Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

A Contribution To Understanding The Impact Of Variations In Body Mass On Fractionating The Metabolic Burden Of Military Load Carriage, Heather Bowes, Catriona A. Burdon, Nigel A.S. Taylor

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Purpose: The oxygen cost associated with load carriage is dependent upon both its mass and its placement about the body. For occupations in which load carriage is routinely performed, and involves identical loads for all individuals, the relative metabolic cost varies inversely with body mass. However, whilst we understand the average impact of varying load placement, our appreciation of its impact on a morphologically diverse, contemporary workforce is very limited. Methods:The relationship between load placement and body mass was evaluated in 65 men (23.0 y [SD 3.0]; 80.5 kg [SD 1.7]: range 56.0-109.8 kg), matched for height-adjusted adiposity (59.3 mm …

Lean Body Mass Associated With Upper Body Strength In Healthy Older Adults While Higher Body Fat Limits Lower Extremity Performance And Endurance, Karen E. Charlton, Marijka Batterham, Kelly Langford, Jenna Lateo, Erin Brock, Karen L. Walton, Philippa M. Lyons-Wall, Katie Eisenhauer, Nick Green, Cameron Mclean

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Impaired strength adversely influences an older person's ability to perform activities of daily living. A cross-sectional study of 117 independently living men and women (age = 73.4 9.4 year; body mass index (BMI) = 27.6 4.8 kg/m2) aimed to assess the association between body composition and: (1) upper body strength (handgrip strength, HGS); (2) lower extremity performance (timed up and go (TUG) and sit to stand test (STS)); and (3) endurance (6-minute walk (SMWT). Body composition (% fat; lean body mass (LBM)) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Habitual physical activity was measured using the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire …

Seasonal Stress Physiology And Body Condition Differ Among Co-Occurring Tropical Finch Species, Kimberly L. Maute, Kristine French, Sarah Legge, Lee Astheimer

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Seasonal changes in avian hormonal stress responses and condition are well known for common species found at temperate and arctic latitudes, but declining and tropical species are poorly studied. This study compares stress and condition measures of co-occurring declining and non-declining tropical grass finch species in Australia. We monitored declining Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) and non-declining long-tailed and masked finches (Poepila acuticauda and P. personata) during two seasons that are potentially stressful: peak breeding (early dry season when food is plentiful) and moult (late dry to early wet season when food may be scarce). We measured body condition (muscle and …

The Association Of Antidepressant Medication And Body Weight Gain, Sara Ranjbar, Nagesh B. Pai, Chao Deng

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objective: To review the literature and discover which antidepressants are responsible for weight gain and then to discuss the areas with lack of adequate knowledge.

Method: An electronic search was conducted through Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane library, and ScienceDirect. Forty nine empirical researches were identified and reviewed.

Results: Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and mirtazapine have been associated with more weight gain induction in clinical studies, but not in animal-based studies. All TCAs have been reported to cause weight gain except protriptyline. MAOIs have been associated with weight gain. In SSRI group, citalopram and ecitalopram induce weight, yet mixed results exist for paroxetine and …

On The Utility Of Cardiorespiratory Surrogates Of Whole-Body Energy Expenditure, Sean R. Notley, Hugh H. K Fullagar, Benjamin J. Haberley, Daniel S. Lee, Mayumi Matsuda-Nakamura, Gregory E. Peoples, Nigel A.S Taylor

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Due to environmental and scenario constraints, direct measures of the metabolic demands of work can be difficult or impossible. Fortunately, cardiorespiratory variables respond in a predictable fashion with work rate, and can serve as surrogate indices for approximating energy expenditure (e.g. heart rate and minute ventilation). However, a failure to fully explore the utility of these indices during field-based work is a major limitation within the literature. Thus, this investigation was aimed at evaluating the transferability of predictive equations developed in the laboratory to a series of fire-fighting simulations conducted in the field.

The Interaction Of Body Armor, Low-Intensity Exercise, And Hot-Humid Conditions On Physiological Strain And Cognitive Function, Joanne N. Caldwell, Lian Engelen, Charles Van Der Henst, Mark J. Patterson, Nigel A.S Taylor

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Objective: This project was aimed at evaluating the impact of combat armor on physiological and cognitive functions during low-intensity exercise in hot-humid conditions (36°C and 60% relative humidity). Methods: Nine males participated in three trials (2.5 hours), walking at two speeds and wearing different protective equipment: control (combat uniform and cloth hat); torso armor with uniform and cloth hat; and full armor (uniform, torso armor, and helmet). Results: As time progressed, core temperatures increased and deviated signifi cantly among trials, rising at 0.37°C h −1 (control), 0.41°C h −1 (torso armor), and 0.51°C h −1 (full armor). Heart rates also …

Physiological Strain Associated With Wearing Body Armour Of Increasing Ballistic Protection, Anne M. J Van Den Heuvel, Wilko Van Dijk, Sean R. Notley, Mark J. Patterson, Gregory E. Peoples, Nigel A.S Taylor

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

No abstract provided.

An Investigation Of Forearm Vasomotor And Sudomotor Thresholds During Passive Heating, Following Whole-Body Cooling, Joanne N. Caldwell, Asa Nykvist, Nicholas Powers, Sean R. Notley, Daniel S. Lee, Gregory E. Peoples, Nigel A.S Taylor

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

No abstract provided.

Increased Intake Of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat Does Not Promote Whole Body Or Preferential Abdominal Fat Mass Loss In Overweight Adults, Sze-Yen Tan, Marijka Batterham, Linda Tapsell

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Objective: There is evidence that increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in a diet can enhance the rate of fat oxidation acutely. Higher PUFA in a diet has also been associated with greater abdominal fat loss in longer term studies. This study aimed to investigate if higher PUFA intake would result in greater fat mass loss over a 12-week period, mainly from the abdominal region.

