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Articles 1 - 30 of 354
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Role Of Spreading Depolarizations In Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries, Natalie J. Pinkowski
The Role Of Spreading Depolarizations In Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries, Natalie J. Pinkowski
Biomedical Sciences ETDs
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) often lead to acute symptoms like disorientation and discoordination, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Although most patients recover quickly from a single mTBI, repeated injuries can be debilitating. After an mTBI, a neurometabolic cascade produces metabolic burden and vulnerability. Spreading depolarizations (SDs) have been observed after mTBIs. Here we investigated SDs’ role in short-term motor behavioral deficits post-mTBI. We hypothesized that SDs contribute to the deficits, and exacerbated symptoms after repeated mTBIs. To test this, we used acute motor behavioral tests and long-term behavioral and cognitive tests after initiating SDs by mTBI, chemical, or …
The Effects Of Acute And Chronic Ethanol Exposure On Mouse Spontaneous Spatial Behaviors, Tia Donaldson
The Effects Of Acute And Chronic Ethanol Exposure On Mouse Spontaneous Spatial Behaviors, Tia Donaldson
Psychology ETDs
Within the open field, rodents spontaneously explore their surroundings by alternating between stops (absence of movement) and progressions (locomotion between locations). Few studies have examined how alcohol influences the organization of these spatial behaviors; therefore, we evaluated the effects of acute single-dose and binge-like alcohol exposure on spontaneous open-field behaviors. In Experiment 1, adults received a single injection of ethanol and explored a dark environment for 30 minutes. We found that mice assessed immediately after the injection exhibited reductions in locomotion and spontaneous behavior, while those tested 30 minutes later only exhibited suppressed locomotion. In Experiment 2, adolescent/adult mice received …
Neuroplasticity In The Dentate Gyrus: A Multimethod Investigation On Hippocampal Ltp Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, Monica Goncalves-Garcia
Neuroplasticity In The Dentate Gyrus: A Multimethod Investigation On Hippocampal Ltp Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, Monica Goncalves-Garcia
Psychology ETDs
Studies have demonstrated alcohol-related deficits in LTP associated with histaminergic and glutamatergic impairments. The histaminergic H3R inverse agonist ABT-239 has shown promise in reversing these deficits. The present study focuses on another H3R inverse agonist, SAR-152594, and its impact on LTP deficits following moderate PAE. The findings reveal that systemic administration of 1 mg/kg of SAR-152594 reverses deficits in potentiation fEPSPs in adult male rats exposed to moderate PAE. Time-frequency analyses of evoked responses indicate PAE-related reductions in power during the fEPSP and increased power during later components of evoked responses, both reversed by SAR-152594. These results provide further evidence …
The Effects Of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On Navigation In A Delayed Non- Match-To-Place Spatial Alternation Task By Adult Male And Female Rats, Gabriela Acosta
The Effects Of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On Navigation In A Delayed Non- Match-To-Place Spatial Alternation Task By Adult Male And Female Rats, Gabriela Acosta
Psychology ETDs
Prenatal alcohol exposure has been found to alter brain regions involved in spatial memory. Previous studies have shown that moderate PAE (mPAE; ~30-120 mg/dL) impairs spatial memory in male rats and damages the limbic-thalamus and hippocampus. Recent work has shown that visual discrimination memory is impaired after mPAE in a sex-specific manner such that female mice exhibit greater deficits after 15sec delay. It is unclear whether similar-sex-specific deficits would be observed in a spatial memory task or in a rat model of mPAE. Thus, the present study tests the hypothesis that mPAE would produce sex-specific deficits in a delayed non-match-to-place …
Comparison Of Vipassana Meditation With Other Mindfulness Traditions In The Response To Experimentally Induced Pain, Timothy Ian Vandiver
Comparison Of Vipassana Meditation With Other Mindfulness Traditions In The Response To Experimentally Induced Pain, Timothy Ian Vandiver
Psychology ETDs
This study compared various mindfulness meditators with a meditation-naïve control group on various measures of pain tolerance and response. My primary hypothesis was that meditators would show greater pain tolerance than non-meditators and that they would also show greater parasympathetic nervous system activation in response to experimentally induced pain. The results were mixed, with meditators showing no greater increase in pain tolerance post-baseline. Differences in nervous system function between the two groups were also difficult to interpret.
