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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™

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Psychology

Selected Works

1996

Articles 1 - 22 of 22

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Patient Adherence In Chronic Illness: Personality And Coping In Context, John Wiebe, Alan Christensen Nov 1996

Patient Adherence In Chronic Illness: Personality And Coping In Context, John Wiebe, Alan Christensen

Alan J. Christensen

Previous reviews have concluded that there is no evidence for a predictable association between person factors and regimen adherence in chronic illness. The brief current review of the literature reveals that past work has been limited by the lack of a common structural theory of personality and the failure to consider the interaction of person factors with disease and treatment context. Application of the five-factor model of personality to adherence research will reduce divergence in the field and and in the orientation and interpretation of future work. Evidence suggests that an interactive perspective recognizing the moderating influence of contextual factors …

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3. The Relevance Ratio: Evaluating The Probative Value Of Expert Testimony In Child Sexual Abuse Cases., Thomas D. Lyon, Jonathan J. Koehler Aug 1996

3. The Relevance Ratio: Evaluating The Probative Value Of Expert Testimony In Child Sexual Abuse Cases., Thomas D. Lyon, Jonathan J. Koehler

Thomas D. Lyon

It is hard to overstate the importance of expert testimony in American courtrooms. Much of this testimony concerns scientific matters that are beyond the ken of ordinary experience.  In cases where scientific matters play a central role, jurors may give substantial weight to expert testimony or even treat it as dispositive.  Standards pertaining to the admissibility of scientific testimony are critical to the outcome in many trials.

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Perceived Health Competence, Health Locus Of Control, And Patient Adherence In Renal Dialysis, Alan Christensen, John Wiebe, Eric Benotsch, William Lawton Jul 1996

Perceived Health Competence, Health Locus Of Control, And Patient Adherence In Renal Dialysis, Alan Christensen, John Wiebe, Eric Benotsch, William Lawton

Alan J. Christensen

An emerging view in the literature regarding health locus of control (HLC) and health behavior suggests that HLC beliefs might affect behavior only through the interaction of HLC with other health-related expectancies. We examined internal and powerful others HLC beliefs as moderators of the relationship between a recently developed measure of perceived health competence and medical regimen adherence in 81 renal dialysis patients. The hypothesized interaction was significant, suggesting a moderating role for HLC. The pattern of the interaction differed from prediction. Greater perceived health competence was associated with more favorable adherence only for those patients scoring low on internal …

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1. The Law And Psychology Of The Child Witness. (Review Of The Book Child Witnesses: Fragile Voices In The American Legal System, By L. S. Mcgough. ), Thomas D. Lyon Jul 1996

1. The Law And Psychology Of The Child Witness. (Review Of The Book Child Witnesses: Fragile Voices In The American Legal System, By L. S. Mcgough. ), Thomas D. Lyon

Thomas D. Lyon

McGough's goal is to summarize the developmental psychological research relevant to children's capacities as witnesses and to make recommendations for how the courts should receive children's testimony. In her review, she concludes that children under the age of 12 are deficient: They encode less detail, they fantasize more, they confuse fantasy with reality, they incorporate script based knowledge into their memory, and they are suggestible, both because they acquiesce to authority and because their memory is susceptible to external influence.

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3. The Effect Of Threats On Children’S Disclosure Of Sexual Abuse., Thomas D. Lyon Jul 1996

3. The Effect Of Threats On Children’S Disclosure Of Sexual Abuse., Thomas D. Lyon

Thomas D. Lyon

Do abused children refuse to disclose their abuse because they have been threatened by their perpetrators? In Jeopardy in the Courtroom: A Scientific Analysis of Children's Testimony, a book that many believe may have a substantial impact on child witness law and practice, Professors Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck argue that there is little empirical basis for this "professional `lore"' (Ceci & Bruck, 1995, pp. 300-301).

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Positive And Negative Affect In Rheumatoid Arthritis: Increased Specificity In The Assessment Of Emotional Adjustment, Timoth Smith, Alan Christensen May 1996

Positive And Negative Affect In Rheumatoid Arthritis: Increased Specificity In The Assessment Of Emotional Adjustment, Timoth Smith, Alan Christensen

Alan J. Christensen

Because most patients with chronic medical illness do not suffer from diagnosable depressive conditions, models of normal emotional functioning might be useful in assessing the emotional consequences of physical illness. In this study of 72 male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the Watson and Tellegen (1985) two-dimensional model in this regard. Depression scores were associated, independently, with both positive and negative affect. Pain, daily hassles, and cognitive distortion were associated with depression and negative affect but not with positive affect. Positive daily events were associated with positive affect but not negative affect. This suggests that the routine …

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Understanding Patient Nonadherence In Renal Dialysis.", Alan Christensen Apr 1996

Understanding Patient Nonadherence In Renal Dialysis.", Alan Christensen

Alan J. Christensen

No abstract provided.

