Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Americans, Marketers, And The Internet: 1999-2012, Joseph Turow, Amy Bleakley, John Bracken, Michael X. Delli Carpini, Nora A. Draper, Lauren Feldman, Nathaniel Good, Jens Grossklags, Michael Hennessy, Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Rowan Howard-Williams, Jennifer King, Su Li, Kimberly Meltzer, Deirdre K. Mulligan, Lilach Nir

Chris Jay Hoofnagle

This is a collection of the reports on the Annenberg national surveys that explored Americans' knowledge and opinions about the new digital-marketing world that was becoming part of their lives. So far we’ve released seven reports on the subject, in 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2012. The reports raised or deepened a range of provocative topics that have become part of public, policy, and industry discourse. In addition to these reports, I’ve included three journal articles — from I/S, New Media & Society and the Journal of Consumer Affairs — that synthesize some of the findings and place …

An Exploratory Study Of Successful Advertising Internships: A Survey Based On Paired Data Of Interns And Employers, Pamela K. Morris, Seung-Chul Yoo

Pamela K. Morris

As the job market becomes increasingly competitive, advertising educators must help students develop stronger skills, prepare for career positions and become more attractive to employers. Internships are a way for students to acquire critical real-world proficiencies and stand out in a job search. At the same time, employers benefit from and rely on internship programs, from learning new communication platforms to filling full-time positions. Using data from a field survey, this study provides a new understanding of the key elements and proposes a model for successful advertising internship programs. The investigation is unique, as the analysis pairs data from both …

Thomas Mueller.Jpg

Dr. Thomas Mueller

No abstract provided.

Conceptualizing Beauty: A Content Analysis Of U.S. And French Women's Magazine Advertisements, Pamela Morris, Katharine Nichols

Pamela K. Morris

Although beauty is a major industry, it is elusive and based on culture. The purpose of this investigation is to expand the idea of female beauty beyond physical characteristics through an exploration of women’s magazine advertisements from France and the United States. Over 570 ads from ten women’s fashion magazines are content analyzed. Among the major findings is that American publications consist of more hair care and makeup products than in France, in contrast, French magazines include more ads for lotions and perfumes. In terms of tone, people in American publications show more smiles, while people in France are more …

Culture And Metaphors In Advertisements: France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, And The United States, Pamela Morris, Jennifer A. Waldman

Pamela K. Morris

Culture and language are intertwined. Metaphors, based on culture, are ubiquitous in thinking and communication. As social artifacts reflecting culture, advertising messages provide an opportunity to compare metaphors in different nations. Goals of this article are to understand how and why advertisers use metaphors and how they differ across countries, as well as how cultural characteristics are used to create compelling ad messages. Using a content analysis of 87 French, German, Italian, Dutch, and American magazine advertisements, this study examines metaphor usage and cultural attributes from four culture-bound product groups: food and beverage, automobiles, insurance/finance, and personal care.

Driving Gender: An Analysis Of U.S. Auto Ad Visuals 1925-2005, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Advertising has been found to be not only a reflection of society, but also the basis for living amongst a group of people. The images in advertisements especially provide ideas and standards for acceptable behavior, social norms and values specific to men and women. Studying advertisement visuals can illuminate power relations in culture. This approach to feminist theory takes a look at how women and others are used to sell products and how these depictions illuminate power. A framework using cultural, communication and feminist theories is constructed to build an approach for reviewing advertising messages. Focus is on visuals of …

Occupy Wall Street Signs: Visual Reflections Of Hidden Soical Issues, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

From a social action theory perspective, Occupy Wall Street protesters’ signs are grounded examples of grass-roots forces attempting to generate cultural and political change. Using an advertising perspective and contextualizing messages in social and cultural terms, important issues raised by the protesters can be identified and analyzed. Results can enrich discourse of challenges. This paper is an exploratory investigation of 55 Occupy Wall Street signs using content analysis. It attempts to answer questions: How are the Occupy Wall Street protesters communicating their messages through signs; what are the issues; and how do the issues relate to advertising models?

