Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Golay Codes And Quantum Contextuality, Mordecai Waegell, P. K. Aravind

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

It is shown that the codewords of the binary and ternary Golay codes can be converted into rays in RP²³ and RP¹¹ that provide proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem in real state spaces of dimensions 24 and 12, respectively. Some implications of these results are discussed.

Does Science Need Intersubjectivity? The Problem Of Confirmation In Orthodox Interpretations Of Quantum Mechanics, Emily Adlam

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Any successful interpretation of quantum mechanics must explain how our empirical evidence allows us to come to know about quantum mechanics. In this article, we argue that this vital criterion is not met by the class of ‘orthodox interpretations,’ which includes QBism, neo-Copenhagen interpretations, and some versions of relational quantum mechanics. We demonstrate that intersubjectivity fails in radical ways in these approaches, and we explain why intersubjectivity matters for empirical confirmation. We take a detailed look at the way in which belief-updating might work in the kind of universe postulated by an orthodox interpretation, and argue that observers in such …

Black Holes, Disk Structures, And Cosmological Implications In E-Dimensional Space, Subhash Kak, Menas C. Kafatos

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We examine a modern view of the universe that builds on achieved successes of quantum mechanics, general relativity, and information theory, bringing them together in integrated approach that is founded on the realization that space itself is e-dimensional. The global and local implications of noninteger dimensionality are examined, and how it may have increased from the value of zero to its current value is investigated. We find surprising aspects that tie to structures in the universe, black holes, and the role of observations.

What Is Nonclassical About Uncertainty Relations?, Lorenzo Catani, Matthew S. Leifer, Giovanni Scala, David Schmid, Robert W. Spekkens

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Uncertainty relations express limits on the extent to which the outcomes of distinct measurements on a single state can be made jointly predictable. The existence of nontrivial uncertainty relations in quantum theory is generally considered to be a way in which it entails a departure from the classical worldview. However, this perspective is undermined by the fact that there exist operational theories which exhibit nontrivial uncertainty relations but which are consistent with the classical worldview insofar as they admit of a generalized-noncontextual ontological model. This prompts the question of what aspects of uncertainty relations, if any, cannot be realized in …

Probing Conformational Landscapes And Mechanisms Of Allosteric Communication In The Functional States Of The Abl Kinase Domain Using Multiscale Simulations And Network-Based Mutational Profiling Of Allosteric Residue Potentials, Keerthi Krishnan, Hao Tian, Peng Tao, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In the current study, multiscale simulation approaches and dynamic network methods are employed to examine the dynamic and energetic details of conformational landscapes and allosteric interactions in the ABL kinase domain that determine the kinase functions. Using a plethora of synergistic computational approaches, we elucidate how conformational transitions between the active and inactive ABL states can employ allosteric regulatory switches to modulate intramolecular communication networks between the ATP site, the substrate binding region, and the allosteric binding pocket. A perturbation-based network approach that implements mutational profiling of allosteric residue propensities and communications in the ABL states is proposed. Consistent with …

Ideals Of Functions With Compact Support In The Integer-Valued Case, Themba Dube, Oghenetega Ighedo, Batsile Tlharesakgosi

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

For a zero-dimensional Hausdorff space X, denote, as usual, by C(X, ℤ) the ring of continuous integer-valued functions on X. If f ∈ C(X, ℤ), denote by Z(f) the set of all points of X that are mapped to 0 by f. The set C_K(X; ℤ) = {f ∈ C(X; ℤ) | cl_X(X \ Z(f)) is compact} is the integer-valued analogue of the ideal of functions with compact support in C(X). By first working in the category of locales and then interpreting …

Non-Inertial Quantum Clock Frames Lead To Non-Hermitian Dynamics, Ismael L. Paiva, Amit Te'eni, Bar Y. Peled, Eliahu Cohen, Yakir Aharonov

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

The operational approach to time is a cornerstone of relativistic theories, as evidenced by the notion of proper time. In standard quantum mechanics, however, time is an external parameter. Recently, many attempts have been made to extend the notion of proper time to quantum mechanics within a relational framework. Here, we use similar ideas combined with the relativistic mass-energy equivalence to study an accelerating massive quantum particle with an internal clock system. We show that the ensuing evolution from the perspective of the particle’s internal clock is non-Hermitian. This result does not rely on specific implementations of the clock. As …

