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Articles 1 - 9 of 9
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Interannual Variability Of Photosynthesis Across Africa And Its Attribution, Christopher A. Williams, Niall P. Hanan, Ian Baker, G. James Collatz, Joseph Berry, A. Scott Denning
Interannual Variability Of Photosynthesis Across Africa And Its Attribution, Christopher A. Williams, Niall P. Hanan, Ian Baker, G. James Collatz, Joseph Berry, A. Scott Denning
Geography
Africa is thought to be a large source of interannual variability in the global carbon cycle, only vaguely attributed to climate fluctuations. This study uses a biophysical model, Simple Biosphere, to examine in detail what specific factors, physiological (acute stress from low soil water, temperature, or low humidity) and biophysical (low vegetation radiation use), are responsible for spatiotemporal patterns of photosynthesis across the African continent during the period 1982-2003. Acute soil water stress emerges as the primary factor driving interannual variability of photosynthesis for most of Africa. Southern savannas and woodlands are a particular hot spot of interannual variability in …
Contention And Ambiguity: Mining And The Possibilities Of Development, Anthony J. Bebbington, Leonith Hinojosa, Denise Bebbington, Maria Luisa Burneo, Ximena Warnaars
Contention And Ambiguity: Mining And The Possibilities Of Development, Anthony J. Bebbington, Leonith Hinojosa, Denise Bebbington, Maria Luisa Burneo, Ximena Warnaars
Geography
The last decade and a half has witnessed a dramatic growth in mining activity in many developing countries. This article reviews these recent trends and describes the debates and conflicts they have triggered. The authors review evidence regarding debates on the resource curse and the possibility of an extraction-led pathway to development. They then describe the different types of resistance and social mobilization that have greeted mineral expansion at a range of geographical scales, and consider how far these protests have changed the relationships between mining and political economic change. The conclusions address how far such protests might contribute to …
Social Movements And The Dynamics Of Rural Territorial Development In Latin America, Anthony J. Bebbington, Ricardo Abramovay, Manuel Chiriboga
Social Movements And The Dynamics Of Rural Territorial Development In Latin America, Anthony J. Bebbington, Ricardo Abramovay, Manuel Chiriboga
Geography
This special section brings together 4 of the 12 studies conducted within a research program analyzing the relationships among social mobilization, governance, and rural development in contemporary Latin America. The introduction gives an overview of the contemporary significance of social movements for rural development dynamics in the region, and of the principal insights of the section papers and the broader research program of which they were a part. This significance varies as an effect of two distinct and uneven geographies: the geography of social movements themselves and the geography of the rural political economy. The effects that movements have on …
Water And Mining Conflicts In Peru, Anthony J. Bebbington, Mark Williams
Water And Mining Conflicts In Peru, Anthony J. Bebbington, Mark Williams
Geography
Impacts on water quality and quantity are among the most contentious aspects of mining projects. Companies insist that the use of modern technologies will ensure environmentally friendly mining practices. However, evidence of the negative environmental impacts of past mining activity causes local and downstream populations to worry that new mining activities will adversely affect their water supply. We report on one mine site in Peru where water has become a: particularly conflictive issue. We then provide a detailed proposal for a monitoring plan to recover trust among stakeholders. A welldesigned and executed monitoring plan for water quantity and quality is …
Abundance Of Immature Anopheles And Culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) In Different Water Body Types In The Urban Environment Of Malindi, Kenya, Daniel E. Impoinvil, Joseph Keating, Charles M. Mbogo, Matthew D. Potts, Rinku Roy Chowdhury, John C. Beier
Abundance Of Immature Anopheles And Culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) In Different Water Body Types In The Urban Environment Of Malindi, Kenya, Daniel E. Impoinvil, Joseph Keating, Charles M. Mbogo, Matthew D. Potts, Rinku Roy Chowdhury, John C. Beier
Geography