Methods: Data at the 12-week time point from two weight loss studies, both comparing high PUFA versus low PUFA diets was, accessed for 141 overweight subjects from the same area. Specifically, data on …

Thermal Load And Physical Mobility Implications Of Body Armour Systems With Different Levels Of Protection, Daniel C. Billing, Jace R. Drain, Anne Van Den Heuvel, Gregory E. Peoples, Aaron J. Silk, Nigel A.S Taylor, Mark J. Patterson

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

No abstract provided.

Harms To Body And Soul: An Ideological Balancing Act For Preventing And Reducing Cannabis Use, Nadia Solowij

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

In their piece for debate, Macleod & Hickman [1] present some credible arguments around the ways in which ideology may shape evidence and policy and describe the inevitable use of select aspects of scientific evidence to advance an agenda and drive funding directions. While the strength of evidence regarding causality in the association between cannabis and schizophrenia may not be incontrovertible, some of their arguments are indeed driven by their own ideology and advancement of their proposition that the main harmassociated with cannabis use pertains to its intimate relation to tobacco use, and that this, and the development of dependence, …

The Effect Of A Tiered Body Armour System On Soldier Physical Mobility, Gregory Peoples, Aaron Silk, Sean Notley, Laura Holland, Brooke Collier, Daniel Lee

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Current military operations involve complex omnipresent threats, resulting in the need for all soldiers, regardless of occupational speciality, to wear body armour during operational deployment. Body armour is typically comprised of both hard and soft armour and is designed to provide ballistic, fragmentation and stab protection. The weight load and bulk of body armour, which is influenced by the materials used and extent of hard and soft armour coverage of the body, has the potential to affect a soldiers physical mobility on the battlefield. Intuitively it would appear logical that as the external load a soldier carries increases there is …

Performance Of Body Mass Index In Predicting Diabetes And Hypertension In The Eastern Province Of Saudi Arabia, Ali M. Almajwal, Nadira A. Al-Baghli, Marijka J. Batterham, Peter G. Williams, Khalid A. Al-Turki, Aqeel J. Al-Ghamdi

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: BMI is the most widely used measure to diagnose obesity but its accuracy and usefulness in Saudi subjects is unknown. This study aimed to assess the validity of standard BMI cut-point values in the Saudi population. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: 197,681 adults participated in a cross-sectional study to detect diabetes and hypertension in the Saudi Eastern province in 2004/5, with blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, height and weight measurements taken. Sensitivities, specificities, areas under the curves, predictive values, likelihood ratios, false positive, false negatives and total misclassification ratios were calculated for various BMI values determined from receiver operating characteristic …

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Versus High-Oleic Acid Sunflower Oil: Effects On Energy Metabolism, Glucose Tolerance, Blood Lipids, Appetite And Body Composition In Regularly Exercising Individuals, Estelle V. Lambert, Julia H. Goedecke, Kerrie Bluett, Kerry Heggie, Amanda Claassen, Dale E. Rae, Sacha West, Jonathan Dugas, Lara Dugas, Shelly Meltzer, Karen E. Charlton, Inge Mohede

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The aim of this study was to measure the effects of 12 weeks of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition, RER, RMR, blood lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity and appetite in exercising, normal-weight persons. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, sixty-two non-obese subjects (twenty-five men, thirty-seven women) received either 3.9 g/d CLA or 3.9 g high-oleic acid sunflower oil for 12 weeks. Prior to and after 12 weeks of supplementation, oral glucose tolerance, blood lipid concentrations, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computerised tomography scans), RMR, resting and exercising RER and appetite were measured. There were no significant effects …

Development And Validation Of Instruments Measuring Body Image And Body Weight Dissatisfaction In South African Mothers And Their Daughters, Zandile Mciza, Julia Goedecke, Nelia P. Steyn, Karen E. Charlton, Thandi Puoane, Shelly Meltzer, Naomi Levitt, Estelle V. Lambert

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objective We sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters. Settings and subjects: Girls attending primary school (ages 9-12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard's body image figures for mothers. A Feel-Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected …

Comparing Solid Body With Point-Light Animations, Harold C. Hill, Yuri Jinno, Alan Johnston

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The movement of faces provides useful information for a variety of tasks and is now an active area of research. We compare here two ways of presenting face motion in experiments: as solid-body animations and as point-light displays. In the first experiment solid-body and point-light animations, based on the same motion-captured marker data, produced similar levels of performance on a sex-judgment task. The trend was for an advantage for the point-light displays, probably in part because of residual spatial cues available in such stimuli. In the second experiment we compared spatially normalised point-light displays of marker data with solid-body animations …

Sweating In Extreme Environments: Heat Loss, Heat Adaptation, Body-Fluid Distribution And Thermal Strain, Nigel Taylor

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Evaporation is an extremely powerful cooling process. When totally evaporated from the skin surface, sweat can remove body heat at a rate of 2.43 kJ«g"\ Humans therefore control sweat secretion to maintain thermal homeostasis. Since humans are capable of extended sweat rates approximating 30 g'min"1, it is possible to remove heat at rates -73 kJ-min"1. Assuming a 20% efficiency, such heat loss will support a normothermic total energy use of 1520W. This equates with an external work rate of 304W, eliciting an oxygen consumption >3.5 /«min"1. However, while man has a great capacity to both work and dissipate metabolically-derived heat, …