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A Grapheme To Phoneme Converter For Standard Malay, Haizhou Li, Mahani Aljunied, Boon Seong Teoh
A Grapheme To Phoneme Converter For Standard Malay, Haizhou Li, Mahani Aljunied, Boon Seong Teoh
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper describes the process of creating a grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) converter for Standard Malay (SM). A fundamental step to building TTS and ASR engines, is to build a good G2P system that can automatically generate accurate phonemic representations for words. Our goal is to generate phonemes that reflect real speech, thereby facilitating more accurate phoneme alignment with actual waveforms (obtained from voice-data collection), keeping human intervention to the minimum. Here we discuss the key areas in SM that require considerable phonemic alterations including letter elisions, consonant insertions, multiple ways of uttering a letter/diagraph – areas that any good G2P system …
Transient Response Of Arrow Vcsels, Chyng Wen Tee, S. F. Yu, R. V. Penty, I. H. White
Transient Response Of Arrow Vcsels, Chyng Wen Tee, S. F. Yu, R. V. Penty, I. H. White
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The transient response of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is analyzed. It is found that under current modulation, the radiation loss of the transverse-leaky mode decreases during the state of the lasers but increases during the state. Numerical analysis shows that this variation in radiation loss is due to the carrier-induced refractive-index depression that arises from spatial-hole-burning of carrier concentration. It is noted that the increment in radiation loss during the state can be used to prevent net modal gain of the transverse-leaky mode from reacquiring threshold after turn-off. Hence, a new method to design ARROW, …