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Articles 1 - 19 of 19
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Associative Processes In Statistical Learning: Paradoxical Predictions Of The Past, Jennifer Patricia Provyn
Associative Processes In Statistical Learning: Paradoxical Predictions Of The Past, Jennifer Patricia Provyn
Psychology - Dissertations
The ability to process sequences of input and extract regularity across the distribution of input is fundamental for making predictions from the observed past to the future. Prediction is rooted in the extraction of both frequency- and conditional statistics from the distribution of inputs. For example, an animal hunting for food may consistently return to a particular area to hunt if relative to all other areas visited, that area has the highest frequency of prey. In contrast, humans asked to predict the next word in a sentence must make a prediction based upon higher-order regularities rather than simple frequency statistics …
Power, Likeability, And Perception: Evaluating Men And Women In High And Low Power Positions, Daria A. Bakina
Power, Likeability, And Perception: Evaluating Men And Women In High And Low Power Positions, Daria A. Bakina
Psychology - Dissertations
When asked, it is relatively easy to come up with an example of a position of high power (e.g., president) or low power (e.g., intern). One can imagine the types of tasks or behaviors each of those positions entails. The theories of social power detail how power is attained, the behaviors of individuals in power, and the consequences of those behaviors (e.g., French & Raven, 1959; Fiske & Depret, 1996; Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003). Most of the studies on behaviors of high power individuals have found that no differences exist between the behaviors of high power men and women. …
Coping With College Stress: Does Sense Of Coherence Influence The Use Of Alcohol And Otc Medication?, Rebecca Silver
Coping With College Stress: Does Sense Of Coherence Influence The Use Of Alcohol And Otc Medication?, Rebecca Silver
Psychology - Dissertations
The combination of stress and psychological symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression) have been associated with alcohol consumption and the nonindicated use of over the counter (OTC) medications. However, some people have personal resources that contribute to a successful management of the stress response. Antonovsky's (1987) salutogenic theory proposes that a person's sense of coherence (SOC) buffers the relationship between stress appraisal and stressor-induced reactions. This study examined the SOC in relation to associations of stress-related indices with substance-related coping behaviors. One hundred and sixty-five college student participants completed questionnaires that assessed their demographics, stressors, perceived stress, SOC, psychological/physical symptoms, as well …
Obesity Indices And Cognitive Function In Veterans, Kristin Macgregor
Obesity Indices And Cognitive Function In Veterans, Kristin Macgregor
Psychology - Dissertations
Obesity is linked to many chronic health conditions and middle-aged obesity is associated with later-life dementia. Obesity rates in veterans are higher than in the civilian population. Research examining body mass index (BMI) and cognitive function has demonstrated that young to middle-aged obese adults consistently demonstrate deficits in memory and executive function. Waist circumference (WC) is another measure of obesity that has been investigated as it relates to cognitive function; however, a clear pattern of deficit has not yet emerged. This study's purpose was to investigate the relationship among BMI, WC, and cognitive function in male veterans aged 18-55. One …
Efficacy Of An Expectancy Challenge To Reduce Non-Prescribed Use Of Stimulant Medications Among College Students, Allison Kathryn Labbe
Efficacy Of An Expectancy Challenge To Reduce Non-Prescribed Use Of Stimulant Medications Among College Students, Allison Kathryn Labbe
Psychology - Dissertations
Non-prescribed use of stimulant medications among college students, such as Ritalin®, and Adderall®, has become a public health concern. Expectancies, which are beliefs that individuals hold regarding the consequences of engaging in a particular behavior, are known to play a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol and drug use. This study had two aims: (1) to determine if an expectancy challenge could reduce participants' academic performance expectancies related to non-prescribed use of stimulant mediations, and (2) to determine if change in expectancies mediates consumption of the drug. Seventy-eight undergraduate students were randomized to either the expectancy challenge …
Exploring Policies Of Spirituality Among College Students, Afton N. Kapuscinski
Exploring Policies Of Spirituality Among College Students, Afton N. Kapuscinski
Psychology - Dissertations
Though psychologists' interest in the empirical study of spirituality has resurfaced, diverging opinions regarding the meaning of the construct among both researchers and the general public pose a serious challenge to research. To expand knowledge regarding how individuals implicitly define the term, an idiographic, experimental approach called policy-capturing was utilized to determine what factors college students take into consideration when making determinations about others' spirituality. Participants were exposed to a series of 50 profiles describing hypothetical people, each of which contained a unique combination of different levels of five factors believed to characterize spirituality by researchers. Participants rated each profile …
Output Interference And Strength Based Mirror Effect In Recognition Memory, Asli Kilic
Output Interference And Strength Based Mirror Effect In Recognition Memory, Asli Kilic
Psychology - Dissertations