An Approach To The Gaussian Rbf Kernels Via Fock Spaces, Daniel Alpay, Fabrizio Colombo, Kamal Diki, Irene Sabadini

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We use methods from the Fock space and Segal–Bargmann theories to prove several results on the Gaussian RBF kernel in complex analysis. The latter is one of the most used kernels in modern machine learning kernel methods and in support vector machine classification algorithms. Complex analysis techniques allow us to consider several notions linked to the radial basis function (RBF) kernels, such as the feature space and the feature map, using the so-called Segal–Bargmann transform. We also show how the RBF kernels can be related to some of the most used operators in quantum mechanics and time frequency analysis; specifically, …

Two Roads To Retrocausality, Emily Adlam

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In recent years the quantum foundations community has seen increasing interest in the possibility of using retrocausality as a route to rejecting the conclusions of Bell’s theorem and restoring locality to quantum physics. On the other hand, it has also been argued that accepting nonlocality leads to a form of retrocausality. In this article we seek to elucidate the relationship between retrocausality and locality. We begin by providing a brief schema of the various ways in which violations of Bell’s inequalities might lead us to consider some form of retrocausality. We then consider some possible motivations for using retrocausality to …

Tabletop Experiments For Quantum Gravity Are Also Tests Of The Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics, Emily Adlam

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Recently there has been a great deal of interest in tabletop experiments intended to exhibit the quantum nature of gravity by demonstrating that it can induce entanglement. In order to evaluate these experiments, we must determine if there is any interesting class of possibilities that will be convincingly ruled out if it turns out that gravity can indeed induce entanglement. In particular, since one argument for the significance of these experiments rests on the claim that they demonstrate the existence of superpositions of spacetimes, it is important to keep in mind that different interpretations of quantum mechanics may make different …

Probing Mechanisms Of Binding And Allostery In The Sars-Cov-2 Spike Omicron Variant Complexes With The Host Receptor: Revealing Functional Roles Of The Binding Hotspots In Mediating Epistatic Effects And Communication With Allosteric Pockets, Gennady M. Verkhivker, Steve Agajanian, Ryan Kassab, Keerthi Krishnan

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this study, we performed all-atom MD simulations of RBD–ACE2 complexes for BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Omicron subvariants, conducted a systematic mutational scanning of the RBD–ACE2 binding interfaces and analysis of electrostatic effects. The binding free energy computations of the Omicron RBD–ACE2 complexes and comprehensive examination of the electrostatic interactions quantify the driving forces of binding and provide new insights into energetic mechanisms underlying evolutionary differences between Omicron variants. A systematic mutational scanning of the RBD residues determines the protein stability centers and binding energy hotpots in the Omicron RBD–ACE2 complexes. By employing the ensemble-based global network analysis, we …

Interpretable Machine Learning Models For Molecular Design Of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using Variational Autoencoders And Perturbation-Based Approach Of Chemical Space Exploration, Keerthi Krishnan, Ryan Kassab, Steve Agajanian, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In the current study, we introduce an integrative machine learning strategy for the autonomous molecular design of protein kinase inhibitors using variational autoencoders and a novel cluster-based perturbation approach for exploration of the chemical latent space. The proposed strategy combines autoencoder-based embedding of small molecules with a cluster-based perturbation approach for efficient navigation of the latent space and a feature-based kinase inhibition likelihood classifier that guides optimization of the molecular properties and targeted molecular design. In the proposed generative approach, molecules sharing similar structures tend to cluster in the latent space, and interpolating between two molecules in the latent space …

Watching The Clocks: Interpreting The Page-Wootters Formalism And The Internal Quantum Reference Frame Programme, Emily Adlam

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We discuss some difficulties that arise in attempting to interpret the Page–Wootters and Internal Quantum Reference Frames formalisms, then use a ‘final measurement’ approach to demonstrate that there is a workable single-world realist interpretation for these formalisms. We note that it is necessary to adopt some interpretation before we can determine if the ‘reference frames’ invoked in these approaches are operationally meaningful, and we argue that without a clear operational interpretation, such reference frames might not be suitable to define an equivalence principle. We argue that the notion of superposition should take into account the way in which an instantaneous …

Weakness Of Weak Values: Incompatibility Of Anomalous Pulse-Spectrum Amplification And Optical Frequency Combs, John C. Howell