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2. Assessing Children's Competence To Take The Oath: Research And Recommendations., Thomas D. Lyon Apr 1996

2. Assessing Children's Competence To Take The Oath: Research And Recommendations., Thomas D. Lyon

Thomas D. Lyon

With all of the attention paid to children's performances as witnesses once on the stand, their ability to qualify to take the stand has been relatively neglected. Most courts require that in order to testify, a witness must first take the oath. In its most simple form, an oath is a promise to tell the truth. Taking the oath presupposes that one understands what it means to tell the truth, and that one appreciates one’s obligation to tell the truth when promising to do so. If a young child does not understand the difference between the truth and lies, or …

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Body Consciousness, Illness-Related Impairment, And Patient Adherence In Hemodialysis, Alan Christensen, John Wiebe, Dawn Edwards, John Michels Jan 1996

Body Consciousness, Illness-Related Impairment, And Patient Adherence In Hemodialysis, Alan Christensen, John Wiebe, Dawn Edwards, John Michels

Alan J. Christensen

Recent theory and evidence suggests that bodily self-focusing tendencies (e.g., private body consciousness [PBC]) may be associated with medical regimen adherence among chronically ill patients. The present study examined the joint effects of PBC and degree of illness-related physical impairment on treatment regimen adherence in a sample of 52 hemodialysis patients. It was predicted that the effect of PBC on adherence would vary as a function of patients' level of illness-related physical impairment. For patients experiencing more severe impairment, higher PBC scores were associated with poorer adherence to the prescribed medication and dietary regimen. In contrast, for patients experiencing a …

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Wordsworth And The Question Of "Romantic Religion", Nancy Easterlin Dec 1995

Wordsworth And The Question Of "Romantic Religion", Nancy Easterlin

Nancy Easterlin

No abstract provided.

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Effect Of Verbal Self-Disclosure On Natural Killer Cell Activity: Moderating Influence Of Cynical Hostility, Alan Christensen, D. Edwards, J. Wiebe, E. Benotsch, L Mckelvey, M. Andrews, D. Lubaroff Dec 1995

Effect Of Verbal Self-Disclosure On Natural Killer Cell Activity: Moderating Influence Of Cynical Hostility, Alan Christensen, D. Edwards, J. Wiebe, E. Benotsch, L Mckelvey, M. Andrews, D. Lubaroff

Alan J. Christensen

One objective of the present research was to examine the immunological effects of self-disclosing personal information regarding a traumatic or stressful experience. A second objective was to examine the hypothesis that the effect of self-disclosure on immune function is moderated by individual differences in cynical hostility. Forty-three male college undergraduates, classified as high or low on the Cook-Medley Hostility scale were randomly assigned to either a verbal self-disclosure or a nondisclosure discussion condition. Task-induced change in natural killer (NK) cell activity (i.e., cytotoxicity) served as the dependent variable. As predicted, a significant interaction between discussion condition and hostility was obtained. …

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Understanding And Preventing Hiv Risk Behavior, Kathryn Morris, W. Swann Dec 1995

Understanding And Preventing Hiv Risk Behavior, Kathryn Morris, W. Swann

Kathryn A. Morris

No abstract provided.

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The Influence Of Peer Affiliation And Student Activities On Adolescent Drug Involvement, Jeanne Jenkins Dec 1995

The Influence Of Peer Affiliation And Student Activities On Adolescent Drug Involvement, Jeanne Jenkins

Jeanne E. Jenkins

Examines the importance of students' academic performance level and extracurricular activities as predictors of drug involvement relative to peer influence. Affiliation with drug-using friends; Peer relationships as dominating influence on drug involvement.

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Social Neuroscience: Principles Of Psychophysiological Arousal And Response, Stephen Crites, John Cacioppo, Gary Berntson Dec 1995

Social Neuroscience: Principles Of Psychophysiological Arousal And Response, Stephen Crites, John Cacioppo, Gary Berntson

Stephen L Crites Jr.

No abstract provided.

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Brain Activation Modulated By Sentence Comprehension, Marcel Adam Just, Patricia A. Carpenter, Timothy A. Keller, William F. Eddy, Keith R. Thulborn Dec 1995

Brain Activation Modulated By Sentence Comprehension, Marcel Adam Just, Patricia A. Carpenter, Timothy A. Keller, William F. Eddy, Keith R. Thulborn

Marcel Adam Just

No abstract provided.

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Cults On Campus: Perspectives From The Literature., John D. Foubert Dec 1995

Cults On Campus: Perspectives From The Literature., John D. Foubert

John D. Foubert

This article reviews research literature about college students who joins cults, how they are recruited, how they leave (or not), and different ideas for how college student administrators can handle this issue.

