Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Parsing For Prosody: What A Text-To-Speech System Needs From Syntax, Eileen Fitzpatrick, Joan Bachenko

Department of Linguistics Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

The authors describe an experimental text-to-speech system that uses a syntactic parser and prosody rules to determine prosodic phrasing for synthesized speech. It is shown that many aspects of sentence analysis that are required for other parsing applications, e.g., machine translation and question answering, become unnecessary in parsing for text-to-speech. It is possible to generate natural-sounding prosodic phrasing by relying on information about syntactic category type, partial constituency, and length; information about clausal and verb phrase constituency, predicate-argument relations, and prepositional phrase attachment can be bypassed.

Review Of "Anaphoric Relations In English And French: A Discourse Perspective" By F. Cornish, Donna Jo Napoli

Linguistics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Data Base Design For Research In Comparative Zapotec, Anita C. Bickford

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores the nature and content of a comparative data base for the Zapotec languages of Mexico that may be produced. Many questions are discussed: how to sub-divide and list the Zapotec languages and dialects; what data format will be most accessible to researchers as well as to field workers with data to add; computer software considerations (designing computational tools); how to handle non-cognates with shared meanings, non-overlap of glosses (i.e., one Zapotec gloss covers several Spanish words, or vice versa), semantic shifts and secondary meanings, and other problems such as special characters, free variation, elisions, etc.; whether to …

The Effect Of Media On The Listening Comprehension Scores Of Intermediate Esl Students, Marian Tyson

Dissertations and Theses

The use of videotapes has become widespread in ESL classes in recent years. The decline in cost of tapes and VCR equipment has assisted in the spread of this technology. These tapes are often used in listening comprehension classes and may replace or supplement the use of audiotapes. However, research has not established that the addition of the visual element, especially in the movie or TV type context of many videos, is an advantage to the language learner.

A total of seventy-six students participated in a listening comprehension recall exercise. Thirty-nine students viewed a videotape segment, and the remaining thirty-seven …

Where Do Ideophones Come From?, George Tucker Childs

Applied Linguistics Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper begins with an analysis of ideophones in Kisi (West Atlantic, Guinea). This examination leads to consideration of the diachrony of ideophones, but because of the lack of data with any real time depth, we are limited to finding clues in the synchronic data. This study looks first at verbs, the class of words which Kisi ideophones resemble most closely. Such is also the case in other African languages, where ideophones can often be analyzed as verbs, as has been done for several Southern Bantu languages. I then demonstrate how Kisi ideophones can be derived from verbs, illustrating several …

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 39, No. 1, Amos Long Jr., N. F. Karlins, Vertie Knapp, William T. Parsons

Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine

• An Overview of Travel and Transportation in Pennsylvania
• Floretta Emma Warfel: A Folk Artist in Embroidery Paint on Cloth
• Robacker, Earl F. and Ada F.: A Bibliography
• The Modernizing Effect of the Marketplace on Old Order Society, 1727 to 1987
• Aldes un Neies (Old and New)

Review Of "Encouraging Early Literacy: An Integrated Approach To Reading And Writing In N-3" By J. I. Schwartz, Donna Jo Napoli

Linguistics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Review Of "Ins And Outs Of The Predication" By J. Van Der Auwera And L. Goossens, Donna Jo Napoli

Linguistics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Relative Clauses In Koine Greek: A Transformational Approach, Martin M. Culy

Theses and Dissertations

In this thesis I consider the unique set of facts presented by relative clauses in Koine Greek. I give a thorough overview of relativization in Koine including idiomatic usages of the relative pronoun. In particular, I examine the phenomena of internally-headed relative clauses, attraction and inverse attraction.

I give a basic overview of the Greek language, discussing both the historical context as well as the facts of Koine syntax and morphology that are pertinent to the understanding of this thesis.

I provide a basic typology of Koine relative clauses discussing relativization strategy, examples where a relative pronoun is used for …

The Michif Technique: Code-Switch Cue, Carol Starzer Wildeman

Theses and Dissertations

The Michif technique is a method of language modification which encourages code-switching by introducing a third language as a cue. The method targets syntax modification and does not apply to phonetic modification.

The technique derives its name from the Michif Language which is the cue language used in the study. The learning of Michif is not a long-range goal of this study, but rather through the use of Michif code-switching can be fun and nonthreatening.

