Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Self-Determination, Subordination, And Semantics: Rhetorical And Real-World Conflicts Over The Human Rights Of Indigenous Women, Sam Grey

Sam Grey

Indigenous women have long been engaged in unambiguous advocacy for a human rights-based approach to gender injustice in their communities and nations. Indigenous nations, for their part, have repeatedly and passionately posited collective human rights as necessary for the protection of cultural distinction. These projects should be reconcilable – but this reconciliation requires the political will to critically engage with historical and contemporary colonialism, and to address the internalization of patriarchy and sexism in Indigenous societies today. With such a will in place, it becomes possible to operationalize a single Indigenous ‘self-determination’ project grounded in human rights, one that sees …

The Limits Of Debate Or What We Talk About When We Talk About Gender Imbalance On The Bench, Keith Bybee

Keith J. Bybee

What do we talk about when we talk about gender imbalance on the bench? The first thing we do is keep track of the number of female judges. Once the data has been gathered, we then argue about what the disparity between men and women in the judiciary means. These arguments about meaning are not freestanding. On the contrary, I claim that debates over gender imbalance occur within the context of a broader public debate over the nature of judicial decisionmaking. I argue that this public debate revolves around dueling conceptions of the judge as impartial arbiter and as politically …

Freedom To Achieve: The Future Of Student-Led Organizations Within The Public School System, Braden W. Johnson

Braden W Johnson

On-campus religious organizations have received special protections according to their First Amendment rights and the Equal Access Act of 1984. As more controversial organizations have been incorporated within the public school system, school administrators have found it increasingly hard to control the effects of these groups. This article argues for a revision to the Equal Access Act which strengthen's a school's ability to place restrictions on the formation of controversial clubs.

Contested Migration And Settler Politics In Cyprus, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

Immigration and settler literatures provide contrasting approaches to the evaluation of conflict between ‘newcomers’ and ‘indigenous’ groups. On the one hand, immigration studies emphasize that newcomers, particularly migrants, almost never fight civil wars; on the other hand, studies on settlers in contested territories expect inherently unstable relations between settlers and native populations affected by colonization projects. While each provides strong evidence to support its argument, neither literature has adequately accounted for hybrid cases where the settler and migrant categories have become almost indistinguishable. The article focuses on Cyprus as a paradigmatic such case. Specifically, it looks at populations transferred from …

Reconsidering The Defense-Growth Relationship: Evidence From The Islalmic Republic Of Iran, Bruce D. Mcdonald Iii

Bruce D. McDonald, III

Recent literature has failed to reach a consensus on how best to model the defense-growth relationship. Although several attempts have been made to solve the problem by the theoretical comparison of models, empirical attempts of comparison have been largely restricted to the United States. Given the recent criticism of the Feder-Ram model, this paper uses Iranian data to compare the performance of the Feder-Ram and augmented Solow models in the context of a growing, yet heavily militarized, economy. The results indicate that the improved ability of the augmented Solow model to explain economic growth can better account for the effects …

Data Sharing By Scientists: Practices And Perceptions, Carol Tenopir, Suzie Allard, Kimberly L. Douglass, Arsev Umur Aydinoglu, Lei Wu, Eleanor Read, Maribeth Manoff, Mike Frame

Kimberly L Douglass

Background: Scientific research in the 21st century is more data intensive and collaborative than in the past. It is important to study the data practices of researchers – data accessibility, discovery, re-use, preservation and, particularly, data sharing. Data sharing is a valuable part of the scientific method allowing for verification of results and extending research from prior results. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 1329 scientists participated in this survey exploring current data sharing practices and perceptions of the barriers and enablers of data sharing. Scientists do not make their data electronically available to others for various reasons, including insufficient time …

Escalation Of Interstate Crises Of Conflictual Dyads:Greece-Turkey And India-Pakistan, Akisato Suzuki, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

This article examines the causation and extent of interstate crisis escalation among two conflictual dyads, namely, Greece-Turkey and India-Pakistan. It draws from the International Crisis Behavior dataset to present a new sub-dataset of 12 interstate crises involving the two dyads in the period between 1987 and 2002. While crisis behavior in Greece-Turkey has frequently been analyzed within the context of two major regional organizations (NATO and the EU), Indian-Pakistani crises have been studied within the perspective of nuclear proliferation. To examine the linkage between these features and interstate crises, the article operationalizes the security dilemma and the diversionary theory of …

State Ideology And The Kurds In Turkey, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

This article evaluates theories of nationalism by examining the formation of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey. It deals particularly with the various manifestations of contemporary Kurdish minority question and provides an account for the late development of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey. It situates the Kurdish experience within the broader experience of the post-Ottoman world and analyzes the awakening of Kurdish national identity among broader segments of the population. It provides an alternative to Ernest Gellner’s functionalist account of nationalism and industrialization by stressing the link between state policies and minority nationalism. It considers the political, social and other implications of state …

Dilemmas Of Justice And Reconciliation: Rwandans And The Gacaca Courts, Amaka Megwalu, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

Following the 1994 genocide, several justice initiatives were implemented in Rwanda, including a tribunal established by the United Nations, Rwanda’s national court system and Gacaca, a ‘traditional’ community-run conflict resolution mechanism adapted to prosecute genocide perpetrators. Since their inception in 2001, the Gacaca courts have been praised for their efficiency and for widening participation but criticized for lack of due process, trained personnel and attention to atrocities committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). To evaluate these criticisms, we survey 227 Rwandans and analyze their attitudes towards Gacaca in relation to demographic characteristics such as education, residence and loss of …

The Way Home: Peaceful Return For Victims Of Ethnic Cleansing, Djordje Stefanovic, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

This article examines how the right of return is negotiated and implemented in post-conflict societies. It focuses on cases of voluntary yet ‘difficult’ return and identifies the conditions under which victims of ethnic cleansing choose to return to their homes despite opposition from new occupants and local authorities. The article provides a theoretical framework for the study of return looking at security provisions, incentives, contact and ideology. Drawing on the experiences of Bosnian (Drvar) and Cypriot (Maronite) returnees, it emphasizes the role of social capital and demonstrates how community effort resolves coordination and commitment problems and facilitates voluntary peaceful return.

