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University of Nebraska - Lincoln
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
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Jet Engine Certification Standards, Paul Eschenfelder
Jet Engine Certification Standards, Paul Eschenfelder
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
The ability of modern jet engines to ingest birds and continue to operate is largely misunderstood or not contemplated at all in the aviation industry. Currently, there is not one jet engine operating in the world that is certified to ingest one large bird (goose, swan, stork, pelican, vulture, etc) and continue to operate. The effort to harmonize bird ingestion rules between the FAA and JAA has failed. Controversy erupted in recent certification meetings regarding the database being used to certify engines. Additionally, should only rotating engine parts meet certain standards, or all engine parts exposed to impact meet standards? …
Potential Use Of On-Board Radar For Bird Detection And Avoidance, Pete Stephan
Potential Use Of On-Board Radar For Bird Detection And Avoidance, Pete Stephan
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
An approach to the reduction of military bird strike costs is proposed. Financial return-on-investment would be maximized by focusing on the most expensive bird strikes without requiring new investment in hardware. Most of the dollar cost of military bird strikes results from strikes in the military-unique high-speed/low-altitude flight regime over remote areas. Avoiding these birds motivates a short time from detection of the bird until the pilot avoidance response because single raptors are now causing a large fraction of the losses. Ground-based sensors with communications links to pilots would be expensive because of the geographic extent of the ranges where …
Deer Management At Airports: A Case Study, J. Harris Glass
Deer Management At Airports: A Case Study, J. Harris Glass
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Deer living on and around airports pose a threat to aircraft. The consequence of a deer-aircraft strike can be serious and potentially tragic. Nationally, cervids (deer) accounted for 67% of all reported mammal-aircraft strikes and have caused damage in 81% of deer strikes in the United States (Cleary et al. 1999). Due to the potential for damage, the Federal Aviation Administration and USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services (WS) program recommend a zero-tolerance of deer on an airfield. Deer densities at Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport (PHF) were as high as 171.5 deer/mi2 at the onset of the Wildlife Hazard Assessment conducted …
Wildlife Management Tools – What’S In Your Toolbox?, John E. Ostrom
Wildlife Management Tools – What’S In Your Toolbox?, John E. Ostrom
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Airport managers of today are faced with a variety of choices of what tools to use to deal with their wildlife problems. The Airside Operations staff of the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP), has developed a “Wildlife Toolbox” which offers an assortment of programs, systems and devices to best deal with problem wildlife at a large northern tier hub airport. This “toolbox”, developed over time, includes not only the basics needed by an Airport Manager, but some rather unique tools that managers should consider when developing their own toolboxes.
The Avian Hazard Advisory System (Ahas): Operational Use Of Weather Radar For Reducing Bird Strike Risk In North America, T. Adam Kelly, Ron Merritt, Andreas Smith, Mark Howera, Ron White
The Avian Hazard Advisory System (Ahas): Operational Use Of Weather Radar For Reducing Bird Strike Risk In North America, T. Adam Kelly, Ron Merritt, Andreas Smith, Mark Howera, Ron White
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
The Avian Hazard Advisory System (AHAS) was developed to use NEXRAD weather radar data and National Weather Service (NWS) weather data to forecast and monitor bird activity. The system was tested in a pilot study in 1998 and became operational for the eastern 1/3 of the USA in March 2000. Two thousand low level routes, ranges, airspace and military airfields are evaluated every hour. The monitoring of birds in near real time uses algorithms developed by Geo-Marine, Inc to isolate biological targets from weather. Removing the weather returns permits subsequent processing to retrieve information on bird strike risk to be …
Utility Of Tdwr And Asr-9 Data To Mitigate Bird Strikes At Commercial Airports, Mark A. Isaminger, Mark E. Weber
Utility Of Tdwr And Asr-9 Data To Mitigate Bird Strikes At Commercial Airports, Mark A. Isaminger, Mark E. Weber
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Conflicts between birds and commercial aircraft are a noteworthy problem at both large and small airports. The risk factor for U.S. airports continues to increase due to the steady rise in take-off/landings and bird populations. The focus of bird strike mitigation in the past has centered primarily on Wildlife Management techniques. Recently, an Avian Hazard Advisory System (AHAS) has been developed to reduce the risks of bird strikes to military operations. This system uses a mosaic of data collected by the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD). This sensor serves as an excellent tool for enroute bird advisories due to the …
Flight Control As A Goose Deterrent At Portland International Airport, Sharon Gordon, Noel Lyman