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Effects Of Gender, Gender Role, And Individualized Trust On Self-Disclosure., John D. Foubert, Barbara Sholley Dec 1995

Effects Of Gender, Gender Role, And Individualized Trust On Self-Disclosure., John D. Foubert, Barbara Sholley

John D. Foubert

Effects of gender, gender role, and individualized trust on self disclosure was studied on 293 participants. An interaction between gender role and individualized trust revealed that the high self disclosure typical of androgynous individuals is restricted to those who are high trusting.

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Overcoming Men's Defensiveness Toward Sexual Assault Programs: Learning To Help Survivors., John D. Foubert, Kenneth A. Marriott Dec 1995

Overcoming Men's Defensiveness Toward Sexual Assault Programs: Learning To Help Survivors., John D. Foubert, Kenneth A. Marriott

John D. Foubert

A unique new approach to overcoming men's defensiveness toward sexual assault prevention programs is described. By appealing to audience members as potential helpers of women who survive rape as opposed to addressing them as potential rapists, programmatic goals can be achieved.

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Attitudes To The Right: Evaluative Processing Is Associated With Lateralized Late Positive Event-Related Brain Potentials, John T. Cacioppo, Stephen L. Crites, Wendy L. Gardner Dec 1995

Attitudes To The Right: Evaluative Processing Is Associated With Lateralized Late Positive Event-Related Brain Potentials, John T. Cacioppo, Stephen L. Crites, Wendy L. Gardner

Stephen L Crites Jr.

The authors recently developed a paradigm to investigate the evaluative categorization stage of attitudes using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The present series of 5 studies with a total of 118 Ss extended this approach by analyzing the spatial topography of the ERP over the lateral scalp region to address complementary questions regarding the nature of operations underlying the evaluative categorization stage of attitude processing. Consistent with the hypothesis that evaluative categorizations engage mechanisms associated with hedonic or global language processing, results revealed that the standardized amplitudes of the late positive potential of the ERP during evaluative categorization were larger over …

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2. Medical Evidence Of Physical Abuse In Infants And Young Children., Thomas D. Lyon, Elizabeth E. Gilles, Lary Cory Dec 1995

2. Medical Evidence Of Physical Abuse In Infants And Young Children., Thomas D. Lyon, Elizabeth E. Gilles, Lary Cory

Thomas D. Lyon

Determining whether a young child's injuries are due to physical abuse is often extremely difficult. Frequently, the child is nonverbal, and there are no witnesses other than the caretakers that are suspected of abuse. Expert medical opinion is often necessary to diagnose abuse. However, the process by which physicians diagnose physical abuse is something of a mystery to many attorneys, even to those who routinely handle such cases. The medical literature is often impenetrable to those without special training, leading attorneys to defer to expert opinion without fully understanding the basis for such opinion. This is unfortunate. Without understanding the …

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Electrocortical Differentiation Of Evaluative And Nonevaluative Categorizations, Stephen L. Crites, John T. Cacioppo Dec 1995

Electrocortical Differentiation Of Evaluative And Nonevaluative Categorizations, Stephen L. Crites, John T. Cacioppo

Stephen L Crites Jr.

The evaluative categorizations that underlie affective and attitudinal judgments have often been equated with nonevaluative categorizations despite the central importance of evaluative processes for survival. In the present experiment, a late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related brain potential elicited when participants evaluatively categorized food items as positive or nonpositive was compared with the LPP elicited when participants semantically (i.e., nonevaluatively) categorized food items as vegetable or nonvegetable. Results revealed that evaluative categorizations evoked an LPP that was relatively larger over the right than the left scalp regions compared with the LPP evoked by nonevaluative categorizations. This finding provides evidence …

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Characteristics Of The Effective Therapist: Further Analyses Of The Nimh Tdcrp, Sidney J. Blatt, Charles A. Sanislow, David C. Zuroff, Paul A. Pilkonis Dec 1995

Characteristics Of The Effective Therapist: Further Analyses Of The Nimh Tdcrp, Sidney J. Blatt, Charles A. Sanislow, David C. Zuroff, Paul A. Pilkonis

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

Analyses of the data of the National Institute of Mental Health-sponsored Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program have primarily examined the effects of types of treatment and patient characteristics on outcome, but scant attention has been directed toward evaluating the contributions of the therapist. With an aggregate of residualized therapeutic change scores of the 5 primary outcome measures for each patient at termination as an overall measure of improvement, an average therapeutic effectiveness measure was derived for each of the 28 therapists based on the outcome of the patients they saw in active treatment. The distribution of the therapists was …

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