The Michif technique follows the bidialectical view which encourages the use of code-switching in formal environments and the use of the vernacular while in informal …

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 38, No. 4, Ann S. Burrows, Ruthanne Hartung, Stuart Helble, Karen Helble, Frank J. Gallagher, Rae Greiner, William Dean Wright, Wayne Hartzell, Anne Hartzell, Teresa A. Skoog, Mark Osterman, Keith Brintzenhoff, Frederick J. Saul, Beth Kreider, Richard Thomas

Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine

• Celebrating Twenty-Five Years of Quintessential Quilts
• The Folk Art of Fraktur
• Molding & Spinning Pewter
• Kaleidoscopes & Unique Stained Glass
• Dolls are Not Just for Children Anymore
• Paint Decorated Chests of the Pennsylvania Dutch
• Festival Focus
• Festival Programs
• Tiffany-Style Stained Glass Lamps
• Be Aware of What Might be Hiding in Grandma's Attic
• The Medicine Show
• Pennsylvania Dutch Music & More
• A Poor Damsel's Fate
• Silk Screening
• Long Time Favorite Festival Foods

Review Of "Les Prédicats Nominaux En Français: Les Phrases Simples À Verb Support" By J. Giry-Schneider, Donna Jo Napoli

Linguistics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Chinese Voices: Towards An Ethnography Of English As A Second Language, Diane Niblack Fox

Dissertations and Theses

This study draws on ethnographic methods to provide background information for the English as a Second Language teacher who looks out at the classroom and asks, "Who are these Chinese students?" The goal is to let Chinese students describe for themselves their experiences learning English, both in China and in the United States.

Basic Clause Structure In Veracruz Huastec, Peter G. Constable

Theses and Dissertations

Huastec is a Mayan language spoken in east-central Mexico. It is considered important in Mayan studies since it alone represents a distinct branch within the Mayan family of languages; however, there is, in fact, relatively little published work on Huastec, especially on Huastec syntax. This thesis fills in some of this lacuna with a description of several aspects of Huastec clause structure.

A general overview of Huastec grammar is presented in chapter 2, followed by several chapters each of which focuses on a separate topic of Huastec clause structure. The analyses in these chapters are presented within the theoretical frameworks …

Development Of Morphological Forms In Four-Year-Old Children, Catherine Anderson Thompson

Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate morphological development in 4-year-old children. Two tests were utilized and compared to see if there was a significant difference between the expression of meaningful and nonmeaningful words. The first test, a modified version of the Test for Examining Expressive Morphology (TEEM), used meaningful words to assess allomorphic variations of six bound morphemes. The second test, a modified version of Berko's Test of English Morphology (BTEM), assessed the same allomorphic variations, but it used nonmeaningful words.

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 38, No. 3, Amos Long Jr., Robert P. Stevenson, Dale E. Skoff, William B. Fetterman

Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine

• The Wayside Inn
• A Draft Board in World War I
• The Compass Inn: A Stagecoach Era Legacy
• The Pennsylvania German Dialect Playwriting Contests of 1941, 1942, 1983 and 1986
• Aldes un Neies (Old and New)

Review Of "Everyday Magic: Child Languages In Canadian Literature" By L. Ricou, Donna Jo Napoli

Linguistics Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Correlation Of Preschoolers' Performance On Three Language Comprehension Tests, Alissa Clare Nordlund

Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, (PPVT-R) and receptive subtest of the Preschool Language Scale (PLS), and between the PPVT-R and the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language-Revised (TACL-R), as well as determine how the tests compare in identifying children in need of further evaluation in the area of receptive language. The reasoning behind the goal of this study was to determine that if the three tests showed a strong, positive correlation and identified the same children as needing further assessment, then perhaps the test which was easier and …

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 38, No. 2, William B. Fetterman, James D. Mcmahon Jr., Monica Pieper, Lorett Treese

Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine

• Asseba un Sabina: The Flower of Pennsylvania German Folk Theater
• An Elizabeth Furnace Tenant House: A Pennsylvania German Structure in Transition
• A Tribute to Tradition and Necessity: The Schwenkfelder Schools in America
• "Enchanting Prospects": John Penn in Central Pennsylvania
• Aldes un Neies (Old and New)

Lexical Variation In Mexican Sign Language, J. Albert Bickford

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

No abstract provided.

Reflexives In Veracruz Huastec, Peter G. Constable

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

From the introduction: "In this paper, I will consider various clause types in Huastec which are, in some sense, reflexive; this includes ordinary reflexives, which involve coreference, as well as other clauses. Two mutually exclusive morphosyntactic devices are used for reflexives in Huastec: reflexive pronouns, and verbal morphology: in this way, Huastec is like various European languages, including Spanish, Italian, Albanian, and Russian. Clauses involving reflexive pronouns are considered in Section 3, while those involving reflexive verbal morphology are considered in Section 4.

