Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, And Hyperopic Shifts Observed In Astronauts After Long-Duration Space Flight, Thomas H. Mader, C. Robert Gibson, Anastas F. Pass, Larry A. Kramer, Andrew G. Lee, Jennifer Fogarty, William J. Tarver, Joseph P. Dervay, Douglas R. Hamilton, Ashot Sargsyan, John L. Phillips, Duc Tran, William Lipsky, Jung Choi, Claudia Stern, Raffi Kuyumjian, James D. Polk

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Purpose: To describe the history, clinical findings, and possible etiologies of ophthalmic findings discovered in 7 astronauts after long-duration space flight, and document vision changes in approximately 300 additional astronauts.

Design: Retrospective, observational examination of ophthalmic findings in 7 astronauts and analysis of postflight questionnaires regarding in-flight vision changes in approximately 300 additional astronauts.

Participants: Seven astronauts with ophthalmic anomalies upon return from long-duration space missions to the International Space Station and 300 additional astronauts who completed postflight questionnaires regarding in-flight vision changes.

Methods: Before and after long-duration space flight, all 7 subjects underwent complete eye …

High Order Finite Difference Methods With Subcell Resolution For Advection Equations With Stiff Source Terms, Wei Wang, Chi-Wang Shu, H.C. Yee, Björn Sjögreen

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

A new high order finite-difference method utilizing the idea of Harten ENO subcell resolution method is proposed for chemical reactive flows and combustion. In reaction problems, when the reaction time scale is very small, e.g., orders of magnitude smaller than the fluid dynamics time scales, the governing equations will become very stiff. Wrong propagation speed of discontinuity may occur due to the underresolved numerical solution in both space and time. The present proposed method is a modified fractional step method which solves the convection step and reaction step separately. In the convection step, any high order shock-capturing method can be …

The Radiation Quality Factor As An Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process, A. F. Barghouty

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Radiation protection strategies for extended or deep space missions rely on accurate and robust estimates of exposure dose and corresponding risk to crew health, systems functions, and mission safety in general. Simulation and modeling of dose and risk associated with such exposures are, to various degrees, made difficult by the inherent complexity and variability in characterizing the radiation environment, its passage and interaction with matter, and its biological effects. One of the more important contributors to the overall uncertainty in dose or risk assessment is the empirical variability in the radiation quality factor, Q, which is typically used to differentiate …

Coupled Multi-Disciplinary Methods For Structural Reliability And Affordability, Christos C. Chamis

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

A computational simulation method is presented for Non-Deterministic Multidisciplinary Optimization of engine composite materials and structures. A hypothetical engine duct made with ceramic matrix composites (CMC) is evaluated probabilistically in the presence of combined thermo-mechanical loading. The structure is tailored by quantifying the uncertainties in all relevant design variables such as fabrication, material, and loading parameters. The probabilistic sensitivities are used to select critical design variables for optimization. In this paper, results of the non-deterministic optimization are presented with probabilistic lower bounds of 0.001 and upper bounds of 0.999.

Forest Structure And Aboveground Biomass In The Southwestern United States From Modis And Misr, Mark Chopping, Crystal B. Schaaf, Feng Zhao, Anne W. Nolin, Gretchen G. Moisen, John V. Martonchik, Michael Bull

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Red band bidirectional reflectance factor data from the NASA MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) acquired over the southwestern United States were interpreted through a simple geometric–optical (GO) canopy reflectance model to provide maps of fractional crown cover (dimensionless), mean canopy height (m), and aboveground woody biomass (Mg ha⁻¹) on a 250 m grid. Model adjustment was performed after dynamic injection of a background contribution predicted via the kernel weights of a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model. Accuracy was assessed with respect to similar maps obtained with data from the NASA Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and to contemporaneous …

Small Cold Temperature Instrument Packages, Pamela E. Clark, P. S. Millar, P. S. Yeh, S. Feng, D. Brigham, B. Beaman