In this study we 1) describe the abundance of Anopheles and culicine immatures in different water body types in urban Malindi, Kenya, 2) compare Anopheles immature density in relation to culicine immature density, and 3) identify characteristics that influence the likelihood of water bodies being co-colonized by Anopheles and culicines. Entomological and environmental cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 were used in the analysis. A total of 889 Anopheles and 7,217 culicine immatures were found in diverse water body types in 2001 and 2002. Car-track pools (n=45) and unused swimming pools (n=25) comprised 61% (70 of 115) of all …
Components Of Information For Multiple Resolution Comparison Between Maps That Share A Real Variable, Robert Gilmore Pontius, Olufunmilayo Thontteh, Hao Chen
Components Of Information For Multiple Resolution Comparison Between Maps That Share A Real Variable, Robert Gilmore Pontius, Olufunmilayo Thontteh, Hao Chen
Geography
This paper presents quantitative methods that allow scientists to compare the patterns in two maps that show a shared real variable. Specifically, this paper shows how to budget various components of agreement and disagreement between maps. The components are based on the separation of a map's information of quantity from its information of location. The technique also examines how variation in resolution influences the measurement of the components of information. The manner in which the measurements change as a function of spatial resolution can be more important and interesting than the results at any single particular resolution, because the results …
Habitat Selection By A Rare Forest Antelope: A Multi-Scale Approach Combining Field Data And Imagery From Three Sensors, Lyndon Estes, G. S. Okin, A. G. Mwangi, H. H. Shugart
Habitat Selection By A Rare Forest Antelope: A Multi-Scale Approach Combining Field Data And Imagery From Three Sensors, Lyndon Estes, G. S. Okin, A. G. Mwangi, H. H. Shugart
Geography
It can be difficult to further scientific understanding of rare or endangered species that live in inaccessible habitat using traditional methods, such as probabilistic modeling based on field data collection. Remote sensing (RS) can be an important source of information for the study of these animals. A key advantage of RS is its ability to provide information over an animal's complete range, but models incorporating RS data are limited by RS's ability to detect important habitat features. In this study, we focus on the rare, poorly-understood mountain bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros isaaci) which survives in the wild in isolated pockets …
Mapping Selective Logging In Mixed Deciduous Forest: A Comparison Of Machine Learning Algorithms, Christopher D. Lippitt, John Rogan, Zhe Li, J. Ronald Eastman, Trevor G. Jones
Mapping Selective Logging In Mixed Deciduous Forest: A Comparison Of Machine Learning Algorithms, Christopher D. Lippitt, John Rogan, Zhe Li, J. Ronald Eastman, Trevor G. Jones
Geography
This study assesses the performance of five Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAS) in a chronically modified mixed deciduous forest in Massachusetts (USA) in terms of their ability to detect selective timber logging and to cope with deficient reference datasets. Multitemporal Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper-plus (ETM+) imagery is used to assess the performance of three Anificial Neural Networks - Multi-Layer Perceptron, ARTMAP, Self-Organizing Map, and two Classification Tree splitting algorithms: gini and entropy rules, MLA performance evaluations are based on susceptibility to reduced training set size, noise, and variations in the training set, as well as the operability/transparency of the classification process. …
Response Of Carbon Fluxes To Water Relations In A Savanna Ecosystem In South Africa, W. L. Kutsch, N. Hanan, B. Scholes, I. Mchugh, W. Kubheka, H. Eckhardt, Christopher A. Williams
Response Of Carbon Fluxes To Water Relations In A Savanna Ecosystem In South Africa, W. L. Kutsch, N. Hanan, B. Scholes, I. Mchugh, W. Kubheka, H. Eckhardt, Christopher A. Williams
Geography
The principal mechanisms that connect carbon fluxes with water relations in savanna ecosystems were studied by using eddy covariance method in a savanna ecosystem at Kruger National Park, South Africa. Since the annual drought and rewetting cycle is a major factor influencing the function of savanna ecosystems, this work focused on the close inter-connection between water relations and carbon fluxes. Data from a nine-month measuring campaign lasting from the early wet season to the late dry season were used.
Total ecosystem respiration showed highest values at the onset of the growing season, a slightly lower plateau during the main part …