Physical Sciences and Mathematics | Open Access Articles

Impact Of Weather Factors On Airport Arrival Rates: Application Of Machine Learning In Air Transportation, Robert W. Maxson, Dothang Truong, Woojin Choi

Publications

Weather is responsible for approximately 70% of air transportation delays in the National Airspace System, and delays resulting from convective weather alone cost airlines and passengers millions of dollars each year due to delays that could be avoided. This research sought to establish relationships between environmental variables and airport efficiency estimates by data mining archived weather and airport performance data at ten geographically and climatologically different airports. Several meaningful relationships were discovered from six out of ten airports using various machine learning methods within an overarching data mining protocol, and the developed models were tested using historical data.

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Multi-Layer Evolution Of Acoustic-Gravity Waves And Ionospheric Disturbances Over The United States After The 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcano Eruption, P. A. Inchin, A. Bhatt, S. A. Cummer, S. D. Eckermann, B. J. Harding, J. Ma, J. J. Makela, J B. Snively

Publications

e Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai volcano underwent a series of large-magnitude eruptions that generated in the atmosphere. We investigate the spatial and temporal evolutions of fluctuations driven by atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) and, in particular, the Lamb wave modes in high spatial resolution data sets measured over the Continental United States (CONUS), complemented with data over the Americas and the Pacific. Along with >800 barometer sites, tropospheric observations, and Total Electron Content data from >3,000 receivers, we report detections of volcano-induced AGWs in mesopause and ionosphere-thermosphere airglow imagery and Fabry-Perot interferometry. We also report unique AGW signatures in the ionospheric D-region, measured …

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Gravity Waves Generated By The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘Apai Volcanic Eruption And Their Global Propagation In The Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere Observed By Meteor Radars And Modeled With The High-Altitude General Mechanistic Circulation Model, Gunter Stober, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Alan Liu, Diego Janches, Zishun Qiao, Et.Al

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The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai volcano erupted on 15th January 2022, launching Lamb waves and gravity waves into the atmosphere. In this study, we present results using 13 globally distributed meteor radars and identify the volcanic- caused gravity waves in the mesospheric/lower thermospheric winds. Leveraging the High-Altitude Mechanistic General Circulation Model (HIAMCM), we compare the global propagation of these gravity waves. We observed an eastward propagating gravity wave packet with an observed phase speed of 240±5.7 m/s and a westward propagating gravity wave with an observed phase speed of 166.5 ±6.4 m/s. We identified these waves in the HIAMCM and obtained …

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On The Propagation Of Whistler-Mode Waves In The 2 Magnetic Ducts, Salman A. Nejad, Anatoly V. Streltsov

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This paper studies extremely-low frequency (ELF) whistler-mode waves’ behavior within small-scale magnetic field irregularities in the Earth’s magnetosphere, known as magnetic ducts. Based on the magnetic fields’ magnitude inside and outside these ducts, they are categorized as high-magnetic ducts (HBD) and low-magnetic ducts (LBD). Using the whistler-mode dispersion relation analysis, our primary focus is to show that LBDs are prone to leak electromagnetic energy outside the duct. We further investigate the hypothesis that whistlers can propagate within LBDs without any signal loss when the width of the duct corresponds to an integer multiple of the perpendicular wavelengths of the waves …

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A "Boreing" Night Of Observations Of The Upper Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere Over The Andes Lidar Observatory, J. H. Hecht, Alan Liu, D. C. Fritts, R. L. Walterscheid, L. J. Gelinas, R. J. Rudy

Publications

A very high-spatial resolution (∼21-23 m pixel at 85 km altitude) OH airglow imager at the Andes Lidar Observatory at Cerro Pach´on, Chile observed considerable ducted wave activity on the night of October 29-30, 2016. This instrument was collocated with a Na wind-temperature lidar that provided data revealing the occurrence of strong ducts. A large field of view OH and greenline airglow imager showed waves present over a vertical extent consistent with the altitudes of the ducting features identified in the lidar profiles. While waves that appeared to be ducted were seen in all imagers throughout the observation interval, the …

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Whistler-Mode Waves In Magnetic Ducts, Anatoly V. Streltsov, Salman A. Nejad

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Observations from the NASA MMS satellites show packages of ELF whistler-mode waves localized inside the small-scale irregularities of the magnetic field. These irregularities are formed by the narrow field-aligned channels where the magnitude of the background magnetic field inside the channel is greater or less than outside. By analogy with the classical density ducts, we introduce the high-B duct (HBD), where the magnitude of the field inside the channel is greater than the outside, and the low-B duct (LBD), where the magnitude of the field inside the channel is less than the outside. We investigate the guiding of the ELF …