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

We are developing a small cold temperature instrument package concept that integrates a cold temperature power system with ultra low temperature ultra low power electronics components and power supplies now under development into a ‘cold temperature surface operational’ version of a planetary surface instrument package. We are already in the process of developing a lower power lower temperature version for an instrument of mutual interest to SMD and ESMD to support the search for volatiles (the mass spectrometer VAPoR, Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith) both as a stand alone instrument and as part of an environmental monitoring package. We …

Solar Powered Micrometeorite Sensors Using Indoor Ambient Light For The International Space Station, Eric M. Compher, Mool C. Gupta, William C. Wilson, Eric. I. Madaras

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Sensors for detecting micrometeorite impact locations and magnitudes as well as pressure vessel leaks have been under investigation for some time by the NASA Langley Research Center and other related entities. NASA has been investigating the use of the Distribution Impact Detection System (DIDS) for use on the International Space Station (ISS). However, the DIDS currently requires thionyl chloride lithium batteries which pose explosion and toxicity hazards, and replacing batteries is tedious and utilizes scarce man-hours. Carrying replacement batteries into space is also expensive. To hardwire new sensing devices into the ISS while in orbit would be time consuming. To …

Modeling Initial Stage Of Phenolic Pyrolysis: Graphitic Precursor Formation And Interfacial Effects, Tapan G. Desai, John W. Lawson, Pawel Keblinski

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the initial stage of pyrolysis of phenolic polymers with carbon nanotube and carbon fiber. The products formed are characterized and water is found to be the primary product in all cases. The water formation mechanisms are analyzed and the value of the activation energy for water formation is estimated. A detailed study of graphitic precursor formation reveals the presence of two temperature zones. In the lower temperature zone (<2000 K) polymerization occurs resulting in the formation of large, stable graphitic precursors, while in the high temperature zone (>2000 K) polymer scission results in formation of short polymer chains/molecules. Simulations performed in the high temperature zone of the phenolic resin (with …

Numerical Simulations Of Single And Multiple Scattering By Fractal Ice Clusters, Janna M. Dlugach, Michael I. Mishchenko, Daniel W. Mackowski

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

We consider the scattering model in the form of a vertically and horizontally homogeneous particulate slab of an arbitrary optical thickness composed of widely separated fractal aggregates built of small spherical ice monomers. The aggregates are generated by applying three different approaches, including simulated cluster–cluster aggregation (CCA) and diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) procedures. Having in mind radar remote-sensing applications, we report and analyze the results of computations of the backscattering circular polarization ratio obtained using efficient superposition T-matrix and vector radiative-transfer codes. The computations have been performed at a wavelength of 12.6 cm for fractal aggregates with the following characteristics: monomer …

Mass Flux At Ignition In Reduced Pressure Environments, Sonia Fereres, Chris Lautenberger, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, David Urban, Gary Ruff

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Ignition of solid combustible materials can occur at atmospheric pressures lower than standard either in high altitude environments or inside pressurized vehicles such as aircraft and spacecraft. NASA’s latest space exploration vehicles have a cabin atmosphere of reduced pressure and increased oxygen concentration. Recent piloted ignition experiments indicate that ignition times are reduced under these environmental conditions compared to normal atmospheric conditions, suggesting that the critical mass flux at ignition may also be reduced. Both effects may result in an increased fire risk of combustible solid materials in reduced pressure environments that warrant further investigation. As a result, a series …

A History Of Nasa Remote Sensing Contributions To Archaeology, Marco J. Giardino

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

During its long history of developing and deploying remote sensing instruments, NASA has provided scientific data that have benefitted a variety of scientific applications among them archaeology. Multispectral and hyperspectral instruments mounted on orbiting and sub-orbital platforms have provided new and important information for the discovery, delineation and analysis of archaeological sites worldwide. Since the early 1970s, several of the ten NASA centers have collaborated with archaeologists to refine and validate the use of active and passive remote sensing for archaeological use. The Stennis Space Center (SSC), located in Mississippi USA has been the NASA leader in archaeological research. Together …