Another component of the study was to explore the phenomenological reports and to compare and contrast those of the meditators and non-meditators using …
The Phenomenology Of Abstract Awe: A Qualitative Study Of Lived Experiences In Psychedelic Virtual Reality, Jacob Spinks
The Phenomenology Of Abstract Awe: A Qualitative Study Of Lived Experiences In Psychedelic Virtual Reality, Jacob Spinks
Psychology ETDs
This thesis investigates individuals' experiences with SoundSelf, a virtual reality (VR) program inspired by psychedelic experience, focusing on its capacity to evoke awe and other self-transcendent experiences. Conducted with fifteen participants, the study involved a single VR session followed by in-depth phenomenological interviews. Through a thematic analysis, three primary themes were constructed: (a) emotions and feelings, the good and the bad; (b) non-reflective engagements, directly living experience; and (c) reflective engagements, exploring curiosity and wonder. The findings indicate that while SoundSelf can elicit a wide array of emotions and self-transcendent experiences, it does not consistently induce awe. This research contributes …
Wise Mind Program Evaluation, Molly Pylypciw
Wise Mind Program Evaluation, Molly Pylypciw
Psychology ETDs
Addressing adolescent mental health, especially among low-SES and racial-ethnic minority youth is imperative. This study evaluated the effectiveness and acceptability of a school-based socio-emotional learning program, called Wise Mind, delivered to a low-income, racially-ethnically diverse population. Participants (n=45 total; n = 25 intervention; n = 20 control) were ninth graders in both Special and General Education classes at a low-income racially-ethnically diverse high school in the Southwest United States. Eight one-hour sessions of Wise Mind were delivered to the intervention group over the course of eight weeks. Participants responded to questionnaires pre- and post- intervention assessing emotion regulation, mindfulness, interpersonal …
The Effects Of Full Spectrum Hemp Oil On Extinction Of Stress Enhanced Fear Learning In A Rodent Model Of Ptsd, Tiphanie Chanel
The Effects Of Full Spectrum Hemp Oil On Extinction Of Stress Enhanced Fear Learning In A Rodent Model Of Ptsd, Tiphanie Chanel
Psychology ETDs
There are only 2 FDA-approved treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) despite the overwhelming evidence of the need for safer and more effective treatments. For example, roughly 50% of treatment seeking patients with PTSD experience relief from conventional pharmaceutical medications and only one third experience full remission. The Cannabis plant is a promising novel treatment for PTSD for several reasons. The endocannabinoid system plays a role in stress, emotion, cognition, suicidal phenotypes, fear memory consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation and extinction. Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most widely studied phytocannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant, has both anxiolytic and antidepressant qualities. …
Do I Listen To You, Or Do I Listen To Me? An Individual Difference Investigation Into Advice Utilization, Danielle Nicole Sanchez-Combs
Do I Listen To You, Or Do I Listen To Me? An Individual Difference Investigation Into Advice Utilization, Danielle Nicole Sanchez-Combs
Psychology ETDs
This work addresses three fundamental questions. First, can the source of the advice (crowd or single advisor) be leveraged to enhance advice use? Second, does high skill and high metacognitive ability predict greater advice use or are these individuals also blind to the need for advice? Finally, can personality, performance, and pre-advice confidence factors be used to profile those most likely to benefit from advice? Results indicated surprisingly low advice taking rates (~25% to ~26%) from both advisors, despite the advice being 100% accurate. Advice taking was even lower when individuals were in a high-confidence state, with high-skilled …
Affective Liking Influences Reward Processing In Depression: A Computational Eeg Approach, Garima Singh
Affective Liking Influences Reward Processing In Depression: A Computational Eeg Approach, Garima Singh
Psychology ETDs
Reinforcement learning (RL) enables agents to learn through interaction with their environment. This empowers individuals to optimize actions in complex and dynamic settings. The component of event related potential (ERP) termed as the Reward Positivity (RewP) evidently signifies a fundamental reward prediction error (RPE) associated with rewards. This characteristic implies that it represents a fundamental computational process in the assessment of RL. When a reward is particularly pleasurable or liked by an individual, it tends to elicit an amplified RewP signal, reflecting the heightened positive affect. RPE arises from disparities between anticipated and actual rewarding outcomes and is known to …