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Hyper-Local Weather Predictions With The Enhanced General Urban Area Microclimate Predictions Tool, Kevin A. Adkins, William Becker, Sricharan Ayyalasomayajula, Steven Lavenstein, Kleoniki Vlachou, David Miller, Marc Compere, Avinash Muthu Krishnan, Nickolas Macchiarella

Publications

This paper presents enhancements to, and the demonstration of, the General Urban area Microclimate Predictions tool (GUMP), which is designed to provide hyper-local weather predictions by combining machine-learning (ML) models and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. For the further development and demonstration of GUMP, the Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) campus was used as a test environment. Local weather sensors provided data to train ML models, and CFD models of urban- and suburban-like areas of ERAU’s campus were created and iterated through with a wide assortment of inlet wind speed and direction combinations. ML weather sensor predictions were combined with best-fit …

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The Effect Of Advection On The Three Dimensional Distribution Of Turbulent Kinetic Energy And Its Generation In Idealized Tropical Cyclone Simulations, Joshua B. Wadler, David S. Nolan, Jun A. Zhang, Lynn K. Shay, Joseph B. Olsen, Joseph J. Cione

Publications

The distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its budget terms is estimated in simulated tropical cyclones (TCs) of various intensities. Each simulated TC is subject to storm motion, wind shear, and oceanic coupling. Different storm intensities are achieved through different ocean profiles in the model initialization. For each oceanic profile, the atmospheric simulations are performed with and without TKE advection. In all simulations, the TKE is maximized at low levels (i.e., below 1 km) and ∼0.5 km radially inward of the azimuthal-mean radius of maximum wind speed at 1-km height. As in a previous study, the axisymmetric TKE decreases …

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Accelerating Atmospheric Gravity Wave Simulations Using Machine Learning: Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability And Mountain Wave Sources Driving Gravity Wave Breaking And Secondary Gravity Wave Generation, Wenjun Dong, David Fritts, Alan Z. Liu, Hanli Liu, Jonathan Snively

Publications

Gravity waves (GWs) and their associated multi-scale dynamics are known to play fundamental roles in energy and momentum transport and deposition processes throughout the atmosphere. We describe an initial, two-dimensional (2-D), machine learning model – the Compressible Atmosphere Model Network (CAMNet) - intended as a first step toward a more general, three-dimensional, highly-efficient, model for applications to nonlinear GW dynamics description. CAMNet employs a physics-informed neural operator to dramatically accelerate GW and secondary GW (SGW) simulations applied to two GW sources to date. CAMNet is trained on high-resolution simulations by the state-of-the-art model Complex Geometry Compressible Atmosphere Model (CGCAM). Two …

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Gravity Waves Emitted From Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities, Alan Z. Liu, Wenjun Dong, David C. Fritts, Thomas S. Lunda, Han-Li Liu

Publications

Fritts, Wang, Lund, and Thorpe (2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1085) and Fritts, Wang, Thorpe, and Lund (2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1086) described a 3-dimensional direct numerical simulation of interacting Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) billows and resulting tube and knot (T&K) dynamics that arise at a stratified shear layer defined by an idealized, large-amplitude inertia-gravity wave. Using similar initial conditions, we performed a high-resolution compressible simulation to explore the emission of GWs by these dynamics. The simulation confirms that such shear can induce strong KHI with large horizontal scales and billow depths that readily emit GWs having high frequencies, small horizontal wavelengths, and large vertical group velocities. The …

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Analysis Of Energy Transfer Among Background Flow, Gravity Waves And Turbulence In The Mesopause Region In The Process Of Gravity Wave Breaking From A High-Resolution Atmospheric Model, Alan Z. Liu, Fan Yang, Christopher James Heale, Jonathan Brian Snively, Wenjun Dong, Thomas Lund

Publications

We conducted an analysis of the process of GW breaking from an energy perspective using the output from a high-resolution compressible atmospheric model. The investigation focused on the energy conversion and transfer that occur during the GW breaking. The total change in kinetic energy and the amount of energy converted to internal energy and potential energy within a selected region were calculated.
Prior to GW breaking, part of the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, most of which is transported out of the chosen region. After the GW breaks and turbulence develops, part of the potential energy is converted …

