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Articles 1 - 7 of 7
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Shaping Of A Saint-President: Latent Clues From Nelson Mandela's Autobiography, Abdulrazaq Imam
The Shaping Of A Saint-President: Latent Clues From Nelson Mandela's Autobiography, Abdulrazaq Imam
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Nelson Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom provides evidence organized in the form of antecedent-behavior-consequence units, which suggest that a shaping process effected during his many years of incarceration best describes the origins of the outcome represented by the political order in South Africa following his release. The analysis shows that Mandela's radicalism at the start of his imprisonment on Robben Island changed into a saintly presidential aura in the end, through a systematic selection process that actively involved Mandela himself and his political aspirations. The saintly qualities ascribed to Mandela after his release by many around the world are consistent …
Molar Effects Of Increasing Amounts And Immediacy To External Food Sources In 4-Hr Sessions, Abdulrazaq A. Imam, Steven R. Hursh
Molar Effects Of Increasing Amounts And Immediacy To External Food Sources In 4-Hr Sessions, Abdulrazaq A. Imam, Steven R. Hursh
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Rats worked under a fixed-ratio 45 schedule of reinforcementduring 4-hr long sessions either in sixteen 1S-min work periods (2rats in Experiments 1 and 3) or in a single work period (3 rats inExperiments 2 and 4) while receiving varying amounts of externalfood. In Experiments 1 and 2, a fixed amount of external food wasprovided in different conditions., whereas in Experiments 3 and 4,both earned and total food intake were fixed to a dally maximum.Consumption and responding decreased with availability comparedto nonavailability of external food and systematically declined withincreasing amounts of external food in progressively openeconomies. The independence-quotient statistic was differentiallysensitive …
Stock Optimizing In Choice When Toke Deposit Is The Operant, Abdulrazaq Imam, J Widholm, A Silberberg, S Hursh, F Warren-Boulton
Stock Optimizing In Choice When Toke Deposit Is The Operant, Abdulrazaq Imam, J Widholm, A Silberberg, S Hursh, F Warren-Boulton
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Each of 2 monkeys typically earned their daily food ration by depositing tokens in one of two slots. Tokens deposited in one slot dropped into a bin where they were kept (token kept). Deposits to a second slot dropped into a bin where they could be obtained again (token returned). In Experiment 1, a fixed-ratio (FR) 5 schedule that provided two food pellets was associated with each slot. Both monkeys preferred the token-returned slot. In Experiment 2, both subjects chose between unequal FR schedules with the token-returned slot always associated with the leaner schedule. When the FRs were 2 versus …
Speed Contingencies, Number Of Stimulus Presentations, And The Nodality Effect In Equivalence Class Formation, Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Speed Contingencies, Number Of Stimulus Presentations, And The Nodality Effect In Equivalence Class Formation, Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Rats worked under a fixed-ratio (FR) 45 schedule of reinforcement during 4-hr long sessions either in 16 15-min work periods (2 rats in Exps 1 and 3) or in a single work period (3 rats in Exps 2 and 4) while receiving varying amounts of external food. In Exps 1 and 2, a fixed amount of external food was provided in different conditions, whereas in Exps 3 and 4, both earned and total food intake were fixed to a daily maximum. Consumption and responding decreased with availability compared to nonavailability of external food and systematically declined with increasing amounts of …
Response-Reinforcer Independence And The Economic Continuum: A Preliminary Analysis, Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Response-Reinforcer Independence And The Economic Continuum: A Preliminary Analysis, Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Three pigeons were exposed to 1-hr and 4-hr sessions during which they earned food under a fixedratio 50 schedule of reinforcement while obtaining additional food according to either a variableinterval or a variable-time schedule. Postsession food was provided after the 1-hr sessions. The frequency of the variable-interval and variable-time food presentations was varied under the two session durations. The various combinations of within-session earned and unearned food, as well as the postsession food, defined conditions on the open-to-closed economy continuum. Key pecks tended to increase as the frequency of either variable-interval or variable-time food decreased. An economiccontinuum analysis based on …
Acute Effects Of Cocaine On Spontaneous And Discriminative Motor Functions: Relation To Route Of Administration, C. Lau, Abdulrazaq Imam, M. Fang, J. Falk
Acute Effects Of Cocaine On Spontaneous And Discriminative Motor Functions: Relation To Route Of Administration, C. Lau, Abdulrazaq Imam, M. Fang, J. Falk
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
Rats administered cocaine i.p. and p.o. (7.5-30 mg/kg) showed dose-related increases in locomotor (LM) and small-movement activities, with LM rates decreasing over the 2-hr session, except at the largest i.p. dose, for which rates were greater in the 2nd hr. Lidocaine p.o. (15-30 mg/kg) did not increase activity. Relating the area under the curve measures for serum cocaine (concentration-time) and LM activity (LM activity-time) for 2 hr postadministration indicated that cocaine was about twice as potent i.p., compared to p.o., in increasing LM activity. Cocaine (i.p. and p.o.) produced dose-related decrements in both discriminative motor control performance and in task …
Effects Of Alternative Reinforcement Sources: A Reevaluation, Abdulrazaq A. Imam, K A. Lattal
Effects Of Alternative Reinforcement Sources: A Reevaluation, Abdulrazaq A. Imam, K A. Lattal
Abdulrazaq A. Imam
The effects of two alternative sources of food delivery on the key-peck responding of pigeons were examined. Pecking was maintained by a variable-interval 3-min schedule. In the presence of this schedule in different conditions, either a variable-time 3-min schedule delivering food independently of responding or an equivalent schedule that required a minimum 2-s pause between a key peck and food delivery (a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule) was added. The differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule reduced response rates more than did the variable-time schedule in most instances. The delay between a key peck and the next reinforcer consistently was longer under the differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule than under …