Case Study: Sexism In Advertising And Airlines, Tamilla Curtis, Anke Arnaud Ph.D., Blaise Waguespack

Dr. Anke Arnaud

This case study outlines an ethical dilemma faced by a young female student who is planning to buy airline tickets. Her purchase decision is influenced by cost and advertising strategies. The case discusses advertising ethics, ethical moral philosophies, including teleology and deontology, and sexist advertising with examples from the airline industry. This case will be beneficial for marketing students to discuss the topic of advertising ethics, and for business students to discuss the topic of organizational ethics. Students enrolling in aviation related classes will also benefit from this case. The teaching notes for instructors are available upon request.

Case Study: Sexism In Advertising And Airlines, Tamilla Curtis, Anke Arnaud Ph.D., Blaise Waguespack

Dr. Tamilla Curtis

This case study outlines an ethical dilemma faced by a young female student who is planning to buy airline tickets. Her purchase decision is influenced by cost and advertising strategies. The case discusses advertising ethics, ethical moral philosophies, including teleology and deontology, and sexist advertising with examples from the airline industry. This case will be beneficial for marketing students to discuss the topic of advertising ethics, and for business students to discuss the topic of organizational ethics. Students enrolling in aviation related classes will also benefit from this case. The teaching notes for instructors are available upon request.

Critical Animal And Media Studies: Communication For Nonhuman Animal Advocacy, Nuria Almiron, Matthew Cole, Carrie Freeman

Carrie P Freeman

ABSTRACT: Suitable for a media studies graduate or upper level undergraduate course (or a critical animal studies course), this book aims to put the speciesism debate and the treatment of non-human animals on the agenda of critical media studies and to put media studies on the agenda of animal ethics researchers. Contributors examine the convergence of media and animal ethics from theoretical, philosophical, discursive, social constructionist, and political economic perspectives. The book is divided into three sections: foundations, representation, and responsibility, outlining the different disciplinary approaches’ application to media studies and covering how non-human animals, and the relationship between humans …

Sex And Shock Jocks: An Analysis Of The Howard Stern And Bob & Tom Shows, Lawrence Soley

Lawrence Soley

Studies of mass media show that sexual content has increased during the past three decades and is now commonplace. Research studies have examined the sexual content of many media, but not talk radio. A subcategory of talk radio, called “shock jock” radio, has been repeatedly accused of being indecent and sexually explicit. This study fills in this gap in the literature by presenting a short history and an exploratory content analysis of shock jock radio. The content analysis compares the sexual discussions of two radio talk shows: Infinity’s Howard Stern Show and Clear Channel’s Bob & Tom Show.

Comparing Portrayals Of Beauty In Outdoor Advertisements Across Six Cultures: Bulgaria, Hong Kong, Japan, Poland, South Korea, And Turkey, Pamela Morris

Pamela K. Morris

This research expands scholarship on cross-cultural investigations by examining ideas of beauty through the lens of outdoor advertisements. Using a content analysis method, 293 images of women in outdoor advertisements from six different cultures, including Bulgaria, Hong Kong, Japan, Poland, South Korea, and Turkey, were reviewed through a framework of advertising and consumer culture, globalization, and theories of beauty. The findings revealed that differences across cultures exist and that beauty ideals are culture dependent.

Teaching Multimedia Commercial Production For Advertising And Public Relations, Pamela Morris

Pamela K. Morris

With the growth of online advertising and social media, it is increasingly necessary that advertising and public relations integrate video messages into campaign efforts. The academy needs to keep up by offering video production classes that focus on multimedia broadcast strategy and production unique to advertising and public relations. This article provides a description of an experimental course, Multimedia Commercial Production for Advertising and Public Relations, taught jointly by an advertising professor with significant agency experience and an active award-winning filmmaker at a private Midwestern university. Literature review of experiential learning and hands-on instruction of television production education provides the …

Global Advertising Strategies: Hong Kong, Japan, Shanghai And South Korea, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

This research examines global advertising strategies and tactics in four Asian cultures: Hong Kong, Japan, Shanghai and South Korea. A content analysis of outdoor advertisements, one of the last mass media platforms with visuals for all to see, but as an ephemeral communication, little studied, are sampled from high-density, high traffic areas of each cultures. A literature review of global branding and advertising theory, including local and standardization strategies, will provide a foundation for investigation. Review compares differences and similarities in advertising tactics, including model selection, product category and product origin. The study is unique as it compares advertising messages …

Team Teaching Creative Applications For Advertising And Public Relations, Pamela K. Morris, John Goheen, Jessica Brown

Pamela K. Morris

This presentation describes how two experimental undergraduate team taught courses, Design for Advertising and Public Relations and Multimedia Commercial Production for Advertising and Public Relations, were developed and delivered within the context of student-centered learning.