Feasibility And Acceptability Of An Online Empathy Skills Training For Substance Use Providers, Emily L. Starratt
Feasibility And Acceptability Of An Online Empathy Skills Training For Substance Use Providers, Emily L. Starratt
Psychology ETDs
The ability to train counselors to convey empathy is critical, given the importance of therapist empathic skill level in substance use disorder treatment outcomes (Moyers & Miller, 2013). To date, no studies have examined the efficacy of an online empathy skills training for clinicians, where competency is evaluated using objectively rated standardized client sessions. This study evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, and fit of an online empathy skills training for substance use disorder providers. METHOD: Therapist empathy was measured pre-post training using standardized client actor interviews and evaluated with a global rating yielded by the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code 4.2 …
Examining The Measurement Invariance Of The Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory Among Hispanic And Non-Hispanic White College Women, Christina Nicole Gillezeau
Examining The Measurement Invariance Of The Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory Among Hispanic And Non-Hispanic White College Women, Christina Nicole Gillezeau
Psychology ETDs
I examined whether the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R) was invariant between Hispanic/Latina and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) undergraduate women. I performed confirmatory factor analysis to assess model fit and used increasingly restrictive models to test invariance. I included 208 Hispanic/Latina women and 190 NHW women. The CFI and RMSEA model fit statistics (CFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.06 (90% confidence interval=0.04-0.08, p-value=0.16) showed that the model fit well. I constrained factor loadings to be equal in both groups to test metric invariance. I observed non-significant differences in model fit (deltaX2 (9)=88.67, p>0.95, deltaCFI=0.003, deltaRMSEA=-0.011). I also constrained intercepts to be equal to …
Identifying Psychosocial And Neural Correlates Associated With Future Homicide In A Sample Of Incarcerated Boys, Samantha N. Rodriguez
Identifying Psychosocial And Neural Correlates Associated With Future Homicide In A Sample Of Incarcerated Boys, Samantha N. Rodriguez
Psychology ETDs
Previous research has observed significant group differences regarding neuroanatomical and psychosocial variables between incarcerated boys who have and have not previously committed a homicide, resulting in successful postdictive classification (Cope et al., 2014). However, no study to date has investigated whether similar group differences characterize future homicide offenders. Following the methodology of Cope et al. (2014), the current study aimed to identify baseline neural, clinical, and environmental deficits (collected in a sample of n = 242 incarcerated juvenile offenders) associated with future homicidal behavior as adults. Results indicated that youth who went on to commit homicide as adults were characterized …
An Examination Of The Associations Between Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Trust In Media, And Trust In Science And Scientists, Jegason Phosphorus Diviant
An Examination Of The Associations Between Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Trust In Media, And Trust In Science And Scientists, Jegason Phosphorus Diviant
Psychology ETDs
Recent evidence suggests corroded trust in scientific institutions, but particularly among political conservatives. The current investigation examined the potential role of trust in conservative media sources by capturing associations between trust in politically-biased media sources, trust in science and scientists, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. A total of 1,117 participants completed an online cross-sectional self-report study. Results revealed that: (1) the less trust respondents had in science and scientists, the greater their overall COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (and perceived risks and fears of COVID-19 vaccines); and (2) the more respondents trusted conservative-leaning news media sources, the greater their overall COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy …
Beyond Stressors: Identifying Protective Cultural Factors And Coping Strategies For Mental Health Symptoms Among Aging Latino/Hispanic Immigrants, Juan M. Pena
Psychology ETDs
Within the next decade, Latino immigrants will constitute the largest middle-aged and older immigrant group living in the U.S. This cross-sectional study investigated traumatic stressors, acculturative stress and perceived structural injustices and their associations with mental health symptoms. This study also examined the linkages between cultural factors, social support, and coping strategies and mental health outcomes. Eighty Latino/Hispanic immigrants who were 45 years of age or older completed a series of questionnaires and optional open-ended questions. A greater exposure to traumatic events, higher acculturative stress, and perceived injustices were associated with greater psychological distress and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and …