The strength based mirror effect (SBME) refers to higher hit rates and lower false alarm rates for strongly encoded items. The SBME has been explained by two alternative mechanisms: differentiation and criterion shift. The differentiation account posits that as the memory traces are strengthened, the memory for the items is less noisy and therefore are less confusable with the stored memory traces. The criterion shift account, on the other hand, suggests that the tendency to endorse a test item differs between strong and weak test lists. When participants receive a test after studying a strong list of items, they require …
Screening And Brief Intervention For Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Pilot Study In A College Counseling Center, Danielle Terry Lynnette
Screening And Brief Intervention For Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Pilot Study In A College Counseling Center, Danielle Terry Lynnette
Psychology - Dissertations
In the United States, college drinking has been identified as a public health concern. The pervasive and detrimental use of alcohol on college campuses inspired calls for wider implementation of empirically supported interventions in college settings. Despite strong evidence of the efficacy of brief interventions, no studies have examined the efficacy and feasibility of integrating a screening and brief intervention (SBI) into college mental health services. The aims of the following study were to (a) to determine the feasibility and acceptability of implementation and, (b) to examine the short-term impact of SBI on alcohol use, treatment utilization, client satisfaction, and …
Hiv-Related Stigmatization In Treatment Settings: Effects On Patient Comfort, Risk Disclosure, And Treatment Decisions, Jessica Deanne Naughton
Hiv-Related Stigmatization In Treatment Settings: Effects On Patient Comfort, Risk Disclosure, And Treatment Decisions, Jessica Deanne Naughton
Psychology - Dissertations
The major focus for the present study was to examine the effects of provider stigmatization on the medical care of HIV+ patients, by using an experimental paradigm and examining a conceptual framework to clarify the relationship between provider stigmatization and negative treatment outcomes. Initial qualitative findings from focus groups (n = 18) indicated that several key elements of stigmatizing treatment experiences included judgmental and condescending language, patient avoidance, increased physical distance between patient and provider during conversations and procedures, and use of extra, unnecessary precautions (e.g. use of extra gloves, masks). These provider behaviors were experimentally manipulated and incorporated into …
Teaching Children To Fluently Decode Nonsense Words In Lists: Generalized Effects To Oral Reading Fluency Of Connected Text, Candace Susan Werder
Teaching Children To Fluently Decode Nonsense Words In Lists: Generalized Effects To Oral Reading Fluency Of Connected Text, Candace Susan Werder
Psychology - Dissertations
The present study examined the generalized effects of training children to fluently blend nonsense words containing target vowel teams on their reading of untrained real words in lists and passages. Eight second-grade students participated. Nonsense words containing each of 3 target vowel teams (aw, oi, and au) were trained in lists, and generalization was assessed to untrained real words in lists, untrained real words in target passages, and novel real words in generalization passages. A multiple probe design across vowel teams revealed a) generalized increases in accuracy and fluency on all trained word list for all eight students and these …
Social Comparison Theory In The Context Of Chronic Illness: Predictors And Consequences Of Target Selection Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes, Danielle Arigo
Psychology - Dissertations
Individuals often compare themselves to others (i.e., social comparisons) in order to determine their status in a given domain. Social comparisons may be particularly important for patients with chronic illness; patients often experience uncertainty and anxiety about their health, which increase the likelihood and utility of social comparisons. Among patients, social comparisons can have both positive and negative health-related consequences (for affect, motivation to improve one's health care behaviors, etc.), depending upon several contextual features. Various steps in the social comparison process have been proposed, but not tested directly. The present study is an examination of the social comparison process …
Evaluation Of A Web-Based Intervention For College Marijuana Use, Jennifer Christine Elliott
Evaluation Of A Web-Based Intervention For College Marijuana Use, Jennifer Christine Elliott
Psychology - Dissertations
Young adults in college have high rates of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Web-based interventions have been growing in popularity, but their dissemination currently exceeds empirical support. One especially popular (but understudied) program is The Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO (e-TOKE) for Universities & Colleges (San Diego State University Research Foundation, 2009). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this program is effective in changing marijuana involvement and perceived norms in undergraduates. Participants were 317 undergraduates (52% female, 78% White) who reported marijuana use within the month preceding baseline. Conditions were the e-TOKE program or assessment only, crossed …
Exploring Distinct Aspects Of Shame And Guilt: Can Startle Reflex Modification Differentiate Shame From Guilt?, Sangmoon Kim
Exploring Distinct Aspects Of Shame And Guilt: Can Startle Reflex Modification Differentiate Shame From Guilt?, Sangmoon Kim
Psychology - Dissertations
Despite the similarities between shame and guilt, there is a growing body of evidence that shame and guilt are distinct emotional constructs. Guilt, despite its negative valence, is frequently associated with approach motivation, whereas shame is associated with withdrawal motivation. Research shows that engagement of the approach motivational system yields attenuation of the defensive startle reflex, but that activation of the withdrawal motivation system augments the startle reflex. Thus, approach-related guilt and withdrawal-related shame should attenuate and augment the startle magnitude, respectively. To test this prediction, 68 participants imagined scripts of four different affective conditions (i.e., shame, guilt, neutral, positive). …
