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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Effects Of Coprophagy In Microtine Rodents, Jack A. Cranford, E. O. Johnson
Effects Of Coprophagy In Microtine Rodents, Jack A. Cranford, E. O. Johnson
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Digestion and assimilation strategies of herbivorous mammals are diverse but fall into two major categories (Moir, 1968; Gartner and Pfaff, 1979; Hume and Warner, 1980). The most complex of which occurs in the lagomorphs and has been well studied. In contrast rodents exhibit great variability in diet and nutritional biology (Landry, 1970; Baker, 1971; Kenagy and Hoyt, 1980). Early reports of coprophagy by rodents were incidental or descriptive, and indicated it was infrequent (Howell and Gersh, 1935; Ingles, 1961; Wilkes, 1962; Hoover et al., 1969; Jarvis, 1981). Rats mechanically prevented from reingesting feces showed reduced growth rates (Barnes et al., …
Digestible Energy Content Of Diets Of Pine Voles From Different Orchard Habitat Types, S. L. Macpherson, R. L. Kirkpatrick
Digestible Energy Content Of Diets Of Pine Voles From Different Orchard Habitat Types, S. L. Macpherson, R. L. Kirkpatrick
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
In a previous study at VPI & SU, Servello (1981) developed a technique for predicting the digestible dry matter (DDM) and digestible energy (DE) of the diets of pine voles from a nutritive analysis of their stomach contents. In this nutritive analysis, developed by Goering and Van Soest (1970), feeds are divided into two major fractions: cell soluble and cell wall fractions. The cell soluble fraction is highly digestible while the cell wall (fiber) fraction varies in digestibility. It was found that the highly digestible cell soluble values of the stomach contents were the best predictor of the digestibility of …
Movements And Habitat Use By Pine And Meadow Voles In An Orchard, Ralph E. Pagano
Movements And Habitat Use By Pine And Meadow Voles In An Orchard, Ralph E. Pagano
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Several radiotelemetry studies have now been completed in the orchards of the mid-Hudson Valley, New York. The results of one of these projects, a l2-month study of the movements and habitat use of pine and meadow voles, will be reported on here. The success of an integrated vole management program using cultural practices and rodenticides depends a great deal on knowing the movements and habitat use of the two orchard vole species. Species interactions that could lead to differential use of the orchard habitat are another important element in a vole management program. This study focused on three major objectives: …
Results Of 1982 Rodenticide Field Tests, M. H. Merson, R. E. Byers
Results Of 1982 Rodenticide Field Tests, M. H. Merson, R. E. Byers
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
A 2.0% zinc phosphide pellet and a 0.001% brodifacoum bait gave the lowest percentage post-treatment activity in a field test in which broadcast applications were followed shortly by rain. There was not a clear difference in performance between the single-feeding toxicants and the multiple-feeding anticoagulants in this experiment. A 0.075% cholecalciferol bait gave control comparable to some registered materials and shows promise for future development. A bait containing 0.0216% diphacinone gave significantly better control than one containing 0.005% diphacinone.
Effects Of Three Pine Vole Populations On Apple Tree Growth And Productivity, Milo Richmond, Pamela Miller, Chester Forshey
Effects Of Three Pine Vole Populations On Apple Tree Growth And Productivity, Milo Richmond, Pamela Miller, Chester Forshey
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Few attempts have been made to quantify the damage to agricultural crops resulting from known densities of a particular pest. Availability of such information, even in its most basic form, is essential to making cost-effective management decisions. The question seems straightforward and simple; however, it is neither. For example, the damage caused by rodents in an apple orchard is not easily observed or measured. Moreover, the ultimate economic effects are dependant to s.ome degree upon tree age, variety and replacement cost; weather, productivity market prices, and a host of other manageable and unmanageable factors facing the grower. In addition to …
Social Influences On Reproduction In Pine Voles, Margaret H. Schadler
Social Influences On Reproduction In Pine Voles, Margaret H. Schadler
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The presence of large populations of pine voles in apple orchards suggests that in the field reproduction of these pests has few constraints. Yet, evidence collected from our colony at Union College indicates that in the laboratory reproduction is not at random but instead is socially restrained and predictable. Unless these findings are artifacts of laboratory life, they may help explain some of the data collected in the field. Horsfall (1963) trapped voles every month of the year from an orchard near Cloverdale, VA. Since he found pregnant females in all collections, he concluded that reproduction occurred throughout the year …
Efficacy Of Spring Broadcast Rodenticides In The Hudson Valley, New York, Paul F. Steblein, Pamela N. Miller, Milo E. Richmond
Efficacy Of Spring Broadcast Rodenticides In The Hudson Valley, New York, Paul F. Steblein, Pamela N. Miller, Milo E. Richmond
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Subsequent to the prohibition of endrin use in New York State, a variety of alternate rodenticides and methods of rodenticide application have been examined in an effort to develop effective control measures for the pine vole, Pitymys pinetorum. These studies indicate that the manner in which the rodenticides are applied substantially influences their effectiveness in controlling pine voles. Specifically, in our experience placing poisoned bait directly in the animal’s subsurface tunnel systems has proved to be the most effective means of vole control. However, this method of bait placement is both time consuming and expensive. An alternate more cost-effective method …
1982-83 Toxicant Vole Control, Roger S. Young
1982-83 Toxicant Vole Control, Roger S. Young
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
No abstract provided.
