 2012; Markoulakis et al., 2012). Research on general population samples highlights changes in couple romantic relationships across short and longer periods of time (e.g., Karney & Bradbury, 1997); little is known, however, about how the relationships of couples raising a child with ASD unfold and which couples are at greater risk for deterioration than others. According to the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation (VSA) Model, couple romantic relationships are directly shaped by how …
Investigating Beliefs & Attitudes Regarding Equitable Teaching & Discipline Practices: Race Essentialism In Schools, Jamee S. Carroll
Investigating Beliefs & Attitudes Regarding Equitable Teaching & Discipline Practices: Race Essentialism In Schools, Jamee S. Carroll
Dissertations (1934 -)
Black, Latinx, and Indigenous adolescents experience more suspensions, expulsions, and school-based arrests than White students. However, minoritized students do not engage in problematic or disruptive behaviors more frequently but rather at equal or lower rates than their White counterparts. One factor that may contribute to this discipline gap is race essentialism, which is the belief that there are deep-rooted, unalterable traits and abilities unique to each racial group. Race essentialism, which has been linked to stereotyping, prejudice, intergroup trust and closeness, and cognitive flexibility, has not been studied in a school discipline context. Demonstrating associations between race essentialism and teachers’ …
Conditional Risk For Ptsd Traumatically Injured Latinx Sample: Cultural X Biological Model, Claire Maria Bird
Conditional Risk For Ptsd Traumatically Injured Latinx Sample: Cultural X Biological Model, Claire Maria Bird
Dissertations (1934 -)
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder that develops in some people following a traumatic event. Latinx communities in the U.S. are at greater risk of developing this disorder and experiencing more severe and chronic symptomology. This population has also been found to experience greater levels of dissociative experiences – possibly explaining the increased conditional risk for PTSD in this ethnic group. It remains unclear what may be connecting the experience of peritraumatic dissociation to heightened PTSD risk. The current study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining peritraumatic dissociation and the interplay between sociocultural and …
Role Of Cortisol In The Development Of Post-Traumatic Stress And Dysphoria, Devi Jayan
Role Of Cortisol In The Development Of Post-Traumatic Stress And Dysphoria, Devi Jayan
Dissertations (1934 -)
Exposure to a traumatic event is a significant predictor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Identification of specific risk factors for PTSD and depression after trauma exposure has been challenging due to comorbid and heterogeneous presentations of these conditions. Pre-existing research demonstrates reduced cortisol response (hypocortisolism) in chronic PTSD and an exaggerated cortisol response (hypercortisolism) in depression. The current longitudinal study examined cortisol response following a traumatic injury as a potential biomarker for deciphering specific risk for PTSD, depression, and PTSD depression comorbidity. Saliva samples for cortisol assay (post-injury cortisol) were collected from 172 trauma survivors …
Intimate Partner Violence And Parenting: A Qualitative Study With Immigrant Latinas, Karina Tobon Loyo
Intimate Partner Violence And Parenting: A Qualitative Study With Immigrant Latinas, Karina Tobon Loyo
Dissertations (1934 -)
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is widespread among women, including those that are mothers (Austin et al., 2017). The impact of experiencing IPV is considered a significant health problem for women and their children (Amerson et al., 2014). The deleterious effects of IPV on parenting have been documented, including less effective parenting, engagement, communication and greater harsh discipline and neglect (Chiesa et al., 2018). Despite being the second fastestgrowing ethnoracial group, IPV research on Latinas specifically has been sparse and represents a critical public health concern that requires empirical attention (Paat et al., 2017). Immigrant Latinas may be particularly vulnerable due …
Building Empathy Toward Community And Reducing Bias In A Chicago Police Sample: A Case For Perspective Taking And Reappraisal Within Virtual Reality, Sydney Timmer-Murillo
Building Empathy Toward Community And Reducing Bias In A Chicago Police Sample: A Case For Perspective Taking And Reappraisal Within Virtual Reality, Sydney Timmer-Murillo
Dissertations (1934 -)
At the societal level, there is significant concern regarding police brutality towards Black individuals. Much of the research proposes implicit racial bias as a potential cause, yet, Intergroup Emotion Theory (IET) suggests that outgroup emotion and threat perception could also play a role. Interventions using perspective taking and counterstereotypical information often have a positive effect on implicit bias in predominantly undergraduate samples. The current study used perspective taking and counterstereotypical methods, incorporated with IET, to determine the ways emotion regulation promoted changes in empathy and implicit bias within a police sample. We examined the effects of a newly developed VR …