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We probe the use of optical frequency combs to place lower bounds on anomalous amplification of a weak-value-measured pulse delay, potentially reaching a theoretical temporal resolution of better than 10⁻³⁴ s. Owing to the interferometric behavior of weak values, we show that anomalous weak value amplification of a time delay is not equivalent to a temporal linear phase ramp. We show that the anomalous weak value is a rearrangement of amplitudes that generates an apparent shift that can be measured in direct detection, but does not change the actual frequency offset of a spectral distribution measurable in coherent detection. …

On Superoscillations And Supershifts In Several Variables, Yakir Aharonov, Fabrizio Colombo, Andrew N. Jordan, Irene Sabadini, Tomer Shushi, Daniele C. Struppa, Jeff Tollaksen

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

The aim of this paper is to study a class of superoscillatory functions in several variables, removing some restrictions on the functions that we introduced in a previous paper. Since the tools that we used with our approach are not common knowledge we will give detailed proof for the case of two variables. The results proved for superoscillatory functions in several variables can be further extended to supershifts in several variables.

Monitoring Fast Superconducting Qubit Dynamics Using A Neural Network, G. Koolstra, N. Stevenson, S. Barzili, L. Burns, K. Siva, S. Greenfield, W. Livingston, A. Hashim, R. K. Naik, J. M. Kreikebaum, K. P. O'Brien, D. I. Santiago, Justin Dressel, I. Siddiqi

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Weak measurements of a superconducting qubit produce noisy voltage signals that are weakly correlated with the qubit state. To recover individual quantum trajectories from these noisy signals, traditional methods require slow qubit dynamics and substantial prior information in the form of calibration experiments. Monitoring rapid qubit dynamics, e.g., during quantum gates, requires more complicated methods with increased demand for prior information. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an alternative method for accurately tracking rapidly driven superconducting qubit trajectories that uses a long short-term memory (LSTM) artificial neural network with minimal prior information. Despite few training assumptions, the LSTM produces trajectories that include …

Integrating Conformational Dynamics And Perturbation-Based Network Modeling For Mutational Profiling Of Binding And Allostery In The Sars-Cov-2 Spike Variant Complexes With Antibodies: Balancing Local And Global Determinants Of Mutational Escape Mechanisms, Gennady M. Verkhivker, Steve Agajanian, Ryan Kassab, Keerthi Krishnan

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

n this study, we combined all-atom MD simulations, the ensemble-based mutational scanning of protein stability and binding, and perturbation-based network profiling of allosteric interactions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike complexes with a panel of cross-reactive and ultra-potent single antibodies (B1-182.1 and A23-58.1) as well as antibody combinations (A19-61.1/B1-182.1 and A19-46.1/B1-182.1). Using this approach, we quantify the local and global effects of mutations in the complexes, identify protein stability centers, characterize binding energy hotspots, and predict the allosteric control points of long-range interactions and communications. Conformational dynamics and distance fluctuation analysis revealed the antibody-specific signatures of protein stability and flexibility of the …

Titaniferous-Vanadiferous, Magnetite-Ilmenite Mineralization In A Mafic Suite Within The Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, Bihar, India, Ashmeer Mohammad, Anup K. Prasad, Kehe-U Wetsah, Mohammad Azad, Vivek Aryan, Hesham El-Askary

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Titanium or vanadium metals or their alloys are important industrial metals/alloys. Because these resources are in short supply, the investigation of potential titaniferous-vanadiferous deposits needs special attention to bridge the supply-demand gap. The study integrates geological, geochemical, remote sensing, and geophysical data for assessing the potentiality of titaniferous-vanadiferous, magnetite-ilmenite mineralization in and around the Sudamakund and Paharpur areas, Gaya and Jehanabad districts, Bihar, India, and delineation of specific targets for detailed exploration. Field visits for large scale mapping on (1:12,500 scale) were used to conduct a reconnaissance survey for magnetite-ilmenite mineralization in parts of toposheet number 72G/04 in the Gaya …

A Comparative Study On Deep Learning Models For Text Classification Of Unstructured Medical Notes With Various Levels Of Class Imbalance, Hongxia Lu, Louis Ehwerhemuepha, Cyril Rakovski

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Background

Discharge medical notes written by physicians contain important information about the health condition of patients. Many deep learning algorithms have been successfully applied to extract important information from unstructured medical notes data that can entail subsequent actionable results in the medical domain. This study aims to explore the model performance of various deep learning algorithms in text classification tasks on medical notes with respect to different disease class imbalance scenarios.