The Impact Of Incentives On Neuropsychological Test Performance: An Analog Study, Laura Marie Spenceley
The Impact Of Incentives On Neuropsychological Test Performance: An Analog Study, Laura Marie Spenceley
Psychology - Dissertations
Concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), represents a common injury in children, young adults, and athletes in particular. High rates of malingering have been demonstrated in individuals with MTBI when faced with monetary incentives, but research is yet to explore the impact of other incentives on test performance. The present study sought to examine the rate of effort test failure, symptom report, and neuropsychological test performance in college students assigned to one of three conditions: Fake Good, Fake Bad, and No Incentive conditions. All groups were asked to simulate concussion and provided a description of the injury …
Modeling Elementary Aged Students' Fluency Growth In Written Expression: Predicting Fluency Growth For Girls And Boys In General Education, Adrea J. Truckenmiller
Modeling Elementary Aged Students' Fluency Growth In Written Expression: Predicting Fluency Growth For Girls And Boys In General Education, Adrea J. Truckenmiller
Psychology - Dissertations
Research on evidence-based writing intervention practices as well as reliable and valid assessments of elementary-aged students' writing fluency has been lacking compared to other academic areas (i.e., reading). Performance feedback interventions targeting writing fluency are gaining empirical support (Eckert et al., 2006); however, growth trajectories for elementary-aged students' writing fluency over a short period of time and contributing variables have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to model students' writing fluency growth as it relates to: (a) instructional practices, (b) sex differences, and (c) individual student's initial level of writing fluency. A total of 133 third-grade students …
Development Of A Daily Diary Method For The Assessment Of Everyday Cognitive Failures, Jacqueline Mogle
Development Of A Daily Diary Method For The Assessment Of Everyday Cognitive Failures, Jacqueline Mogle
Psychology - Dissertations
Assessing how well an individual can meet real world cognitive demands is an important clinical outcome, particularly for older adults. Research examining real world cognitive functioning has used both lab-based tasks as well as questionnaires. However, these assessments were limited for a number of reasons. Lab-based tasks lack personal relevance which may affect the strategies and amount of effort individuals apply, reducing their ecological validity. Questionnaires are considered more ecologically valid but require individuals to recall cognitive failures over weeks and months depending on an individual's fallible cognitive ability to remember their mistakes over long periods of time. More recent …
The Transition To Kindergarten: Impact Of Transition Preparation On Socio-Behavioral Outcomes For Children With And Without Disabilities, Leah K. Wildenger
The Transition To Kindergarten: Impact Of Transition Preparation On Socio-Behavioral Outcomes For Children With And Without Disabilities, Leah K. Wildenger
Psychology - Dissertations
The transition to kindergarten is regarded as a key early childhood developmental milestone with important implications for later school outcomes. This period presents many challenges to children with and without disabilities, their families, and teachers. Despite its importance, there are few empirical studies that examine kindergarten transition. In particular, no prior research has investigated the impact of transition practices on kindergarten outcomes for both populations of children with and without disabilities. Therefore, the overarching goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between kindergarten transition preparation and child socio-behavioral outcomes in kindergarten among both typically developing children (TD) …
Ecological Momentary Intervention [Emi]: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into A Disordered Eating Treatment Program For College Women, Kristin E. Heron
Ecological Momentary Intervention [Emi]: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into A Disordered Eating Treatment Program For College Women, Kristin E. Heron
Psychology - Dissertations
Psychosocial and health behavior treatments can be extended beyond research and clinical settings by using mobile technology to provide Ecological Momentary Interventions [EMI] to individuals as they go about their daily lives. This study integrates the assessment (i.e., Ecological Momentary Assessment; EMA) and intervention (i.e., EMI) capacities of palmtop computers to provide individually tailored EMI to participants in real time. The feasibility and efficacy of using EMI to augment a disordered eating treatment intervention for college women was evaluated. Participants were randomized to view psychoeducational videos on a computer (attention control), complete an interactive CD-ROM-based intervention aimed at reducing body …
School-Home Performance Feedback With Home-Based Writing Activities: The Effects On Elementary Students’ Writing Fluency, Jennifer Lynn Rymanowski
School-Home Performance Feedback With Home-Based Writing Activities: The Effects On Elementary Students’ Writing Fluency, Jennifer Lynn Rymanowski
Psychology - Dissertations
Parent involvement in education has been identified as influential in children's learning and associated with positive outcomes on students' academic and behavioral competency (Christenson, 2004; Doherty & Peskay, 1992; Henderson, 2007). Studies have suggested that parents and teachers prefer programs that utilize school-home feedback notes and provide parents with strategies for implementing educational activities at home (Gettinger & Guetschow, 1998). The current study examined the effects of combining school-home performance feedback with home-based writing activities on students' writing fluency in comparison to students who participated in a performance feedback intervention. A total of 101 third-grade students were randomly assigned to …