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Analysis Of Energy Transfer Among Background Flow, Gravity Waves And Turbulence In The Mesopause Region In The Process Of Gravity Wave Breaking From A High-Resolution Atmospheric Model, Fan Yang, Alan Z. Liu, Christopher J. Heale, Jonathan B. Snively, Wenjun Dong, Thomas Lund

Publications

We conducted an analysis of the process of GW breaking from an energy perspective using the output from a high-resolution compressible atmospheric model. The investigation focused on the energy conversion and transfer that occur during the GW breaking. The total change in kinetic energy and the amount of energy converted to internal energy and potential energy within a selected region were calculated. Prior to GW breaking, part of the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, most of which is transported out of the chosen region. After the GW breaks and turbulence develops, part of the potential energy is converted …

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Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations For Earth’S Atmosphere, Christopher J. Heale, Christopher G. Kruse, Jadwiga H. Richter, M. Joan Alexander, Julio T. Bacmeister, Junhong Wei

Publications

Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs), or buoyancy waves, transport momentum and energy through Earth’s atmosphere. GWs are important at nearly all levels of the atmosphere, though, the momentum they transport is particularly important in general circulation of the middle and upper atmosphere. Primary sources of atmospheric GWs are flow over mountains, moist convection, and imbalances in jet/frontal systems. Secondary GWs can also be generated as a result of dissipation of a primary GWs. Gravity waves typically have horizontal wavelengths of 10’s to 100’s of kilometers, though, they can have scales of 1’s to 1000’s of kilometers as well. Current effective resolutions …

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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Impact Of Weather Factors On Airport Arrival Rates: Application Of Machine Learning In Air Transportation, Robert W. Maxson, Dothang Truong, Woojin Choi

Publications

Multi-Layer Evolution Of Acoustic-Gravity Waves And Ionospheric Disturbances Over The United States After The 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcano Eruption, P. A. Inchin, A. Bhatt, S. A. Cummer, S. D. Eckermann, B. J. Harding, J. Ma, J. J. Makela, J B. Snively

Publications

Publications

On The Propagation Of Whistler-Mode Waves In The 2 Magnetic Ducts, Salman A. Nejad, Anatoly V. Streltsov

Publications

A "Boreing" Night Of Observations Of The Upper Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere Over The Andes Lidar Observatory, J. H. Hecht, Alan Liu, D. C. Fritts, R. L. Walterscheid, L. J. Gelinas, R. J. Rudy

Publications

Whistler-Mode Waves In Magnetic Ducts, Anatoly V. Streltsov, Salman A. Nejad

Publications

Hyper-Local Weather Predictions With The Enhanced General Urban Area Microclimate Predictions Tool, Kevin A. Adkins, William Becker, Sricharan Ayyalasomayajula, Steven Lavenstein, Kleoniki Vlachou, David Miller, Marc Compere, Avinash Muthu Krishnan, Nickolas Macchiarella

Publications

The Effect Of Advection On The Three Dimensional Distribution Of Turbulent Kinetic Energy And Its Generation In Idealized Tropical Cyclone Simulations, Joshua B. Wadler, David S. Nolan, Jun A. Zhang, Lynn K. Shay, Joseph B. Olsen, Joseph J. Cione

Publications

Accelerating Atmospheric Gravity Wave Simulations Using Machine Learning: Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability And Mountain Wave Sources Driving Gravity Wave Breaking And Secondary Gravity Wave Generation, Wenjun Dong, David Fritts, Alan Z. Liu, Hanli Liu, Jonathan Snively

Publications

Gravity Waves Emitted From Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities, Alan Z. Liu, Wenjun Dong, David C. Fritts, Thomas S. Lunda, Han-Li Liu

Publications

Analysis Of Energy Transfer Among Background Flow, Gravity Waves And Turbulence In The Mesopause Region In The Process Of Gravity Wave Breaking From A High-Resolution Atmospheric Model, Alan Z. Liu, Fan Yang, Christopher James Heale, Jonathan Brian Snively, Wenjun Dong, Thomas Lund

Publications

Analysis Of Energy Transfer Among Background Flow, Gravity Waves And Turbulence In The Mesopause Region In The Process Of Gravity Wave Breaking From A High-Resolution Atmospheric Model, Fan Yang, Alan Z. Liu, Christopher J. Heale, Jonathan B. Snively, Wenjun Dong, Thomas Lund

Publications

Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations For Earth’S Atmosphere, Christopher J. Heale, Christopher G. Kruse, Jadwiga H. Richter, M. Joan Alexander, Julio T. Bacmeister, Junhong Wei

Publications