Electrophysiological Signatures Of Error Commission And Adjustment, Mark Lavelle
Electrophysiological Signatures Of Error Commission And Adjustment, Mark Lavelle
Psychology ETDs
Errors inhibit attainment of our goals. Behavioral and neural adjustments following errors are often framed as independent aspects of decision-making termed threshold (or response caution) and drift rate (or evidence accumulation). We replicated and extended the association of single-trial threshold with frontal midline theta power from the previous trial, as measured from EEG in 21 participants completing a flankers task. Surprisingly, theta power also predicted next trial drift rate. Variation in brightness of the stimuli was associated with drift rate and various EEG and time-frequency features, including posterior alpha/beta power. Posterior alpha/beta power also correlated with drift rate and significantly …
Effects Of Childhood Health And Adversity On Women’S Estrous And Extended Sexuality In Romantic Relationships, Tran Dinh
Psychology ETDs
Variations in childhood conditions may favor different strategies of investment in pair-bonds and reproduction. The current study followed 213 romantically-involved women up to four times across the ovulatory cycle. Analyses find that childhood health and adversity moderate hormone-dependent changes in women’s sexual interests, oxytocin responses, and mate preferences. In light of proposed paternity assurance functions of extended (non-conceptive) sexuality, results suggest women with poorer, compared to better, childhood conditions prioritize bond formation but invest less in maintaining or bolstering partner investment. The estrous (conceptive) sexuality of women with poor childhood health may reflect greater investments in current reproduction, even when …
Validation Of The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment Among Diverse Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder, Elena R. Stein
Validation Of The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment Among Diverse Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder, Elena R. Stein
Psychology ETDs
Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are heterogeneous in terms of etiology, maintenance, symptoms, and recovery, yet current diagnostic categories fail to adequately capture this heterogeneity. Corresponding to the neurobiological addiction cycle, the Alcohol and Addictions Research Domain Criteria proposes a framework of three core domains disrupted in AUD: negative emotionality, incentive salience, and executive function. The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) is a hypothesized multimodal assessment battery of these three domains, which may better characterize AUD heterogeneity. The current study validated the ANA in a sample of drinkers (N=245) who were diverse with respect to ethnicity and alcohol treatment-seeking status. …
How Children Make Sense Of Fear Of The Dark: A Qualitative Study Of Russian Preschoolers, Maria Mccready
How Children Make Sense Of Fear Of The Dark: A Qualitative Study Of Russian Preschoolers, Maria Mccready
Psychology ETDs
Children’s fear of the dark—as well as its more extreme manifestation in the form of nyctophobia—is a major problem for many families with smaller children. Different treatments exist for nyctophobia, but no consensus has yet emerged on why these treatments work or on what facets of the treatments are more effective than others. Several methodologies and assessments allow for the quantitative measurement of children’s “normative,” or typically developing, fear of the dark, but most were created and conducted from an adult perspective. How children themselves explain what makes darkness scary remains largely unknown, in large part because children have traditionally …
The Reward Positivity As An Additive And Temporally Independent Event-Related Potential Feature, Trevor C J Jackson
The Reward Positivity As An Additive And Temporally Independent Event-Related Potential Feature, Trevor C J Jackson
Psychology ETDs
The reward positivity (RewP) is a feedback-related event-related potential elicited in response to reward with two distinct defining features. First, it reflects an axiomatic reward prediction error signal. Second, it is spectrally represented within the delta band. We propose a third defining feature, namely that it is an additive and temporally independent event-related potential feature. Across five datasets and ten studies, this dissertation tested three major hypotheses. First, we show that stimulus modality (e.g. visual and auditory stimuli) and parametric delays can shift the RewP in time, which empirically indicates an additive and temporally independent feature. Second, we provide some …