Methods

In this study, we employed seven artificial intelligence models, a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), a Transformer encoder, a pretrained BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), and four typical …

Assessing The Reidentification Risks Posed By Deep Learning Algorithms Applied To Ecg Data, Arin Ghazarian, Jianwei Zheng, Daniele Struppa, Cyril Rakovski

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

ECG (Electrocardiogram) data analysis is one of the most widely used and important tools in cardiology diagnostics. In recent years the development of advanced deep learning techniques and GPU hardware have made it possible to train neural network models that attain exceptionally high levels of accuracy in complex tasks such as heart disease diagnoses and treatments. We investigate the use of ECGs as biometrics in human identification systems by implementing state-of-the-art deep learning models. We train convolutional neural network models on approximately 81k patients from the US, Germany and China. Currently, this is the largest research project on ECG identification. …

Multi-Sectoral Impact Assessment Of An Extreme African Dust Episode In The Eastern Mediterranean In March 2018, Alexandra Monteiro, Sara Basart, Stelios Kazadzis, Antonis Gkikas, Sophie Vandenbussche, Aurelio Tobias, Carla Gama, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Enric Tarradellas, George Notas, Nick Middleton, Jonilda Kushta, Vassilis Amiridis, Kostas Lagouvardos, Panagiotis G. Kosmopoulos, Vasiliki Kotroni, Maria Kanakidou, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Nikos Kalivitis, Pavla Daggson-Waldhauserová, Hesham El-Askary, Klaus Sievers, T. Giannaros, Lucia Mona, Marcus Hirtl, Paul Skomorowski, Slobodan Nickovic, Athanasios Votsis, Timo H. Virtanen, Theodoros Christoudias, Biagio Di Mauro, Serena Trippetta, Stanislav Kutuzov, Outi Meinander

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In late March 2018, a large part of the Eastern Mediterranean experienced an extraordinary episode of African dust, one of the most intense in recent years, here referred to as the “Minoan Red” event. The episode mainly affected the Greek island of Crete, where the highest aerosol concentrations over the past 15 yeas were recorded, although impacts were also felt well beyond this core area. Our study fills a gap in dust research by assessing the multi-sectoral impacts of sand and dust storms and their socioeconomic implications. Specifically, we provide a multi-sectoral impact assessment of Crete during the occurrence of …

Symmetry And Control In Thermodynamics, Emily Adlam, L. Uribarri, N. Allen

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We explore the relationship between symmetry and entropy, distinguishing between symmetries of state and dynamical symmetries, and in the context of quantum thermodynamics between symmetries of pure and mixed states. Ultimately, we will argue that symmetry in thermodynamics is best understood as a means of control within the control theory paradigm, and we will describe an interesting technological application of symmetry-based control in the context of a quantum coherence capacitor. Symmetry, the concept from which Noether derived the conservation laws of physics, is one of the most important guiding principles of modern physics. Moreover, symmetry is often regarded as a …

A Novel Correction For The Adjusted Box-Pierce Test, Sidy Danioko, Jianwei Zheng, Kyle Anderson, Alexander Barrett, Cyril S. Rakovski

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

The classical Box-Pierce and Ljung-Box tests for auto-correlation of residuals possess severe deviations from nominal type I error rates. Previous studies have attempted to address this issue by either revising existing tests or designing new techniques. The Adjusted Box-Pierce achieves the best results with respect to attaining type I error rates closer to nominal values. This research paper proposes a further correction to the adjusted Box-Pierce test that possesses near perfect type I error rates. The approach is based on an inflation of the rejection region for all sample sizes and lags calculated via a linear model applied to simulated …

Biophysical Insight Into The Sars-Cov2 Spike–Ace2 Interaction And Its Modulation By Hepcidin Through A Multifaceted Computational Approach, Hamid Hadi-Alijanvand, Luisa Di Paola, Guang Hu, David M. Leitner, Gennady M. Verkhivker, Peixin Sun, Humanath Poudel, Alessandro Giuliani

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

At the center of the SARS-CoV2 infection, the spike protein and its interaction with the human receptor ACE2 play a central role in the molecular machinery of SARS-CoV2 infection of human cells. Vaccine therapies are a valuable barrier to the worst effects of the virus and to its diffusion, but the need of purposed drugs is emerging as a core target of the fight against COVID19. In this respect, the repurposing of drugs has already led to discovery of drugs thought to reduce the effects of the cytokine storm, but still a drug targeting the spike protein, in the infection …