Delaying Truth Recovery For Missing Persons, Iosif Kovras, Neophytos G. Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

The fate of missing persons is a central issue in post-conflict societies facing truth recovery and human rights dilemmas. Despite widespread public sympathy towards relatives, societies emerging from conflict often defer the recovery of missing for decades. More paradoxically, in post-1974 Cyprus, the official authorities delayed unilateral exhumations of victims buried within cemeteries in their own jurisdiction. Analysis of official post-1974 discourse reveals a Greek-Cypriot consensus to emphasise the issue as one of Turkish aggression, thus downplaying in-group responsibilities and the legacy of intra-communal violence. We compare the experience of Cyprus with other post-conflict societies such as Spain, Northern Ireland, …

The Bureau Of Municipal Research And The Development Of A Professional Public Service, Bruce D. Mcdonald Iii

Bruce D. McDonald, III

This paper explores the professionalization of public administration in terms of its relation to the New York Bureau of Municipal Research. The formation of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research in 1907 served as the catalyst for the creation and expansion of a professional public service. Though public administration has failed to transform into a profession, this paper shows that the Bureau contributed to professionalization by (1) developing a body of knowledge and theory for the field; (2) developing a school in which to train persons in that knowledge; and, (3) promoting a place that the training and knowledge …

Negotiating The Right Of Return, Neophytos Loizides, Marcos Antoniades

Neophytos Loizides

Negotiating the right of return is a central issue in post-conflict societies aiming to resolve tensions between human rights issues and security concerns. Peace proposals often fail to carefully balance these tensions or to identify incentives and linkages that enable refugee return. To address this gap, the article puts forward an alternative arrangement in negotiating refugee rights currently being considered in the bilateral negotiations in Cyprus. Previous peace plans for the reunification of the island emphasized security and stipulated a maximum number of Greek Cypriot refugees eligible to return under future Turkish Cypriot administration. The authors’ alternative suggests a minimum …

Elite Framing And Conflict Transformation In Turkey, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

This article examines the effects of elite framing in conflict transformation. It utilizes debates from the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) as the main source of empirical evidence and demonstrates differences in the way Turkish parliamentarians framed national and foreign policy issues in the 1990s. For the most part, elite framing of Kurdish issues was predominantly monolithic and adversarial towards ‘ethnic others’ demonstrating few challenges to dominant nationalist narratives and discourses, while framing of Greek-Turkish disputes was diverse, with moderates cautiously challenging hardliners on the necessity of cooperating with Greece. The article unravels these elite framing strategies and illustrates how …

Ethnic Nationalism And Adaptation In Cyprus, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

Ethnic Nationalism and Adaptation in Cyprus NEOPHYTOS G. LOIZIDES Queen’s University Belfast Both ethnic communities in Cyprus have maintained strong political and cultural ties with Greece and Turkey, respectively, and at some point of their twentieth century history, each has aspired to become part of either the former or the latter. Yet the way this relationship has been imagined has differed across time, space, and class. Both communities have adapted their identities to prevailing ideological waves as well as political opportunities, domestic alliances, and interests. The article evaluates different responses to ethnic nationalism, highlighting important intra-ethnic differentiations within each Cypriot …

The Aftermath Of The Annan Plan Referendums: Cross-Voting Moderation For Cyprus, Neophytos Loizides, Eser Keskiner

Neophytos Loizides

This article examines recent developments in the Cyprus

negotiations and suggests a number of changes to the proposed electoral system. Specifically, cross-voting and other electoral methods that encourage coalition-building across ethnic communities might add significantly to the functionality of the Annan Plan. Combined with other innovative mechanisms already in the plan, cross-voting could force political parties to seriously take into account the interests and concerns of the two Cypriot communities, an element that is currently missing from

both the Turkish Cypriot (TC) and Greek Cypriot (GC) political systems. Special conditions on the island, as well as the way most political …

Crisis Management In The Eastern Mediterranean: Implications For Policymakers, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

Crisis Management in the Eastern Mediterranean (Implications for Policymakers) Neophytos G. Loizides* RÉSUMÉ Cet article examine le comportement de la Grèce et de la Turquie pendant les périodes de crise dans la Méditerranée Orientale durant les dernières deux décennies. Les crises sont définies et classifiées, et un nombre de fausses perceptions sont examinées à la lumière des expériences récentes. Trois larges catégories de crises de la politique étrangère sont analysées: Celles impliquant des minorités qui ont des liens ethniques à travers les frontières, celles avec des minorités « étrangères » à l’intérieur des frontières, et celles impliquant des tiers pays …

Greek-Turkish Dilemmas And The Cyprus-Eu Accession Process, Neophytos Loizides

Neophytos Loizides

Greek–Turkish Dilemmas and the Cyprus EU Accession Process NEOPHYTOS G. LOIZIDES* Department of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada This article compares the processes of foreign policymaking in Greece and Turkey in order to examine why the incentives and pressures of the enlargement process have failed until now to initiate a settlement in the Cyprus bicommunal negotiations. While most studies on the Cyprus problem have focused on the two communities of the island, little at-tention has been paid to the policies of the two ‘motherlands’, namely Greece and Turkey. Yet their leverage on the two Cypriot communities and their conflicting …