Velsicol Markets More Than A Rodenticide, Velsicol Chemical Corporation
Velsicol Markets More Than A Rodenticide, Velsicol Chemical Corporation
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Manufacturer's responsibility does not end with production of a high quality bait. There are several excellent rodenticides on the market today, but their effectiveness depends on the applicators understanding of what he is doing and why he is doing it. That's why Velsicol has shifted so much of its emphasis to studying rodent behavior and rodenticide application technology. To provide orchardists with an understanding of the dynamics of orchard vole control, Velsicol developed an educational program based on integration of good management practices with chemical and non-chemical methods of control. The program covers orchard cultural practices, identification of voles, vole …
Highlights Of The Seventh Eastern Pine And Meadow Vole Symposium, Ross E. Byers
Highlights Of The Seventh Eastern Pine And Meadow Vole Symposium, Ross E. Byers
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The Seventh Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposium was held at the Cliffside Inn, Box 786, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, March 3-4, 1983 for the purpose of assessing the current status of research, extension, and industry programs relating to vole damage to fruit trees. The meeting was held to provide a problem solving atmosphere in which growers, governmental agencies such as EPA, USDA, USDI, the chemical industry, and university personnel could observe the current thrusts of research and extension programs and their impact on future control strategies.
Economics Of Microtus Control In Eastern U.S. Orchards, Ross E. Byers
Economics Of Microtus Control In Eastern U.S. Orchards, Ross E. Byers
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Chemical methods were found to be less expensive for control of voles (Microtus spp.) in orchards than the use of clean culture (combinations of herbicides, mowing, and cultivation). Ground cover sprays of hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo-endo-dimethanaphthalene (Endrin) or 2-[(p-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl-l,3-indandione (Chlorophacinone, CPN, Rozol) required greater equipment and pesticide costs than hand placed or broadcast baits. Since active ingredient rates for ground cover sprayed chemicals may be 100-400 times that for hand placement or broadcast baiting, the costs for any new ground spray will likely be too expensive to be practical. Broadcast baiting, while less labor intensive than hand baiting, was found to be …
Economics And Control Of Damage Caused By Low-Density Populations Of Meadow Voles In Ontario Apple Orchards, Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger
Economics And Control Of Damage Caused By Low-Density Populations Of Meadow Voles In Ontario Apple Orchards, Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Live trapping and questionnaires were used to evaluate amount, distribution, and costs of control of damage to Ontario apple trees by meadow voles (Microtus enns lvanicus) in 1981-82. In a sample of 180 orchards, 5802 (0.77%) trees were damaged or killed by voles. Orchards with high levels of damage (> 2.5%) were smaller than the average orchard in our sample. Application of rodenticides showed no relationship to levels of damage, but was effective in short-term population reduction. Growers spent an average of $17/ha on rodenticides and $38/ha on herbicides, and they estimated that voles destroyed 2% of their crop each …
Effect Of 6-Mboa On Microtus Pinetorum And Microtus Pennsylvanicus Of Different Ages, J. A. Cranford
Effect Of 6-Mboa On Microtus Pinetorum And Microtus Pennsylvanicus Of Different Ages, J. A. Cranford
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Short-lived small rodents require environmental cues to synchronize their breeding with optimal environmental conditions. In the absence of such cues animals would waste a large portion of their reproductive effort when environmental conditions were unfavorable. Rowan (1938) noted that endocrine systems regulating mammalian reproduction responded to the environmental photoperiodic cues. Bodenheimer (1946) observed that major outbreaks of voles in Palestine could not be correlated with environmental factors such as climate, photoperiod, volume of food resources, or population density, acting either alone or in combination. From those studies he suggested that vole outbreaks were associated with an unknown factor or factors …
Effect Of Group Size On Body Weight In Different Thermal Environments For Microtus Pinetorum, J. A. Cranford, N. N. Thumser
Effect Of Group Size On Body Weight In Different Thermal Environments For Microtus Pinetorum, J. A. Cranford, N. N. Thumser
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Seasonal variation in growth rates has been well documented in some small rodents (Kubik, 1965; Brown, 1973; Iverson and Turner, 1974; Peterborg, 1978; Pistole and Cranford, 1983). During winter juveniles tend to show little or no growth; however, Kubik (1965) found that Cleithronomys glareolus born in late fall went through a two-phase growth pattern. Growing rapidly until winter and then resuming rapid growth the following spring. Additionally, Brown (1973) has reported the same two-phase growth in Microtus pennsylvanicus. Iverson and Turner (1974) demonstrated that Microtus pennsylvanicus adults showed a loss of weight during winter, and Pistole and Cranford (1983) have …