"The analysis presented here adopts the frameworks of Relational Grammar (RG) and Arc Pair Grammar (APG)."

---------------- …

Switch Reference In Mbyá Guaraní: A Fair-Weather Phenomenon, Robert A. Dooley

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

In this paper, I will claim that switch-reference marking in Mbyá has several modes of use, which require different kinds of description. Specifically, I claim that there is an unmarked mode of use that has a grammatical ("internal") description, as well as other, marked modes of use that require extragrammatical ("external") descriptions. Among phenomena with such marked and unmarked modes, we can further distinguish at least two subtypes: on-call phenomena and fair-weather phenomena; Mybá switch-reference marking is of the latter type.

The Nahuatl Verb Maka: A Cognitive Grammar Analysis, David H. Tuggy

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

From the introduction: "The verb stem maka 'give' in Nahuatl is unusual in its range of options with respect to transitivity. Like all transitive verb stems, it regularly occurs with an object and in fact must do so, but it also appears in an unusually large number of constructions in which it has two objects. I would like to examine these constructions within the framework of Cognitive grammar (CG) (Langacker 1987)."

A Morphological Parser For Linguistic Exploration, David J. Weber

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

From the introduction: "This paper describes AMPLE, a morphological parser (i.e., a program that parses words into morphemes). AMPLE grew out of work in computer assisted dialect adaption, as described in section 1. It contains no language-specific code, being controlled entirely through external, user-written files, the notations of which were designed for linguists. AMPLE's constructs are linguistic: "allomorph," "morpheme," "conditioning environment," "co-occurrence constraint," etc.

AMPLE's fundamental algorithm is (i) to discover all possible decompisitions of a word into allomorphs, and (ii) to eliminate those which fail any conditions, constraints or tests imposed by the user."

A Typology Of Koine Relative Clauses, Martin M. Culy

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

From the introduction: "In this paper I endeavor to give a broad description of Koine Greek relative clauses. My database consists primarily of the Greek New Testament (Marshall and Nestle 1960). I begin by pointing out that Koine uses the strategy of relative pronouns in all relative clauses (Sect. 2). This section is followed by a description of the other ways in which relative pronouns are used besides introducing a relative clause (Sec. 3). In section 4, I discuss the position of the relative clause with respect to its head, arguing that only postnominal and internally headed relative clauses occur. …

Index To Volumes 26-35 Of Pennsylvania Folklife, 1976-1986, Judith E. Fryer

Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Indexes

• Introduction
• Subject Index
• Genealogy Index

Tonal Instability: Tone As Part Of The Feature Geometry, Stephen P. Walker

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

From the introduction: "In this paper I present an analysis of Kagate tone, within an autosegmental framework (Goldsmith 1976). The principal focus is the phenomenon of tonal instability, which occurs as the result of a compensatory lengthening process:

"In [figure] (1) the vowel of the suffix loses its melodic quality, and takes instead the melody of the previous vowel. Crucial to the topic of this paper, the tone of the suffix is simultaneously lost.

"[...] To account for both the tonal stability and the tonal instability facts, I propose that the location of tone within the overall geometry is subject …

Front Matter For Sil-Und Work Papers Vol. 33 (1989)

Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session

No abstract provided.

Linear Order In Phonological Representation, John J. Mccarthy

John J. McCarthy

In this article I have argued that morphological distinctions play no direct role in planar segregation, and in concert with this I have shown that planar segregation occupies a somewhat more prominent role in phonology than is sometimes conceived. In the place of the WMPH and SMPH, I present the observation that the elements on separate planes have no inherent linear order relations to one another, and I show that, in those cases where planar segregation is required, the elements on separate planes are unordered at the lexical level. Lack of inherent order is shown to be a consequence of …

Linear Order In Phonological Representation, John J. Mccarthy

Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series

In this article I have argued that morphological distinctions play no direct role in planar segregation, and in concert with this I have shown that planar segregation occupies a somewhat more prominent role in phonology than is sometimes conceived. In the place of the WMPH and SMPH, I present the observation that the elements on separate planes have no inherent linear order relations to one another, and I show that, in those cases where planar segregation is required, the elements on separate planes are unordered at the lexical level. Lack of inherent order is shown to be a consequence of …