Advertising Law And Regulation By Giles Crown, Oliver Bray And Rupert Earle [Book Review], Christopher Chao-Hung Chen

Christopher Chao-hung CHEN

No abstract provided.

Occupy Wall Street Signs: Visual Reflections Of Hidden Soical Issues, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

From a social action theory perspective, Occupy Wall Street protesters’ signs are grounded examples of grass-roots forces attempting to generate cultural and political change. Using an advertising perspective and contextualizing messages in social and cultural terms, important issues raised by the protesters can be identified and analyzed. Results can enrich discourse of challenges. This paper is an exploratory investigation of 55 Occupy Wall Street signs using content analysis. It attempts to answer questions: How are the Occupy Wall Street protesters communicating their messages through signs; what are the issues; and how do the issues relate to advertising models?

Glocalization In Macedonia: English In Outdoor Advertising Messages, Pamela Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Outdoor advertising visuals from Skopje, Macedonia are analyzed in a content analysis. Images were photographed in the most heavily traveled areas of the city to secure a snapshot of culture and to analyze western influence. Media and linguistic imperialism, globalization and glocalization, along with advertising and communication strategies, are used to frame the investigation. Findings show that media companies are the leading advertisers, along with banks and entertainment. The majority of ads employed some form of English, although Macedonian and Cyrillic writing were also used. The images revealed strategic use of language and symbols, depending on the product category, business …

Advertising Images: Reflections And Temptations, Pamela Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Advertising promotes more than products and services, it also tells us how to look, act, and think. With a unique perspective from both professional and academic experiences, Dr. Morris’ research explores international advertising and how visuals can be read which highlight values found in different countries. Underlying social dimensions, that may otherwise go unnoticed because of their ”naturalness,” can be exposed. Dr. Morris has more than 18 years of account management experience in the advertising industry and has traveled extensively in pursuit of her research interests in advertising, mass media, world culture, and visual literacy, aspects of which she teaches. …

Advertising And The Mortgage Crisis: A Content Analysis, Pamela Morris

Pamela K. Morris

How do advertising messages differ in 2006 when the economy was on its way up, as compared to in 2009, just after a recession had been declared? This research focuses on the differences in newspaper advertising sponsored by financial institutions, from banks to investment companies. A content analysis of over 550 financial ads finds differences, in the number of ads and the content of ads. Findings should be of interest to academics, practitioners, and policymakers.

Overexposed: Issues Of Public Gender Imaging, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Make no mistake—it is popularity that makes pop culture important. And it is the powerful visual imagery of advertisements that helps define the largely artificial construction we call gender. Sex-role stereotyping and gender representations are typically studied in content analyses of television and magazine advertisements. Less common are investigations into outdoor advertising, a medium that is ubiquitous and the most democratic—everyone has equal access to visuals. This essay calls attention to and offers insights on advertisements in our outdoor visual space, focusing on gender representations. Capturing and analyzing these ephemeral images can show how they influence how we feel, think, …

Student Perceptions Of Public Relations And Journalism: A Pilot Study Of Attitude Shifts Through Curriculum Innovation, Bernard Mccoy, Jerry Renaud, Adam Wagler, Amy Struthers, John Baker

Bernard R. McCoy

Journalism and Public Relations have had a long and often contentious relationship. It is rare when journalists and advertising/PR specialists work well together in the real world. It is equally rare when advertising, public relations and journalism students work together as part of their classroom education. This pilot mixed methods study explored the perceptions journalism and public relations majors had about each other’s professions. The experimental group was comprised of 40 journalism and public relations majors who worked together covering a national event in an immersive college class. The control group included 68 students who participated in a more traditional …