Developing And Testing A Brief Alcohol Intervention For Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, And Queer Populations, Lucas Anthony Mirabito
Developing And Testing A Brief Alcohol Intervention For Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, And Queer Populations, Lucas Anthony Mirabito
Dissertations (1934 -)
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people are disproportionately affected by alcohol and substance use disorders (SUDs). Meyer (2003) and Hatzenbuehler (2009) extended minority stress theory to lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations and introduced stressors unique to these identities to explain general mental health disparities. However, no cohesive theory has emerged to explain the specific pathways that lead to alcohol use disorders (rather than internalizing syndromes such as anxiety and depression). This study, drawing on research published since Meyer (2003), preventative intervention research, motivational interviewing based interventions (MIBIs), and existing LGBTQ-tailored interventions fills this research gap and proposes a model …
Building Empathy Toward Community And Reducing Bias In A Chicago Police Sample: A Case For Perspective Taking And Reappraisal Within Virtual Reality, Sydney Timmer-Murillo
Building Empathy Toward Community And Reducing Bias In A Chicago Police Sample: A Case For Perspective Taking And Reappraisal Within Virtual Reality, Sydney Timmer-Murillo
Dissertations (1934 -)
At the societal level, there is significant concern regarding police brutality towards Black individuals. Much of the research proposes implicit racial bias as a potential cause, yet, Intergroup Emotion Theory (IET) suggests that outgroup emotion and threat perception could also play a role. Interventions using perspective taking and counterstereotypical information often have a positive effect on implicit bias in predominantly undergraduate samples. The current study used perspective taking and counterstereotypical methods, incorporated with IET, to determine the ways emotion regulation promoted changes in empathy and implicit bias within a police sample. We examined the effects of a newly developed VR …
The Process Of Healing From Opioid Addiction, James Edward Mcdonald
The Process Of Healing From Opioid Addiction, James Edward Mcdonald
Dissertations (1934 -)
In the last several years, rates and concern about opioid addiction in the US have intensified. It is estimated that more than 130 people die every day from opioid-related drug overdoses (National Center for Health Statistics, 2017). Although there is increased attention on the lethal potential of opioid addiction, narratives about healing from opioid addiction are absent. The purpose of this study was to develop a biopsychosocial understanding of how people heal, not only maintain abstinence, from opioid addiction. Results show four overall phases of healing (i.e., Inactive Healing, Early Active Healing, Middle Active Healing, and Late Active Healing), four …
Reflective Functioning In Caregivers: Links To Adverse Childhood Experiences And Emotion Socialization Behaviors, Kristen Anne Yule
Reflective Functioning In Caregivers: Links To Adverse Childhood Experiences And Emotion Socialization Behaviors, Kristen Anne Yule
Dissertations (1934 -)
Caregivers with a childhood history of abuse and neglect are at a greater risk for the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment due to the reenactment of maladaptive caregiving behaviors learned from their caregivers. Some parents, however, are able to make sense of their childhood experiences and break this cycle by establishing secure and supportive relationships with their children. Theory and research suggest that reflective functioning (RF), the ability to understand and interpret one’s own and others’ behavior as an expression of thoughts, feelings, and intentions, offers a framework to understand how early experiences with caregivers play a role in the intergenerational …
Ecological Momentary Assessment Of Anxiety, Daily Stress, And Daily Glycemic Control In Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes, Natalie Benjamin
Ecological Momentary Assessment Of Anxiety, Daily Stress, And Daily Glycemic Control In Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes, Natalie Benjamin
Dissertations (1934 -)
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an increasingly common chronic illness in children and adolescents that can result in short- and long-term health complications. Adolescents with T1D represent a uniquely vulnerable population, as both physical and psychological disease outcomes tend to deteriorate during this period of development. Thus, among adolescents it is crucial to gain further understanding of what psychological and contextual factors promote optimal disease management. While traditional methods of assessment in this population involve one-time, long-term measurements of psychosocial factors and glycemic control, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), including daily diaries, are increasingly used to capture change processes both between …
Sacrifice And Redemption: A New Approach From Mimetic Theory, Nicholas Gregory Roumas
