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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Breathless: Schools, Air Toxics, And Environmental Justice In California, Manuel Pastor, Rachel Morello-Frosch, James Sadd
Breathless: Schools, Air Toxics, And Environmental Justice In California, Manuel Pastor, Rachel Morello-Frosch, James Sadd
James Sadd
The exposure of children to environmental disamenities has emerged as a key policy concern in recent years, with some analysts and activists suggesting that minority children are disproportionately impacted. Utilizing a dataset that combines air toxics at the census tract level with school-based demographic and other information, this article indicates disparate exposures for students of color in California schools and suggests that there may be negative impacts on one measure of academic performance, even after controlling for other factors usually associated with test scores. Policy implications include a special focus on school remediation and strengthening overall efforts to reduce emissions …
The Air Is Always Cleaner On The Other Side: Race, Space, And Ambient Air Toxics Exposures In California, Manuel Pastor, Rachel Morello-Frosch, James Sadd
The Air Is Always Cleaner On The Other Side: Race, Space, And Ambient Air Toxics Exposures In California, Manuel Pastor, Rachel Morello-Frosch, James Sadd
James Sadd
Environmental justice advocates have recently focused attention on cumulative exposure in minority neighborhoods due to multiple sources of pollution. This article uses U.S. EPA’s National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) for 1996 to examine environmental inequality in California, a state that has been a recent innovator in environmental justice policy. We first estimate potential lifetime cancer risks from mobile and stationary sources. We then consider the distribution of these risks using both simple comparisons and a multivariate model in which we control for income, land use, and other explanatory factors, as well as spatial correlation. We find large racial disparities in …
Waiting To Inhale: The Demographics Of Toxic Air Release Facilities In 21st-Century California, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Rachel Morello-Frosch
Waiting To Inhale: The Demographics Of Toxic Air Release Facilities In 21st-Century California, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Rachel Morello-Frosch
James Sadd
We examine the spatial distribution of toxic air releases and residential demographics in California using 2000 Census data and coeval information from the Federal Toxic Release Inventory for evidence of disproportionate exposure. Methods. We use spatial analysis using GIS, and multivariate regression analysis, including ordered and multinomial logit regressions, in our study. Results. Analytical results suggest a pattern of disproportionate exposure based on race, with the disparity most severe for Latinos, which holds in a series of multivariate regressions, including attempts to test for varying levels of pollution risk and to control for spatial dependence. Conclusions. The study corroborates earlier …
Who's Minding The Kids? Pollution, Public Schools, And Environmental Justice In Los Angeles, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Rachel Morello-Frosch
Who's Minding The Kids? Pollution, Public Schools, And Environmental Justice In Los Angeles, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Rachel Morello-Frosch
James Sadd
Although previous environmental justice research has focused on analysis of the disproportionate burden of environmental hazards on minority residents, few studies have examined demographic inequities in health risks among children. This article evaluates the demographic distribution of potentially hazardous facilities and health risks associated with ambient air toxics exposures among public schoolchildren in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Methods. We combine Geographic Information System analysis with multivariate statistics to compare enrollment and demographic information for students who attend district schools with the spatial pattern of land use, locations of toxic emissions and facilities, and calculated indices of estimated lifetime …
Environmental Justice And Regional Inequality In Southern California: Implications For Future Research, Manuel Pastor, C Porras, James Sadd
Environmental Justice And Regional Inequality In Southern California: Implications For Future Research, Manuel Pastor, C Porras, James Sadd
James Sadd
Environmental justice offers researchers new insights into the juncture of social inequality and public health and provides a framework for policy discussions on the impact of discrimination on the environmental health of diverse communities in the United States. Yet, causally linking the presence of potentially hazardous facilities or environmental pollution with adverse health effects is difficult, particularly in situations in which diverse populations are exposed to complex chemical mixtures. A community-academic research collaborative in southern California sought to address some of these methodological challenges by conducting environmental justice research that makes use of recent advances in air emissions inventories and …
Integrating Environmental Justice And The Precautionary Principle In Research And Policy Making: The Case Of Ambient Air Toxics Exposures And Health Risks Among Schoolchildren In Los Angeles, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd
Integrating Environmental Justice And The Precautionary Principle In Research And Policy Making: The Case Of Ambient Air Toxics Exposures And Health Risks Among Schoolchildren In Los Angeles, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd
James Sadd
Two policy frameworks, environmental justice and the precautionary principle, have begun to transform traditional approaches to environmental policy making and community organizing related to public health. Despite having several important overlapping policy goals, little effort has been made to purposefully integrate these two frameworks. This article discusses preliminary research on environmental inequality in ambient air toxics exposures and associated health risks among schoolchildren in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Results indicate that children of color, namely, Latinos and African Americans, bear the highest burden of estimated cancer and noncancer health risks associated with ambient air toxics exposures while they …
Environmental Justice And Southern California's “Riskscape” The Distribution Of Air Toxics Exposures And Health Risks Among Diverse Communities, James Sadd
James Sadd
Past research on “environmental justice” has often failed to systematically link hazard proximity with quantifiable health risks. The authors employ recent advances in air emissions inventories and modeling techniques to consider a broad range of outdoor air toxics in Southern California and to calculate the potential lifetime cancer risks associated with these pollutants. They find that such risks are attributable mostly to transportation and small-area sources and not the usually targeted large-facility pollution emissions. Multivariate regression suggests that race plays an explanatory role in risk distribution even after controlling for other economic, land-use, and population factors. This pattern suggests the …
“Every Breath You Take... ”: The Demographics Of Toxic Air Releases In Southern California, James Sadd, Manuel Pastor, J. Boer, Lori Snyder
“Every Breath You Take... ”: The Demographics Of Toxic Air Releases In Southern California, James Sadd, Manuel Pastor, J. Boer, Lori Snyder
James Sadd
In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between ethnicity and potential environmental hazards in the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Using a variety of techniques, including geographic information systems (GIS) mapping, univariate comparisons, and logit, ordered logit, and tobit regression analysis, the authors find that, even controlling for other factors such as income and the extent of manufacturing employment and land use, minority residents tend to be disproportionately located in neighborhoods surrounding toxic air emissions. The results generally support the propositions of the proponents of “environmental justice”; in the conclusion, they consider what this might mean for urban land use …
Is There Environmental Racism? The Demographics Of Hazardous Waste In Los Angeles County, J. Boer, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Lori Snyder
Is There Environmental Racism? The Demographics Of Hazardous Waste In Los Angeles County, J. Boer, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Lori Snyder
James Sadd
The article assesses the location of treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF) in Los Angeles County, California, with focus on racism. The study shows that a simple comparison of tracts with and without TSDF reveals statistically significant differences by race and economic status along the lines suggested by the environmental justice proponents. There are also significant differences by industrial land use and manufacturing employment along the lines suggested by critics of the environmental justice concept. In this multivariate model race, along with industrial land use and employment in manufacturing, remains a factor, rising income that has a positive then a …