Impact Of Emotional Processing On Working Memory In Preadolescents With High Autistic And Anxiety Traits, Teagan Mullins
Impact Of Emotional Processing On Working Memory In Preadolescents With High Autistic And Anxiety Traits, Teagan Mullins
Psychology ETDs
Adolescence is an important neurodevelopmental period that confers both opportunity for positive change, and a risk for emerging psychopathology. In particular, anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) both cause significant challenges during adolescence that impact individuals throughout their lifespan. Notably, functional impacts of anxiety and ASD are not limited to those who meet diagnostic criteria, and can be present at sub-clinical levels. However, despite high rates of co-morbidity of ASD and anxiety symptomology, the degree to which the neural bases of anxiety are similar or qualitatively different in individuals with and without autistic traits is unknown. One candidate neurobehavioral …
Mental Distress Among Adults With Serious Mental Illness In A Criminal Legal Setting: A Secondary Data Analysis Of The Mcarthur Mental Health Court Study Data, Violette Cloud
Psychology ETDs
Chronic criminal legal system (CLS) involvement among individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) is of growing concern. Mental health courts (MHCs) are a known diversion strategy currently used by the CLS to address this problem. MHCs are seen as an effective method for linking individuals with SMI to needed treatment, removing them from a detention setting, and subsequently reducing recidivism. However, less is known about the impact of MHC enrollment on mental health related outcomes (mental distress). Using the McArthur Mental Health Court Study data, this study aimed to inspect the impact of MHC participation, legal coercion, and treatment motivation …
Assessing Verbal Memory Task Performance And Intractable Epilepsy: The Associations Among Hippocampal Volume Ratio, Seizure Demographic Factors And Memory Indices, Alexis Gabrielle Burks
Assessing Verbal Memory Task Performance And Intractable Epilepsy: The Associations Among Hippocampal Volume Ratio, Seizure Demographic Factors And Memory Indices, Alexis Gabrielle Burks
Psychology ETDs
Epilepsy affects 3.4 million people in the United States and may affect their memory performance. This study investigated the relationships between memory performance, hippocampal volume ratio, and demographic factors in adults with intractable epilepsy in standardized memory tasks and an experimental memory task designed to be repeated daily. Participants underwent electrode implantation surgery and completed comprehensive neuropsychological assessments prior to surgery including an experimental memory task during their stay in the hospital. Correlation, ANOVA, and regression analyses were completed. The standardized memory tasks and the experimental memory task were significantly correlated. Hippocampal volume ratio was not significantly correlated to memory …
Examining The Relationship Between Anxiety And Depression Symptoms, Protective Behavioral Strategies And Opioid Use Outcomes, Melissa Rose Hatch
Examining The Relationship Between Anxiety And Depression Symptoms, Protective Behavioral Strategies And Opioid Use Outcomes, Melissa Rose Hatch
Psychology ETDs
Protective behavioral strategies (PBS), behaviors individuals use to reduce negative consequences of substance use, have been shown to mediate and moderate the relationship between mental health and substance use outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the relationships between anxiety and depression symptoms and opioid PBS on risky opioid use and opioid-related consequences. Participants in this secondary data analysis were non-treatment seeking individuals who reported past-month opioid use (n=257). Structural equation modeling was used to examine 1) PBS as a mediator of the relationship between anxiety/depression symptoms and opioid use outcomes, and 2) anxiety/depression symptoms as a moderator …
Trait Sadism In Bdsm Practitioners And Non-Practitioners, Marley Russell
Trait Sadism In Bdsm Practitioners And Non-Practitioners, Marley Russell
Psychology ETDs
Sadism is an elusive construct within psychology. Multiple types are studied without clear psychometric or theoretical distinctions, and operationalizations of these respective sub-constructs lack validity. This study explores the empirical distinction between two sadism types: consensual sexual sadism (i.e. in the context of BDSM) and trait sadism. Trait sadism is widely synonymized with “everyday sadism”, but here conceptualized as a higher-order construct encompassing both everyday and a novel “prosocial sadism”. I develop and pilot the BDSM Identities and Behaviors (BIB) checklist in a sample of BDSM practitioners. I then compare those practitioners to non-practitioners on trait sadism and dark triad …