C° Beam Elements Based On The Refined Zigzag Theory For Multilayered Composite And Sandwich Laminates, Marco Gherlone, Alexander Tessler, Marco Di Sciuva

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

The paper deals with the development and computational assessment of three- and two-node beam finite elements based on the Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) for the analysis of multilayered composite and sandwich beams. RZT is a recently proposed structural theory that accounts for the stretching, bending, and transverse shear deformations, and which provides substantial improvements over previously developed zigzag and higher-order theories. This new theory is analytically rigorous, variationally consistent, and computationally attractive. The theory is not affected by anomalies of most previous zigzag and higher-order theories, such as the vanishing of transverse shear stress and force at clamped boundaries. In …

Complex Magmatic And Impact History Prior To 4.1 Ga Recorded In Zircon From Apollo 17 South Massif Aphanitic Breccia 73235, M.L. Grange, A.A. Nemchin, N. Timms, R. T. Pidgeon, C. Meyer

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Sample 73235 is one of several aphanitic impact melt breccias collected by the Apollo 17 mission at stations 2 and 3 on the slopes of the South Massif. This study presents a detailed investigation of internal structures and U-Pb ages of large zircon grains from this breccia sample. New data combined with the results of previous studies of zircon grains from the same location indicate that most zircon clasts in breccias from stations 2 and 3 formed during multiple magmatic events between 4.37 and 4.31 Ga, although the oldest zircon crystallized at about 4.42 Ga and the youngest at 4.21 …

Characterizing 3d Vegetation Structure From Space: Mission Requirements, Forrest G. Hall, Kathleen Bergen, James B. Blair, Ralph Dubayah, Richard Houghton, George Hurtt, Josef Kellndorfer, Michael Lefsky, Jon Ranson, Sassan Saatchi, H.H. Shugart, Diane Wickland

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Human and natural forces are rapidly modifying the global distribution and structure of terrestrial ecosystems on which all of life depends, altering the global carbon cycle, affecting our climate now and for the foreseeable future, causing steep reductions in species diversity, and endangering Earth's sustainability. To understand changes and trends in terrestrial ecosystems and their functioning as carbon sources and sinks, and to characterize the impact of their changes on climate, habitat and biodiversity, new space assets are urgently needed to produce high spatial resolution global maps of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of vegetation, its biomass above ground, the carbon …

Can Climate Sensitivity Be Estimated From Short-Term Relationships Of Top-Of-Atmosphere Net Radiation And Surface Temperature?, Bing Lin, Qilong Min, Wenbo Sun, Yongxiang Hu, Tai-Fang Fan

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Increasing the knowledge in climate radiative feedbacks is critical for current climate studies. This work focuses on short-term relationships between global mean surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) net radiation. The relationships may be used to characterize the climate feedback as suggested by some recent studies. As those recent studies, an energy balance model with ocean mixed layer and both radiative and non-radiative heat sources is used here. The significant improvement of current model is that climate system memories are considered.

Based on model simulations, short-term relationship between global mean surface temperature and TOA net radiation (or the linear striation feature …

Back-Face Strain Compliance Relation For Compact Specimens For Wide Range In Crack Lengths, J. C. Newman Jr., Y. Yamada, M.A. James

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

A back-face strain (BFS) compliance relation has been developed for the standard compact C(T) specimen for a very wide range in crack-length-to-width (a/W) ratios. Both finiteelement and boundary-element methods were used to develop the BFS relation for a/W ratios from 0.2 to 0.95. In addition, experimentally determined compliance values on four metallic materials compared well with the new relation over nearly the complete a/W range. The new relation can be used to monitor crack-length-against-cycles using computerized crack-monitoring systems that are currently used with the crack-mouthopening- displacement (CMOD) gage method, and the relation has been cast in a standard …

