Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Cultural Resources Survey Of The Leander Rehabilitation Center, Williamson County, Texas, Diane E. Williams, Martha Doty Freeman, Marie E. Blake, Karl W. Kibler, Paul J. Maslyk

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In August-September 1996, personnel from Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted a cultural resources survey of ca. 725 acres of the former Leander Rehabilitation Center. The project area lies adjacent to U.S. Highway 183 and FM 620 in southern Williamson County, Texas. The survey resulted in additional documentation of one previously recorded prehistoric archeological site (41 WM452), the identification and recording of four historic archeological sites (41WM892, 41WM893, 41WM896, and 41WM897), and reconnaissance-level documentation of 45 historic buildings and structures. Site 41WM452 is an extensive upland lithic scatter and lithic procurement site which lacks subsurface deposits, features, and datable materials. Site …

Friendship: An African-American Community On The Prarie Margin Of Northeast Texas, Melissa M. Green, Duane E. Peter, Donna K. Shepard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The following report summarizes the findings of an intensive archival and oral history review, coupled with limited archeological investigations, of the small post-Reconstruction era African-American community of Friendship located on the Prairie Margin of Northeast Texas. The archival and oral history reviews concentrated on the community as a whole between the years of 1880 and 1945: its beginnings, its social and religious structures, its economic development, its interaction with other communities in the area, and ultimately, its demise. The archeological investigations were directed more toward individual sites or homesteads within the community. The results of these investigations have culminated into …

Confederate Veterans At Rest: Archeological And Bioacheological Investigations At The Texas State Cemetery, Travis County, Texas, Helen Danzeiser Dockall, Douglas K. Boyd, Martha Doty Freeman, Rolando L. Garza, Kevin E. Stork, Karl W. Kibler, Joan E. Baker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Since its inception in 1851, the Texas State Cemetery in Austin has risen in stature to become the state's premier burial place for state officials, historical figures, and prominent citizens. Extensive renovation work that began in 1995 necessitated an archeological study that included historic archival research, pedestrian survey, geomorphological assessment, mechanical testing in proposed construction zones, recording and investigation of historical features (including three unmarked graves) found in construction zones, and excavation and relocation of 57 graves of Confederate veterans and spouses. Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted these investigations between April and August of 1995. Archival research provides a concise …

Archeological Investigations For Fort Stabilization And Restoration, For Mckavett State Historical Park, Menard County, Texas: 1978-1990 Seasons, Amy C. Earls, John Leffler

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The U.S. Army occupations at Fort McKavett from 1853 until 1859 and from 1868 until 1883 were part of Texas's frontier defense. During the Civil War and from 1883 until the present, civilians have inhabited and used the fort buildings, creating the small town of Fort McKavett. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department developed part of the town as a state historical park, restoring this property to its appearance during the second military occupation. Archeological investigations at the park between 1978 and 1990 focused on recovering architectural data and artifacts to support restoration, stabilization, and interpretation of the military occupations. …

Caddo Ceramics On The Red River In North Central Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Earnest R. Martin, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Caddo ceramics manufactured after A.D. 900 were widely traded in Texas, being found in some quantity on North Central, East Central, Central, and inland Southeast Texas archeological sites. They were also traded with prehistoric peoples in the Midwest (as far north as Iowa and Illinois) and the Southeastern U.S. While archeologists have known this for some time, much of the ceramic evidence for prehistoric Caddoan trade and exchange with other Native Americans has not been systematically compiled and studied, as became apparent during a recent review of the prehistoric and historic aboriginal pottery in Texas. Consequently, Caddoan archeologists are not …

Archaeological Investigation At The Marshall Powder Mill (41hs17), Confederate States Of America 1863-1865, Harrison County, Texas: 1994 Season, Thomas E. Speir, David H. Jurney

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Northeast Texas Archeological Society, in conjunction with the East Texas, Dallas, and Tarrant County archeological societies, reinstated archaeological investigations at the Marshall Powder Mill (41HS17) in 1994 following several years of delicate negotiations with the landowner about the value of preserving this archaeological site. The Marshall Powder Mill manufactured gunpowder, small arms and cannon, and refurbished weaponry, and was one of several arsenals that served the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America from 1863 to 1865. None have been thoroughly investigated archaeologically, however, thereby ignoring a major aspect of the Confederacy's war effort, and an important industrial …