Flight Control As A Goose Deterrent At Portland International Airport, Sharon Gordon, Noel Lyman
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Geese pose a threat to aircraft worldwide. The anthraquinone formula “Flight Control” (FC) is marketed as a deterrent to grazing geese, through an ultraviolet and post-ingestional repellency. The Port of Portland conducted a test to address six objectives regarding the effectiveness of Flight Control. A field with heavy goose activity was divided into five transects, two of which had goose activity 65 percent of the 22 days monitored. These two plots were sprayed using a mixture of one-half gallon of FC, five gallons of water, and eight ounces of an agricultural sticker. This was applied at a rate of one-half …
Summary Of Bird Ingestions Into Aircraft Engines: Current Industry Activity And Bird Strike Reporting, Richard Parker
Summary Of Bird Ingestions Into Aircraft Engines: Current Industry Activity And Bird Strike Reporting, Richard Parker
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
This presentation will show some of the bird strikes and/or trends to engines in the past few years. The presentation will emphasize the safety aspects associated with aircraft engine bird ingestions and show the current statistics as understood by the engine manufacturers. The presentation will also address industry activity related to the hazard of larger birds. There will also be comments relative to the importance of accurate and complete bird strike reporting now that many agencies are reporting and collecting data.
Red-Tailed Hawk Translocation For Reducing Collisions With Aircraft, Matthew R. Bruggeman
Red-Tailed Hawk Translocation For Reducing Collisions With Aircraft, Matthew R. Bruggeman
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Raptor translocation is currently being used by several airports to reduce collisions with aircraft. Changes in red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) numbers and hawk/aircraft strikes were studied in relation to translocation of raptors at Eppley Airfield in Omaha, Nebraska from March 1999 through March 2000. The effect of distance on translocation success was also studied. Hawks were captured with pole traps, banded, and released approximately 80, 160, and 240 km from the airport. Two bird surveys were conducted at bimonthly intervals from April 1998 through March 1999, after which surveys were conducted at weekly intervals. These surveys provided an …
Analysis Of The Use Of Radio-Controlled Models In Bird Dispersal, Nicholas B. Carter
Analysis Of The Use Of Radio-Controlled Models In Bird Dispersal, Nicholas B. Carter
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Border Collie Rescue (BCR), in cooperation with the Dover Air Force Base, conducted a series of field trials to test the efficacy of utilizing radio-controlled models (“RCs”) (aircraft and boats) in dispersing several species of birds from troublesome locations around the Dover AFB environment. Results of these trials suggest that RCs can be used to effectively harass seagulls, raptors, ducks, and geese from difficult areas, though there are a number of limitations that must be taken into account when determining the value of instituting a harassment program utilizing RCs. Though use of Border Collies in its wildlife management program had …
Creating A Wildlife Program, Dan Wood
Creating A Wildlife Program, Dan Wood
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
In Feb 2000 Dover AFB hired a wildlife contractor utilizing a Border Collie as one of the main tools in our BASH program. The introduction of the Border Collie, as a tool in bird abatement was thoroughly researched. Since no other base had any other program like this an initial statement of work had to be written. A climate study was conducted with base personnel, the base veterinarian, legal office and the state department of natural resources on the idea of using a dog to harass wildlife. The major obstacles in creating a program this diverse and using a civilian …
Usda-Aphis-Wildlife Services’ Involvement At Airports During Fy 1999 (Poster), Jessica Dewey
Usda-Aphis-Wildlife Services’ Involvement At Airports During Fy 1999 (Poster), Jessica Dewey
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Birds and other wildlife are a serious problem at U.S. airports. Wildlife strikes cost U.S. civil aviation over $300 million per year, based on data from 1990-1998, and the number of reported bird strikes to civil aircraft has increased over 104% during that same time period. The increase in aircraft striking wildlife is due in part to the significant increase of various wildlife populations during the past 30 years. The United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (WS) program provides Federal assistance to airports in addressing wildlife hazards to aircraft. To comply with the …
Use Of Radar Systems At Commercial Airports For Bird Strike Hazard Identification, Ron Merritt, T. Adam Kelly
Use Of Radar Systems At Commercial Airports For Bird Strike Hazard Identification, Ron Merritt, T. Adam Kelly
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Radars have commonly been used for bird detection since the late 1940s. More sophisticated methodologies have been developed over the past 15 years in an effort to provide advisories to pilots flying high-speed, low-level operations. More recently, radars have been used to identify and track bird movements around airports and bombing ranges to develop risk models for bird avoidance. We investigated various radar systems for detecting potentially hazardous bird movements on and in the vicinity of New Orleans International Airport. The systems were used to determine their potential in providing information for development of management strategies, active bird control efforts, …