Remote Sensing Of Phytoplankton Community Composition Along The Northeast Coast Of The United States, Xiaoju Pan, Antonio Mannino, Harold G. Marshall, Katherine C. Filippino, Margaret R. Mulholland

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Satellite imagery has proven to be a powerful tool for measuring chlorophyll a in surface waters. While this provides an estimate of total phytoplankton biomass, it does not distinguish between phytoplankton groups, many of which have functional differences and therefore affect biogeochemical cycles differently. Phytoplankton pigment analysis has been used to quantify a wide range of photosynthetic and accessory pigments, and chemotaxonomic analysis (e.g. CHEMTAX) has been used to successfully quantify functional taxonomic groups in nature based on pigment distributions. Here, we combine CHEMTAX analysis with satellite-derived distributions of specific phytoplankton pigments to describe the distributions of particular components of …

Performance Of Whipple Shields At Impact Velocities Above 9 Km/S, A.J. Piekutowski, K.L. Poormon, E.L. Christiansen, B.A. Davis

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

The results of 18 impact tests performed on Whipple shields were compared to the predicted ballistic limits of the shields in the region where the impact velocity of the threatening particle was high enough to produce melting and incipient vaporization of the particle. Ballistic limit equations developed at NASA Johnson Space Center were used to determine nominal failure thresholds for two configurations of allaluminum Whipple shields. In the tests, 2017-T4 aluminum spheres with diameters ranging from 1.40 to 6.35 mm were used to impact the shields at impact velocities ranging from 6.94 to 9.89 km/s. Two different aluminum alloys were …

The Coupling Of A Reflectron Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer With A Cosmic Simulation Chamber: A Powerful New Tool For Laboratory Astrophysics, Claire L. Ricketts, Cesar S. Contreras, Robert L. Walker, Farid Salama

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

The addition of an orthogonal reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ReTOF-MS) to the NASA Ames cosmic simulation chamber (CSC) experiment is described. The simulation chamber contains the elements that produce the molecular species under astrophysically relevant conditions. A pulsed discharge nozzle (PDN) produces ions, neutrals and radicals in a plasma discharge, which are then expanded and supersonically cooled into the chamber. The coupling of the ReTOF-MS to the CSC provides real-time identification of the species, including cations and neutrals, formed in the plasma, an insight into the chemical pathways of the species reacting in the plasma, and an efficient method for …

Variability In Surface Brdf At Different Spatial Scales (30 M–500 M) Over A Mixed Agricultural Landscape As Retrieved From Airborne And Satellite Spectral Measurements, Miguel O. Román, Charles K. Gatebe, Crystal Schaaf, Rajesh Poudyal, Zhuosen Wang, Michael King

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Over the past decade, the role of multiangle remote sensing has been central to the development of algorithms for the retrieval of global land surface properties including models of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), albedo, land cover/dynamics, burned area extent, as well as other key surface biophysical quantities impacted by the anisotropic reflectance characteristics of vegetation. In this study, a new retrieval strategy for fine-to-moderate resolution multiangle observations was developed, based on the operational sequence used to retrieve the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 5 reflectance and BRDF/albedo products. The algorithm makes use of a semiempirical kernel-driven bidirectional …

Canopy Spectral Invariants, Part 2: Application To Classification Of Forest Types From Hyperspectral Data, M.A. Schull, Y. Knyazikhin, L. Xu, A. Samanta, P.L. Carmona, L. Lepine, J.P. Jenkins, S. Ganguly, R.B. Myneni

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate the ability of hyperspectral data to discriminate plant dominant species. Most of them have employed the use of empirically based techniques, which are site specific, requires some initial training based on characteristics of known leaf and/or canopy spectra and therefore may not be extendable to operational use or adapted to changing or unknown land cover. In this paper we propose a physically based approach for separation of dominant forest type using hyperspectral data. The radiative transfer theory of canopy spectral invariants underlies the approach, which facilitates parameterization of the canopy reflectance in terms …