The Womack, Gilbert, And Pearson Sites: Early Eighteenth Century Tunican Entrepots In Northeast Texas, Frank Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

For the past few months, I have been working on a detailed response to a paper by James Bruseth, Diane Wilson, and Timothy Perttula published in the fall issue of Plains Anthropologist. There, these authors challenge my Sanders entrepot hypothesis and my new paradigm for the Mississippi period archeology of the Arkansas Valley, claiming that the Sanders focus, as propounded by Alex D. Krieger, is alive and well, so much so that they have renamed it the Sanders phase to ready it for service in the 1990s and beyond.

The Caddoan Oak Hill Village Site, J. Brett Cruse, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Rarely do prehistoric archeologists in North America have the opportunity to completely excavate and study an entire Native American community or village. To be able to expose a Native American village in its entirety provides a unique, and unprecedented, view of the past community and social arrangements that existed among Native American societies before contact with Europeans.

Recently, in northeast Texas, the Oak Hill Village site (41RK214), a large village occupied by prehistoric horticultural-agricultural Caddo peoples between about A.O. 1050 and 1450, was fully uncovered under the direction of J. Brett Cruse (then of Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc., Austin, …

Book Review: Archeology In The Eastern Planning Region, Texas: A Planning Document, Robert L. Brooks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

With the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 and ensuing regulatory guidelines, a mandate for the development of "The State Historic Preservation Plan" was clearly established. During the late 1960s and the 1970s, because of limited funding and the absence of information on the structure of these plans, few states had formulated plans or if they had state plans, they were of an extremely general nature. In the 1980s, principally through funding initiatives on the part of the National Park Service and through the efforts of NPS preservation planners such as John Knoerl, many states began their …

"Historical Processes And The Political Organization Of The Hasinai Caddo Indians": A Reply, Nancy Adele, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In a recent volume of the Caddoan Archeology Newsletter, Daniel Hickerson argues that Apache aggression across the Southern Plains, Apache trade in horses and other European goods, and European-introduced diseases dramatically affected Caddo an populations by encouraging their migration south to the upper Neches/Angelina river basins area traditionally occupied by one segment of the Caddo, the Hasinai groups. In his opinion, the Hasinai confederacy was a nascent chiefdom that developed as a direct result of this mid to late-seventeenth century southern migration. As has been pointed out by Caddoan ethnographers, ethnohistorians, and archeologists for 50 years or more, the Caddo …

The Arkansas River Valley: A New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives And The Archaeological Record, Robert L. Brooks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Recent articles by Schambach have proposed a new paradigm for the late prehistoric period in the Arkansas River Valley. These arguments challenge traditional and long held views on the subsistence economy, architecture, material culture, biological character, and trade relationships of the prehistoric populations of the Arkansas River Valley, and the middle portion of the Red River (the Sanders phase area). My intention in this paper is to examine Schambach's arguments based on a comprehensive review of the archaeological record and by also drawing upon explanatory models of cultural and economic behavior. For the most part, my comments pertain to the …

Of Hearths And Houses, Tom Middlebrook, Ryan Middlebrook

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

During the 1993 East Texas Archeological Field School conducted at the Tyson site (41SY92) in western Shelby County, the junior author had an opportunity to participate in the excavation of a Caddoan hearth. The work was directed by Linda Lindsay, a graduate student in Anthropology at Southern Methodist University. This paper describes our findings and a few features of hearths and houses.

One goal of the 1993 Field School was to explore the area around Feature 3 looking for evidence of a house. This was accomplished by opening a 6 meter by 6 meter unit referred to as Block 1. …

Continuing The Discussion Of The Spiroans And Their Entrepots: A Reply To Brooks's Critique Of My New Paradigm/Or The Archeology Of The Arkansas Valley, Frank Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Although Brooks seems to agree with me that the archeology of the Arkansas Valley requires a new paradigm, he clearly believes that mine -- which he apparently considers a poorly founded Binfordian screed written primarily for its shock value -- is not the one. Where, according to Brooks, have I gone wrong in my work on the archeology of the Arkansas Valley? Which of my generalizations does he consider so poorly grounded empirically as to suggest, as he insinuates, professionally and perhaps even ethically questionable work, and in what ways does he consider them deficient?