Non-Abstinent Recovery In Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention: Exploring Mechanisms Of Change And Social Moderators, David I.K Moniz-Lewis
Non-Abstinent Recovery In Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention: Exploring Mechanisms Of Change And Social Moderators, David I.K Moniz-Lewis
Psychology ETDs
Recovery from substance use disorder (SUD) is heterogeneous by nature. Yet, over the last 50 years, substance use treatment providers and researchers have often defined success as sustained abstinence from substances. An often overlooked but equally valid pathway to recovery for persons with SUD is non-abstinent recovery. However, the majority of the literature on non-abstinent recovery exists for individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) with little empirical inquiry into non-abstinent recovery for other types of SUD. Additionally, there is also no known literature, to date, that explores the mechanisms that lead to non-abstinent recovery for individuals who have engaged in …
Humor Styles, Psychological Well-Being, And Distress: Examining The Importance Of Resilience And Hope, Naila V. Decruz-Dixon
Humor Styles, Psychological Well-Being, And Distress: Examining The Importance Of Resilience And Hope, Naila V. Decruz-Dixon
Psychology ETDs
The current research study investigated the relationship between different adaptive and maladaptive styles of humor, psychological well-being, and distress measures. The sample for this cross-sectional analysis included 237 undergraduate students at the University of New Mexico. Zero-order correlation analyses of all the study variables revealed that adaptive humor styles were associated with greater psychological well-being and lower psychological distress symptoms while maladaptive humor styles were generally related to lower well-being and greater distress symptoms. All four humor styles were significantly associated with hope, while only affiliative and self-defeating humor were associated with resilience. Mediation analyses revealed that resilience was a …
Precision Medicine Approaches To Alcohol Use Disorder For American Indians: Assessment And Phenotypic Differentiation Of Reward And Relief Drinking, Hanna M. Hebden
Precision Medicine Approaches To Alcohol Use Disorder For American Indians: Assessment And Phenotypic Differentiation Of Reward And Relief Drinking, Hanna M. Hebden
Psychology ETDs
American Indian (AI) communities endorse high rates of abstinence from alcohol and substance use, yet experience disparate rates of alcohol and substance-related consequences. Alcohol and substance use is conceptualized as interwoven with unique AI contextual factors, which are often not incorporated into examination of related constructs. Current knowledge gaps exist in study of precision medicine approaches to treatment for reward and relief drinking in AI. This study aimed to understand reward and relief substance use phenotypes in AI. We described a contextually-informed model of relief assessment and to compare this assessment to the original reward and relief models using latent …
Effects Of A Psychological Stressor On Methamphetamine Seeking In Rats., Kayla B. Cox
Effects Of A Psychological Stressor On Methamphetamine Seeking In Rats., Kayla B. Cox
Psychology ETDs
Although methamphetamine abuse and fatality rates are on the rise in the United States, there are currently no FDA approved drugs to treat methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). To better understand factors contributing to addiction, researchers have designed various rodent models of stress including the use of footshock, social defeat and maternal separation, however, these models involve physical or early life stress exposure and thus are less translatable to human psychological stress. The present study implemented predatory odors as a model of psychological stress and examined whether chronic exposure to these stressors enhanced subsequent vulnerability to a subthreshold dose of methamphetamine. …
Source Estimation Of The Reward Positivity And Related Resting State Network Activity In Major Depressive Disorder, Christopher J.H. Pirrung
Source Estimation Of The Reward Positivity And Related Resting State Network Activity In Major Depressive Disorder, Christopher J.H. Pirrung
Psychology ETDs
Anhedonia is a complex symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) that presents itself through multiple behavioral phenotypes of diminished reward processing. In order to better understand this deficit, we aim to look at a marker of reward that is sensitive to information content and valence, the Reward Positivity (RewP). The source of this signal is, however, up for debate. This study used concurrent EEG and MEG to establish the source of the RewP as a distributed network involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), and insulae. Additionally, only vmPFC showed a deficit in MDD. fMRI resting state functional …