Moisture-Induced Tbc Spallation On Turbine Blade Samples, James L. Smialek

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Delayed failure of TBCs is a widely observed laboratory phenomenon, although many of the early observations went unreported. “The weekend effect” or “DeskTop Spallation” (DTS) is characterized by initial survival of a TBC after accelerated laboratory thermal cycling, followed by failure when exposed to ambient humidity or water. Once initiated, failure can progress to completion quite dramatically in less than a second. To this end, the water drop test and digital video recordings have become useful techniques in studies at NASA (Smialek, Zhu, Cuy), DECHMA (Rudolphi, Renusch, Schütze), and CNRS Toulouse/SNECMA (Déneux, Cadoret, Hervier, Monceau). In the present study the …

Mapping Biomass And Stress In The Sierra Nevada Using Lidar And Hyperspectral Data Fusion, Anu Swatantran, Ralph Dubayah, Dar A. Roberts, Michelle Hofton, J. Bryan Blair

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

In this paper, we explored fusion of structural metrics from the Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) and spectral characteristics from the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) for biomass estimation in the Sierra Nevada. In addition, we combined the two sensors to map species-specific biomass and stress at landscape scale. Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) was used to classify vegetation from AVIRIS images and obtain sub-pixel fractions of green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, soil, and shade. LVIS metrics, AVIRIS spectral indices, and MESMA fractions were compared with field measures of biomass using linear and stepwise regressions at stand (1 ha) …

Continuity Of Landsat Observations: Short Term Considerations, Michael A. Wulder, Joanne C. White, Jeffrey G. Masek, John Dwyer, David P. Roy

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

As of writing in mid-2010, both Landsat-5 and -7 continue to function, with sufficient fuel to enable data collection until the launch of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) scheduled for December of 2012. Failure of one or both of Landsat-5 or -7 may result in a lack of Landsat data for a period of time until the 2012 launch. Although the potential risk of a component failure increases the longer the sensor's design life is exceeded, the possible gap in Landsat data acquisition is reduced with each passing day and the risk of Landsat imagery being unavailable diminishes for …

Application Of A Strip-Yield Model To Predict Crack Growth Under Variable-Amplitude And Spectrum Loading – Part 1: Compact Specimens, Y. Yamada, B. Ziegler, J.C. Newman Jr.

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Fatigue-crack-growth tests were conducted on compact, C(T), specimens made of D16Cz (clad) aluminum alloy under constant-amplitude loading, a single spike overload, and simulated aircraft spectrum loading. Constant-amplitude tests were conducted to generate crack-growth-rate data from threshold to near fracture over a wide range of stress ratios (R = P_min/P_max = 0.1–0.75) using the new compression pre-cracking test methods. Comparisons were made between test data generated on the C(T) specimens with test data from the literature on middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens machined from the same sheet. A crack-closure analysis was used to collapse the rate …

Application Of A Strip-Yield Model To Predict Crack Growth Under Variable-Amplitude And Spectrum Loading – Part 2: Middle-Crack-Tension Specimens, B. Ziegler, Y. Yamada, J.C. Newman Jr.

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

In previous work, fatigue-crack-growth tests were conducted on middle-crack tension, M(T), and compact, C(T), specimens made from the same D16Cz (clad) aluminum alloy sheet. These tests were conducted over a wide range of stress ratios (R = P_min/P_max = -0.5 to 0.75) to generate crack-growth-rate data from threshold to near fracture. These tests were used to generate the effective stress-intensity factor range (∆K_eff) against rate curve using a crack-closure model. The analyses collapsed the rate data from both specimen types into a fairly narrow band over many orders of magnitude in …

Comparison Of Ceres Surface Radiation Fluxes With Surface Observations Over Loess Plateau, Hongru Yan, Jianping Huang, Patrick Minnis, Tianhe Wang, Jianrong Bi