An Archaeological Assessment Of The Alazan Acequia (41bx620) In The Five Points Area Of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, David L. Nickels, I. Waynne Cox

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In May 1996, while tunneling for a sewer line at the intersection of Cornell Street and Fredericksburg Road north of downtown San Antonio, contractors with the San Antonio River Authority (SARA) encountered late-nineteenth-century Alazan Acequia from 7-14ft below the modern surface. The Center for Archaeological Research entered into a contract with SARA to document the architecture and location of the acequia. The 1876 irrigation ditch, designated site 41BX620, was documented by photographs and measured drawings. A plan map of the location was drawn, and an artist's conception of the architecture involved was produced from photographs, drawings, and archaeologists' descriptions.

Archaic Land Use Of Upper Leon Creek Terraces: Archaeological Testing In Northern Bexar County, Texas, Cynthia L. Tennis

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

During a three-week period in March 1995, the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) conducted the second phase of archaeological work at 4lBX47 under contract with PapeDawson Engineers. This phase of intensive testing was designed to assess the significance of the Early and Middle Archaic deposits identified during the 1994 CAR survey of the 147-acre project area (Tennis and Hard 1995). These investigations were performed to further comply with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit requirements.

Fieldwork consisted of fourteen 1-x-1-m test units, 59 Gradall trenches, and additional geomorphological investigations. Eight-four burned-rock …

Excavation Of The San Pedro Acequia On The Grounds Of The San Antonio Housing Authority, David L. Nickels, I. Waynne Cox, Connie Gibson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In July and August 1994, the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of the University of Texas at San Antonio conducted excavations to determine the location and construction methods of the San Pedro Acequia (41BX337) on the grounds of the San Antonio Housing Authority (SAHA) in southern San Antonio, Texas. CAR was contracted by SAHA to conduct the excavations prior to construction which could impact the acequia. Testing of the site was completed in October 1994.

As a result of shovel testing, Gradall and backhoe operations, and hand excavations of small units, CAR identified the acequia and exposed it for mapping …

Archaeological Survey Of Laughlin Air Force Base, Val Verde County, Texas, Cynthia L. Tennis, Marcie Renner, Robert J. Hard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

During the spring of 1994, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted a 100-percent pedestrian survey of Laughlin Air Force Base and the Air Force Recreation Area and Marina in Val Verde County, Texas. In addition to the survey, limited paleontological and geomorphological evaluations were made.

One historic site, eight prehistoric sites, and one large site with both prehistoric and historic components were recorded. Additionally, three pre viously recorded sites (De Vore 1993) were revisited. Diagnostic projectile points representing Late Paleoindian through Late Prehistoric occupations were recovered from five of the prehistoric sites. …

The Alamo Restoration And Conservation Project: Excavations At The South Transept, Barbara A. Meissner

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In January 1995, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, as custodians of the Alamo Shrine for the state of Texas, contracted with the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio to excavate and/or monitor excavation of approximately 29 square meters outside and 11 square meters inside the south wall of the south transept of the Alamo church. The excavations were made necessary by a plan to insert metal plates into the walls of the Alamo near the foundation, to prevent further damage being caused by groundwater in the lower part of the walls of …

Archeological Testing At Pflugerville Bottling Works, Travis County, Texas, John W. Clark Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archival research and archeological test excavations in connection with proposed development of Dessau Road in north Travis County revealed the presence of the Pflugerville Bottling Works near the north end of the project. The plant was established in 1914 and moved to Austin in 1927. Archeological excavations exposed a midden, paved area and filled brick cistern but did not expose evidence of the building. Because of the lack of an associated building, those parts of the site within the proposed right-of-way are not considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

Final Report Of Test Excavations At Site 41pc476 Along S.H. 349 In Pecos County, Texas, Barbara J. Hickman

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The present report outlines all investigations at site 41PC476 from June 26-30, 1996. It also details the methods used and the results obtained during test excavation of the site. A brief analysis of the cultural materials identified at the site is included. Eroded burned rock concentrations are exposed on the surface of site 4 1PC476, and fire-cracked rock was found below the ground surface as well. Although a few lithic artifacts were found in test excavations, no ethnobotanical remains were identified. All diagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The artifactual evidence indicates an Archaic period occupation with lithic activities …