Bird Strike Remains Identified At No Cost To Aircraft Owners Or Airports, Carla Dove, Marcy Heacker-Skeans
Bird Strike Remains Identified At No Cost To Aircraft Owners Or Airports, Carla Dove, Marcy Heacker-Skeans
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Wildlife Research Center, through an Interagency Agreement with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), maintains a national database of reports of bird and other wildlife collisions (strikes) with civil aircraft. Wildlife strikes are an increasing problem that costs civil aviation in the USA over $350 million annually and the occasional loss of human lives. The database, with about 28,000 strike reports for 1990-1999, provides critical information to airport operators, biologists, engine manufacturers, aeronautical engineers and regulators in designing programs, policies, and aircraft to reduce damaging wildlife strikes. A major deficiency in the database, however, is …
Lasers As Nonlethal Avian Repellents: Preliminary Experiments, Bradley F. Blackwell, Glen E. Bernhardt
Lasers As Nonlethal Avian Repellents: Preliminary Experiments, Bradley F. Blackwell, Glen E. Bernhardt
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Laser technology has recently been demonstrated as a potentially effective avian repellent; however, controlled studies have not been reported. We conducted 2-choice cage tests to quantify the effectiveness of low-power (10−60-mW) 633−650-nm lasers in preventing Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and Rock Doves (Columbia livia) from perching and Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) and Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from use of grass plots. In 3 experiments with stationary and moving laser beams “defending” a randomly selected perch, brown-headed cowbirds were not repelled, nor did they exhibit behaviors indicating perception …
Development Of A Bird Avoidance Model For Naval Air Facility El Centro, California, Edward Zakrajsek, John Bissonette, Tricia Cutler
Development Of A Bird Avoidance Model For Naval Air Facility El Centro, California, Edward Zakrajsek, John Bissonette, Tricia Cutler
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Two weeks after the Elmendorf AFB-AWACS crash (22 September 1995), the US Navy lost an F-18 Hornet to a birdstrike at Naval Air Facility El Centro (NAFEC) in southern California. NAFEC is surrounded by agricultural land where crops are grown year round, and its location just 26-km south of the Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge suggests a very high probability of additional serious birdstrikes in the future. We are developing a computer-based Bird-Avoidance Model for the airfield and its two associated bombing ranges, to decrease the number of damaging birdstrikes. We are currently conducting bird counts to assess the distribution …
Current Status Of The Usaf Bird Avoidance Model (Bam), Russell P. Defusco
Current Status Of The Usaf Bird Avoidance Model (Bam), Russell P. Defusco
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
The United States Air Force (USAF) Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) Team has been developing versions of a Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) since the early 1980’s. In the developmental phases of the first models, it was recognized that avoiding birds on low-level routes and ranges was the only solution to the significant problem of bird strikes to these military operations nationwide. The early versions of BAM were limited in coverage, biological data, and resolution. With the advent of sophisticated Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and advances in computational capability, modern versions of the USAF BAM have become increasingly robust and …
Faa Perspective On Future Directions Of Research And Development To Reduce The Bird Strike Threat, Michel J. Hovan, William J. Hughes
Faa Perspective On Future Directions Of Research And Development To Reduce The Bird Strike Threat, Michel J. Hovan, William J. Hughes
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
As bird strike risks keep increasing, the FAA is actively sponsoring research to minimize these risks. Bird strike risk reduction falls under the area of wildlife mitigation research. In this endeavor, FAA Research and Development faces challenges of budgetary and technical nature. From the budgetary standpoint, R&D funds were until recently very limited and the FAA could not carry out a comprehensive program in this area. Although still under funded, the wildlife mitigation R&D allocation has steadily improved and plans can now be made for the future. At the technical level, the areas of research for bird strike risks reductions …
Preliminary Results From Satellite And Vhf Tracking Of Relocated Red-Tailed Hawks At O’Hare International Airport, Laurence M. Schafer
Preliminary Results From Satellite And Vhf Tracking Of Relocated Red-Tailed Hawks At O’Hare International Airport, Laurence M. Schafer