More Than Food: A Comparison Of Ad Images From German And American Culinary Magazines, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Visual messages provide society with models for behavior, including what to eat and which gender does domestic and professional cooking. Review and comparison of advertising images from two countries highlight differences in culture and gender roles which otherwise seem natural and mainly go unnoticed. In this study images from 1,250 advertisements found in 30 German and American culinary magazines were reviewed for food and gender characteristics. Among the findings, German publications offered more fruit/vegetable and juice/water/coffee/tea ads whereas U.S. periodicals contained more pasta/bread/rice/flour and breakfast fare ads. Men were more often depicted as professional chefs than women across both countries. …

"Selling Sin" In A Hostile Environment: A Comparison Of Ukrainian And American Tobacco Advertising Strategies In Magazines, Olesya Venger, Joyce Wolburg

Joyce Wolburg

Given that “sin” products must navigate different regulatory environments, it is important to compare cigarette advertising across cultures. Using text analysis, this study examined the message strategies and the ideological beliefs in cigarette advertising in American and Ukrainian magazines within the context of their different regulatory environments. The messages across the two countries differed in their use of creative appeals to ego, social needs, and sensory pleasure as well as their adherence to regulation. Many of the Ukrainian campaigns were reminiscent of earlier American campaigns and offer unique comparisons of cultures that are at different places historically, economically, and ideologically.

Culture And Metaphors In Advertisements: France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands And The United States, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Using a content analysis of 87 French, German, Italian, Dutch and American magazine ads, variations in metaphors and cultural attributes were examined from culture-bound groups: food/beverages, automobiles, insurance/finance, and personal care. Findings provide examples for how culture is reflected in language and symbols. The study shows metaphors are exploited in headlines to capture attention throughout all countries. However, metaphors and cultural attributes are used strategically within nations to deliver persuasive messages.

Praying Hands: A Christian Metaphor, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Sometime around 1508, when Albrecht Dürer drew a study in silver point on blue paper of a pair of hands praying in Nürnberg, Germany, he could not have thought of the popularity and the mythology that a drawing of upturned hands would inspire some four hundred fifty years later. Praying Hands are now found on candles, funeral cards, lockets, flower planters, place mats, automobile license plates, and water towers. Why? What is it that makes this once mundane image so popular in the 20th century? The co-opting of images happens in advertising all the time, but what about religion? Current …

Driving Gender: An Analysis Of U.S. Auto Ad Visuals 1925-2005, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Advertising has been found to be not only a reflection of society, but also the basis for living amongst a group of people. The images in advertisements especially provide ideas and standards for acceptable behavior, social norms and values specific to men and women. Studying advertisement visuals can illuminate power relations in culture. This approach to feminist theory takes a look at how women and others are used to sell products and how these depictions illuminate power.

A framework using cultural, communication and feminist theories is constructed to build an approach for reviewing advertising messages. Focus is on visuals of …

A New Way To Look At Culture And Its Influence On Advertising Around The World, Pamela K. Morris

Pamela K. Morris

Research investigates culture and its influencing role. With anthropological theories, a model is created to show how cultural dimensions influence media and advertising content. Encompassing 108 countries, a factor analysis of 71 country characteristics finds four dimensions: Holistic, Nationalistic, Feminine and Masculine. A content analysis of magazine advertisements provides data of images that are tested for correlations with cultural dimensions. The study updates cultural literature with new social phenomena data, like cell phone and Internet users.

Tibetan Buddhism In Northern California, Michele Gibney

Michele Gibney

When the Dalai Lama was forced to flee Tibet before a Chinese invasion force in the 1950’s, Tibet became an icon in the eyes of the West as an underdog; albeit an incredibly spiritual and exotic one. Due to a dwindling of the religious followers and resources within the community of Tibet in exile, Tibetan Buddhists ventured out from their self-imposed isolation to spread the teachings to any who would listen, (Coleman, 2001, 72). Buddhism, already a source of fascination in America due to the Beat poets and Zen Buddhism, became a craze between the years 1960-1997, (ibid, 103). California …