High Spatial And Temporal Resolution Census Data Reveals Communities At Risk Along The Wildland-Urban Interface (Wui) In California, Usa, Jessica E. Viner, Slade T. Laszewski, Wesley Ho, Justin Ewoldt, Pionnah Gregorio, Liz Lyon, Brian Hoover, Shenyue Jia

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We tracked census tract level population change along California's wild land-urban interface (WUI) during the past decade (2010-2019), an ecological sensitive region transitioning from developed land to wilderness. Our results from Mann-Kendall analysis, a method employed for monotonic trend detection showed that about one-third (29.1%) of census tracts in California’s WUI have seen a significant population increase from 2010 to 2019, affecting 12.7% population in California.

The population increase along WUI is largely driven by the sixteen counties in the San Francisco Bay Area (10) and Southern California (6). We also found that higher proportion of WUI residents in Bay …

Experimental Demonstration Of Continuous Quantum Error Correction, William P. Livingston, Machiel S. Blok, Emmanuel Flurin, Justin Dressel, Andrew N. Jordan, Irfan Siddiqi

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors. A powerful method to suppress these effects is quantum error correction. Typically, quantum error correction is executed in discrete rounds, using entangling gates and projective measurement on ancillary qubits to complete each round of error correction. Here we use direct parity measurements to implement a continuous quantum bit-flip correction code in a resource-efficient manner, eliminating entangling gates, ancillary qubits, and their associated errors. An FPGA controller actively corrects errors as they are detected, achieving an average bit-flip detection efficiency of up to 91%. Furthermore, …

Computer Simulations And Network-Based Profiling Of Binding And Allosteric Interactions Of Sars-Cov-2 Spike Variant Complexes And The Host Receptor: Dissecting The Mechanistic Effects Of The Delta And Omicron Mutations, Gennady M. Verkhivker, Steve Agajanian, Ryan Kassab, Keerthi Krishnan

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this study, we combine all-atom MD simulations and comprehensive mutational scanning of S-RBD complexes with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host receptor in the native form as well as the S-RBD Delta and Omicron variants to (a) examine the differences in the dynamic signatures of the S-RBD complexes and (b) identify the critical binding hotspots and sensitivity of the mutational positions. We also examined the differences in allosteric interactions and communications in the S-RBD complexes for the Delta and Omicron variants. Through the perturbation-based scanning of the allosteric propensities of the SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD residues and dynamics-based network centrality and …

Fock And Hardy Spaces: Clifford Appell Case, Daniel Alpay, Kamal Diki, Irene Sabadini

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this paper, we study a specific system of Clifford–Appell polynomials and, in particular, their product. Moreover, we introduce a new family of quaternionic reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces in the framework of Fueter regular functions. The construction is based on a general idea which allows us to obtain various function spaces by specifying a suitable sequence of real numbers. We focus on the Fock and Hardy cases in this setting, and we study the action of the Fueter mapping and its range.

White Noise Space Analysis And Multiplicative Change Of Measures, Daniel Alpay, Palle Jorgensen, Motke Porat

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this paper, we display a family of Gaussian processes, with explicit formulas and transforms. This is presented with the use of duality tools in such a way that the corresponding path-space measures are mutually singular. We make use of a corresponding family of representations of the canonical commutation relations (CCR) in an infinite number of degrees of freedom. A key feature of our construction is explicit formulas for associated transforms; these are infinite-dimensional analogs of Fourier transforms. Our framework is that of Gaussian Hilbert spaces, reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and Fock spaces. The latter forms the setting for our …

Observations On The Stress Related Variations Of Soil Radon Concentration In The Gulf Of Corinth, Greece, Vassilios K. Karastathis, George Eleftheriou, Menas Kafatos, Kanaris Tsinganos, G-Akis Tselentis, Evangelos Mouzakiotis, Dimitar Ouzounov

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Our observations indicate a characteristic pattern in the long-term variation of soil radon concentrations, which seems to be consistent with the expected variation of regional stress in relation to seismicity. However, it seems that the major changes in radon level begin before the rock rapture, i.e. before the earthquake occurs. These conclusions have emerged after long-term observations with continuous and thorough real-time gamma-radiation monitoring in the seismically active area of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The recordings acquired close to a hot spring were of very high quality, implying that the deep hydraulic flow can possibly play a key role …