Sacrifice And Redemption: A New Approach From Mimetic Theory, Nicholas Gregory Roumas
Dissertations (1934 -)
What is the meaning of theories of redemption, and what use do they have? This dissertation answers these questions from the vantage point of two ideas from Girardian Mimetic Theory: the hypothesis that human relationality is rooted in triangular structures of desire, and the hypothesis that the sacrificial death of Christ is what Girard calls a scapegoating event.For Girard, ritual sacrifice is a repetition of an original scapegoating event on which social cohesion depends. With the death of Christ, scapegoating has been denuded and sacrifice rendered inoperable, bringing humanity into a novel historical situation. Using Girard’s early seminal texts alongside …
Generating Alternative Solutions When Depression Is The Problem, Benjamin Todd Johnson
Generating Alternative Solutions When Depression Is The Problem, Benjamin Todd Johnson
Dissertations (1934 -)
Generating alternative solutions for problem situations is a key component of effective problem solving. This process is used to generate a variety of potential options for managing a problem, from which the most effective approach or combination of approaches can be selected for implementation. Impaired alternatives generation provides fewer options from which to select a response, reducing the likelihood that a highly effective approach will be available for implementation, potentially leaving problems unresolved, generating additional problems, and fostering a sense of hopelessness and depression. Depression has been found to impair problem solving further by reducing engagement in the problem solving …
The Effects Of Alexithymia And Age On Inhibitory Control, Anthony Correro
The Effects Of Alexithymia And Age On Inhibitory Control, Anthony Correro
Dissertations (1934 -)
Alexithymia is a stable personality trait typified by externally oriented thinking and difficulties identifying and describing feelings. It is associated with cognitive-affective deficits such as poorer memory for emotional and neutral information as well as executive dysfunction. Relatedly, aging is accompanied by executive dysfunction and increasing alexithymia. Because executive functions comprise multiple cognitive skills, it is essential to demarcate which are impacted by aging and alexithymia. While age-related deficits in inhibitory control are well established, there is a dearth of literature examining inhibition in alexithymia. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of alexithymia on inhibition and to interrogate …
An Exploration Of Atypical Recovery From Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Mtbi), Kathryn Ann Ritchie
An Exploration Of Atypical Recovery From Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Mtbi), Kathryn Ann Ritchie
Dissertations (1934 -)
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a significant public health concern, particularly for children and adolescents. Existing research suggests that pre-injury and injury-related factors influence recovery. The current study simultaneously considered variables relevant to recovery from pediatric mTBI, including pre-injury diagnoses, symptom burden, neuropsychological and emotional functioning, performance validity, and medical service utilization in an archival sample of children referred to a multidisciplinary concussion clinic. Consistent with a broad literature, female sex and initial symptom burden predicted referral for neuropsychological evaluation. Initial symptom burden also predicted neuropsychological performance and service utilization. A meaningful proportion of the sample reported clinically significant …
The Role Of Ethgender Identity In The Relationship Between Gendered Racism And Activism Among Black Women, Maha Baalbaki
The Role Of Ethgender Identity In The Relationship Between Gendered Racism And Activism Among Black Women, Maha Baalbaki
Dissertations (1934 -)
Black women face a unique intersectional form of discrimination, termed gendered racism (Essed, 1991). The purpose of this study was to determine whether experiences with gendered racism predict activism among Black women and to explore the roles of emotions and identity in this relationship. An online, national sample of 112 Black women provided self-reports of frequency of experiences with overt and covert forms of gendered racism and associated emotional responses, ethgender identity centrality, and activism. Results revealed that experiences with covert gendered racism predicted activism. Emotional responses to gendered racism were not found to predict activism. Ethgender identity was found …
Teachers' Impact On Psychosocial Treatment For Latino Youth With Adhd, Margaret Anne Grace
Teachers' Impact On Psychosocial Treatment For Latino Youth With Adhd, Margaret Anne Grace
Dissertations (1934 -)
The current study examined the impact of teacher engagement in psychosocial treatment for Latino youth with ADHD and their families. Participants included sixty-one Latino youth, along with their primary caregiver and teacher. Results revealed that teachers were equally engaged in treatment regardless of the source of the referral to treatment, a finding which is encouraging as it indicates that teachers were motivated to work with their students and families. Additionally, results indicated that referral source and specific aspects of teacher engagement in treatment were related to certain child and parent/family treatment outcomes. Of note, several aspects of teacher engagement in …