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Wildlife Services’ (WS) activities at O’Hare International Airport (ORD), 1997-1999, significantly reduced the annual number of wildlife strikes reported for ORD. The average annual number of reported strikes decreased from 104.2 (1992-1996) to 49 (1997-1999). However, the number of strikes involving red-tailed hawks (RTHA, Buteo jamaicensis) and American kestrels (AMKE, Falco sparverius) did not change (14.6 per year). On 1 January 1999, the Federal Aviation Administration sponsored a two-year study, in conjunction with the National Wildlife Research Center and WS-Illinois, to evaluate the efficacy of raptor relocation at ORD. All relocated RTHA were to be fitted with both …
High Return Rates For Relocated Red-Tailed Hawks: Preliminary Findings At Portland International Airport, Julie Fukuda, Carole Hallett
High Return Rates For Relocated Red-Tailed Hawks: Preliminary Findings At Portland International Airport, Julie Fukuda, Carole Hallett
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Pacific Habitat Services, Inc. (PHS), under contract with the Port of Portland (Port), trapped, banded, and relocated red-tailed hawks at the Portland International Airport (PDX) in Portland, Oregon, beginning in October 1999. Although the Port has a program to deal with wildlife hazards to aircraft operations, raptor prey base management and hazing hadn’t effectively reduced wildlife hazards. Nineteen birdstrikes occurred in September, 1999. Prior to this season, birdstrikes ranged from 0 to 11 within a one-month period. Thus, immediate action was needed to reduce raptor abundance on the airfield. In fall and winter of 1999, PHS captured and relocated fifteen …
Successful Actions For Avian Hazard Control In Brazil, Luiz Claudio Magalhaes Bastos
Successful Actions For Avian Hazard Control In Brazil, Luiz Claudio Magalhaes Bastos
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Brazil built one of the world’s largest aeronautical infrastructures. The airport net is distributed along its vast territory, which shows a tremendous ecosystem variety. Having a large civilian aircraft fleet and also running second after Venezuela in catalogued bird species, Brazil has had problems related to bird strikes. Although Brazil has few problems with migratory birds, the threat posed by resident birds in some airports represents a significant risk. On the other hand, due to human population growth and poor policies of garbage disposal in the past, nowadays some big airports have in their vicinities open dumps that attract birds. …
The Use Of Border Collies In Dover Air Force Base’S Wildlife Control Program, Nicholas B. Carter
The Use Of Border Collies In Dover Air Force Base’S Wildlife Control Program, Nicholas B. Carter
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
On February 1, 2000, Dover Air Force Base became the first Air Force base in the world to employ a Border Collie in its airfield wildlife management program. Initial results from Border Collie Rescue’s program at Dover AFB are tremendously encouraging, as a substantial percentage of large birds has been excluded from the airbase and the surrounding farmlands, an overall area encompassing roughly 46 km2. Total bird numbers were reduced by more than 150,000 birds (99.1%) within a short initial 4-week period. The reduction in bird populations present in the Dover AFB environment was accomplished while the numbers …
Management Of Silver Gulls To Prevent Bird Strikes At Sydney Airport, Aimee Hutchinson
Management Of Silver Gulls To Prevent Bird Strikes At Sydney Airport, Aimee Hutchinson
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
A bird strike is defined as a collision between a bird and an aircraft. While most bird strikes cause little or no damage to the aircraft, some incidents can be fatal and at the least, very costly. The majority of bird strikes occur during landing or take-off thus the focus of bird management is centered around the airport environments. The geographical features surrounding Sydney Airport include a number of bird-attracting water bodies: Botany Bay, Botany Wetlands, the Cooks River and Alexandra Canal. These features attract a diverse and abundant assemblage of migratory and coastal bird species including silver gulls ( …
Could Falcon Effigy Kites Increase The Efficacy Of Falconry I.P.M.?, Thomas N. Stephan
Could Falcon Effigy Kites Increase The Efficacy Of Falconry I.P.M.?, Thomas N. Stephan
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
When falconry is employed at airfields, not all birds can be induced to leave. Most do, but some do not go far, then return soon after the patrolling falconer drives away. There is evidence that falcon silhouettes cause fear responses in passerines, some corvids and waterfowl. Dr. Conrad Lorenz towed a silhouette of a goose over young fowl with little response. When the same silhouette was towed in a reverse direction, these same chicks exhibited fear response. Falcon decals are placed on windowpanes to prevent wild birds from colliding into them. Dr. Jeffrey R. Jenkins D.V.M. indicated that since the …
Federal Migratory Bird Permits And Airports, Marlys Bulander
Federal Migratory Bird Permits And Airports, Marlys Bulander
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Federal regulations provide for issuance of permits to control damage or other “injury” being caused by migratory birds. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service works with USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services and individual airports to minimize the likelihood of bird/aircraft collisions. This presentation explains the rules, regulations, and procedures related to federal migratory bird permits and the Service’s commitment to helping provide the tools necessary to help airports create bird-free air space.