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Surface energy budget is an important factor in weather and climate processes. To estimate the errors in satellite-retrieved surface radiation budget over the interior of China, instantaneous-footprint surface radiation fluxes from the Terra/Aqua FLASHFlux SSF product are compared with the measurements taken at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) from July 2008 to March 2010. Validation is performed separately for different conditions: clear-sky and cloudy-sky, daytime and nighttime for four seasons. Differences between the FLASHFlux CERES shortwave radiation flux and surface measurements have larger standard deviations in cloudy-sky conditions than in clear-sky conditions, indicating that cloud …

High-Order Finite Difference Methods With Subcell Resolution For 2d Detonation Waves, W. Wang, C.-W. Shu, Helen Yee, Bjorn Sjögreen

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

In simulating hyperbolic conservation laws in conjunction with an inhomogeneous stiff source term, if the solution is discontinuous, spurious numerical results may be produced due to the different time scales of the transport part and the source term. This numerical issue often arises in combustion and high-speed chemical reacting flows.

Our objective in this study is to extend this method to two-dimensional reactive Euler equations. The first step of the proposed fractional step method is the convection step which solves the homogeneous hyperbolic conservation law in which any high-resolution shock-capturing method can be used. The aim in this step is …

Theory Of The Propagation Dynamics Of Spiral Edges Of Diffusion Flames In Von Kármán Swirling Flows, Javier Urzay, Vedha Nayagam, Forman A. Williams

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

This analysis addresses the propagation of spiral edge flames found in von Kármán swirling flows induced in rotating porous-disk burners. In this configuration, a porous disk is spun at a constant angular velocity in an otherwise quiescent oxidizing atmosphere. Gaseous methane is injected through the disk pores and burns in a flat diffusion flame adjacent to the disk. Among other flame patterns experimentally found, a stable, rotating spiral flame is observed for sufficiently large rotation velocities and small fuel flow rates as a result of partial extinction of the underlying diffusion flame. The tip of the spiral can undergo a …

The 2009 Edition Of The Geisa Spectroscopic Database, N. Jacquinet-Husson, L. Crepeau, R. Armante, C. Boutammine, A. D. Chedin, N.A. Scott, C. Crevoisier, V. Capelle, C. Boone, N. Poulet-Crovisier, A. Barbe, A. Campargue, D. Chris Benner, Y. Benilan, B. Bezard, V. Boudon, L.R Brown, L.H. Coudert, A. Coustenis, V. Dana, V.M. Devi, S. Fally, A. Fayt, J.-M. Flaud, A. Goldman, M. Herman, G.J. Harris, D. Jacquemart, A. Jolly, I. Kleiner, A. Kleinbohl, F. Kwabia-Tchana, N. Lavrentieva, N. Lacome, Li-Hong Xu, O.M. Lyulin, J.-Y. Mandin, A. Maki, S. Mikhailenko, C.E. Miller, T. Mishina, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H.S.P. Muller, A. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. Perevalov, A. Perrin, D.T. Petkie, A. Predoi-Cross, C.P. Rinsland, J.J. Remedios, M. Rotger, M.A.H. Smith, K. Sung, S. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R.A. Toth, A.-C. Vandaele, J. Vander-Auwera

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

The updated 2009 edition of the spectroscopic database GEISA (Gestionet Etudedes Informations Spectroscopiques Atmospheriques ; Management and Study of Atmospheric Spectroscopic Information) is described in this paper. GEISA is a computer-accessible system comprising three independent sub-databases devoted, respectively, to: line parameters, infrared and ultraviolet/visible absorption cross-sections, microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosols. In this edition, 50 molecules are involved in the line parameters sub-database, including 111 isotopologues, for a total of 3,807,997 entries, in the spectral range from 10^-6 to 35,877.031cm^-1.

GEISA, continuously developed and maintained at LMD (Laboratoirede Meteorologie Dynamique, France) since 1976, is implemented …