Ethnic And Sexist Discrimination Among Women Of Color: Exploring The Roles Of Cognitive Vulnerabilities Of Depression, Felicia Mata-Greve
Ethnic And Sexist Discrimination Among Women Of Color: Exploring The Roles Of Cognitive Vulnerabilities Of Depression, Felicia Mata-Greve
Dissertations (1934 -)
Rates of major depressive disorder are consistently twice as high for women of color compared to men across racial/ethnic groups. Some researchers posit that these doubled rates are due to increased life stress, such as ethnic discrimination and sexism. The current study explored the ability of ethnic and sexist discrimination to predict depression among women of color. The current study also sought to better understand underlying cognitive mechanisms, namely hopelessness and self-silencing beliefs, that explain the relationship between discrimination and depression symptoms among women of color. Furthermore, scholars suggest a call to research protective factors that buffer the relationship between …
A Comparison Of Training Procedures On The Emergence Of Multiply Controlled Tacts, Mary Elizabeth Halbur
A Comparison Of Training Procedures On The Emergence Of Multiply Controlled Tacts, Mary Elizabeth Halbur
Dissertations (1934 -)
Vocal exchanges are comprised of responses under multiple sources of stimulus control. For example, a picture may contain multiple components, and an instructor may ask a learner to respond differentially to questions about the picture (e.g., “who,” “what,” “where,” “color,” “number,” “shape”). Children with autism spectrum disorder frequently have difficulty acquiring these types of verbal conditional discriminations. For example, the format of training may affect the development of verbal behavior under multiple sources of stimulus control. Therefore, the present investigation compared training stimuli in isolation to training with compound stimuli on the emergence of verbal behavior to evaluate methods that …
Malleability Of Neural Activity In Response To Treatment: Fmri Biomarkers Across Intervention For Autistic Adolescents, Alana J. Mcvey
Malleability Of Neural Activity In Response To Treatment: Fmri Biomarkers Across Intervention For Autistic Adolescents, Alana J. Mcvey
Dissertations (1934 -)
Autistic adolescents frequently experience clinical levels of anxiety which exacerbate social difficulties. Those that receive a well-validated social skills intervention, the Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®), have shown improvements in both social behavior and anxiety. Prior literature has demonstrated neural changes in response to this intervention using EEG, and recent literature highlights the importance of using neural markers to assess for intervention response in autism. No study to date, however, has examined changes in neural activity via fMRI and links with social behavior and anxiety across the PEERS® intervention for autistic adolescents. Thus, the present …
Neuropsychological Sequela Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Contemporary Meta-Analytic Review, David E. Marra
Neuropsychological Sequela Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Contemporary Meta-Analytic Review, David E. Marra
Dissertations (1934 -)
Mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBIs) result in a constellation of non-specific physical, cognitive, and psychological symptoms. There is significant variability in neurocognitive recovery after MTBI, ranging from a few days to a few months, and others who fail to make complete recovery. A broad literature has attempted to elucidate what individual differences explain this variability. The present study sought to build upon previous meta-analyses, which systematically aggregated and examine relevant literature, by including a more heterogenous population and utilizing contemporary meta-analytic techniques. Three online databases (PsychINFO [sic], PubMed, MedLine) were searched for pertinent studies. Separate random-effects Analogue-to-ANOVA were utilized to …
Exploring The Cognitive Process And Complexity Of Diverse Patient Conceptualization: A Mixed Methods Study, Michelle Parisa Toigo
Exploring The Cognitive Process And Complexity Of Diverse Patient Conceptualization: A Mixed Methods Study, Michelle Parisa Toigo
Dissertations (1934 -)
In an era when culture is valued in therapy, the field has increasingly emphasized therapist competence in working with diverse clients and reducing mental health disparities (Bernal, Jimenez-Chafey, & Rodriguez, 2009). While there are multiple aspects of multicultural competence (e.g., choosing assessments with appropriate norming groups, consulting with members of the client’s culture, culturally sensitive therapy practices), case conceptualization is believed to be a crucial competence to providing effective services to clients who are racial or ethnic minorities (Hill, Vereen, McNeal, & Stotesbury, 2013). These skills allow the therapist to integrate client culture into their understanding of the client and …