Factors Associated With Damaging Bird Strikes For United States Air Force Aircraft, Christine A. Tedrow, Patrick F. Scanlon, James A. Parkhurst, Steve L. Mcmullin
Factors Associated With Damaging Bird Strikes For United States Air Force Aircraft, Christine A. Tedrow, Patrick F. Scanlon, James A. Parkhurst, Steve L. Mcmullin
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Analysis of strike data is critical to determine the true economic costs of bird strikes, determine the magnitude of safety issues, and develop preventive measures. Analysis of USAF bird-strike data identified trends and indicated suggested relationships among factors contributing to damaging strikes. From FY 1988 through FY 1997, the annual mean was 2,668 bird strikes with peaks evident in fall and spring. Daylight and dusk were hazardous for bird strikes. More bird strikes occurred during airfield operations and when aircraft were operating at low altitudes (and when soaring birds were more numerous). Aircraft speed, phase of flight, taxonomic group, bird …
The Relationship Between Bird Strikes And Weather: A Detailed Species Based Analysis, John Allan, Susan Manktelow, Jennifer Bell
The Relationship Between Bird Strikes And Weather: A Detailed Species Based Analysis, John Allan, Susan Manktelow, Jennifer Bell
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Bird controllers have recognized for many years that the frequency of bird strikes is related in some way to weather conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between bird strike frequency and rainfall on certain airfields. This paper takes bird strike data from five major UK airports and relates them to a variety of weather parameters. It then examines the relationships found on a species by species basis and uses differences in the ecology of the birds involved to suggest the mechanisms by which weather may influence bird strike frequency. The data can be used to better target bird control …
Reducing The Presence Of Raptors At Kansas City International Airport, Robert Johnson, Dan Mcmurtry
Reducing The Presence Of Raptors At Kansas City International Airport, Robert Johnson, Dan Mcmurtry
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Nationwide, between 1991 and 1997, the FAA wildlife strike database reported 939 raptor strikes, which accounted for 12% of all reported wildlife strikes. At Kansas City International Airport (MCI), between 1997 and 1999, 9 raptor strikes occurred involving known aircraft and 27 raptor strikes occurred involving unknown aircraft. These raptor strikes represented 13% of all wildlife strike events at MCI. MCI has a large yearly influx of raptors (red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, northern harriers, and great horned owls) during the period of October through March. From October 1997 until December 1999, 40 raptors were removed from the airport through the …
Management Of Rodent Populations At Airports, Jessica Dewey, Gary W. Witmer
Management Of Rodent Populations At Airports, Jessica Dewey, Gary W. Witmer
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
Birds and other wildlife are a serious problem at U.S. airports. Certain species are more hazardous to aviation safety than others, most often due to the size and behavior of the species. Raptors, including hawks, vultures, and eagles, were the fourth most common bird group reported in bird strikes to the Federal Aviation Administration from 1991 - 1997, and hawks specifically were the fifth most common bird species group reported in bird strikes in Canada during the same time period. Red-tailed hawks were the fifth most common bird species reported in U.S. Air Force bird strikes from 1985 - 1999, …
An Evaluation Of Techniques For The Control Of Birds On Landfills Near Airports, John Allan, Andy Baxter
An Evaluation Of Techniques For The Control Of Birds On Landfills Near Airports, John Allan, Andy Baxter
2000 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 2nd Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN
This paper reports progress on an investigation of a variety of bird deterrent techniques on landfill sites. The objective of the study is to develop and test integrated bird management strategies for use on landfills, both close to airports and elsewhere. The first phase of the study is designed to evaluate individual techniques such as distress calls, pyrotechnics, falcons etc. to determine efficacy, time to habituation and differences in effectiveness for different pest bird species. Once the most promising techniques are identified they will be combined into integrated programs and tested long term on a various landfill sites across the …