Regulation Of Reproduction In An Outbred Colony Of Pine Voles, John J. Lepri
Regulation Of Reproduction In An Outbred Colony Of Pine Voles, John J. Lepri
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) cause economic losses to orchardists in the eastern United States by gnawing on the roots of fruit trees. Although they are small in body size, their impact on orchards can be quite substantial: in 1979 half of the annual mortality of apple trees in Henderson County, North Carolina, was attributed to vole damage (Sutton et a1 1981). Rodenticide application integrated with cultural management is currently regarded as a good combination for controlling vole populations in orchards. However, this solution to the vole problem is incomplete because poisons may unintentionally harm non-target organisms (Hegda1, Gatz & Fite …
Acceptability Of Six Candidate Groundcovers To Meadow Voles, Edwin Lewis, Donald H. Rhodes, Milo Richmond
Acceptability Of Six Candidate Groundcovers To Meadow Voles, Edwin Lewis, Donald H. Rhodes, Milo Richmond
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Meadow vole food preferences were examined by means of a series Of two day trials where pairs of plants were offered. Of the six plants tested, three (white clover, red clover, alfalfa) were found to be highly preferred by the voles, one (red fuscue) was acceptable, and two species (myrtle and crownvetch) were unacceptable. The results suggest that the undesirable groundcovers may be used as a deterrent to the establishment of meadow vole populations.
Movements Of Meadow Voles In Winter: Implications For Vole Management In Orchard Habitat, Dale M. Madison, Randall W. Fitzgerald, William J. Mcshea
Movements Of Meadow Voles In Winter: Implications For Vole Management In Orchard Habitat, Dale M. Madison, Randall W. Fitzgerald, William J. Mcshea
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The movements of meadow voles in a field population were studied using radiotelemetry during fall and winter. The voles changed from a dispersed, solitary dispersion pattern during early autumn to social clusters with communal nesting during winter. This shift occurred as the daily median temperature approached freezing. Movement was inhibited and localized during winter, except under snow when the voles exhibited a freedom of movement not experienced during other times of the year. Overwinter management of meadow voles in orchard habitats is discussed in view of these findings.
The Efficacy Of Several Broadcast Rodenticides In The Mid-Hudson Valley, New York, Ralph Pagano, Jay Mcaninch
The Efficacy Of Several Broadcast Rodenticides In The Mid-Hudson Valley, New York, Ralph Pagano, Jay Mcaninch
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
As summarized by LaVoie and Tietjen (1978), many aspects of vole control using rodenticides including the costs/benefits of rodenticide use, applicator limitations in commercial orchards, and vole biology have not received proper attention. Data relating vole population levels to damage severity have not been generated and thus the exact benefits of control measures are difficult to analyze. Several aspects of vole biology have only recently been considered in rodenticide application procedures. Problems such as bait acceptance and percentage population control have created disparity in several rodenticide experiments (Richmond et al., 1978). A knowledge of vole use of vegetative cover and …
The Influence Of Soil Moisture, Texture, And Temperature On Nest-Site Selection And Burrowing Activity By The Pine Vole, Microtus Plnetorum, Donald H. Rhodes, Milo E. Richmond
The Influence Of Soil Moisture, Texture, And Temperature On Nest-Site Selection And Burrowing Activity By The Pine Vole, Microtus Plnetorum, Donald H. Rhodes, Milo E. Richmond
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) have long been recognized as a pest species in fruit orchards of the eastern United States (Hamilton 1935). These semifossorial rodents construct tunnel systems beneath apple trees where they eat entire roots or strip roots of bark and cambium. Hamilton (1938) reported numbers of pine voles within apple orchards as high as 200-300 voles per acre which is in sharp contrast to the relative scarcity of pine voles outside orchard situations (Crain and Packard 1966; Goertz 1971), These findings suggest that orchard habitat provides excellent conditions for pine vole growth and reproduction, although the specific components …
Long Term Vole Control In Ontario Apple Orchards, Zia Siddiqi, W. D. Blaine, Stan Taylor
Long Term Vole Control In Ontario Apple Orchards, Zia Siddiqi, W. D. Blaine, Stan Taylor
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The results obtained so far in this 3 year study have shown that the plots with poisoned bait feeder stations suffered significantly less tree girdling than the plots treated with the fall broadcast application of 2% zinc phosphide. Similar timings were also observed in number of voles per plot, however, the vole population was much lower than the previous year. Considerable interest has been shown by apple growers in adopting this method of vole control at a commercial level.
Proceedings Of The Sixth Eastern Pine And Meadow Vole Symposium, March 10-12, 1982 (Complete Proceedings)
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Entire symposium
Highlights of the Sixth Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposium
The Sixth Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposium was held at the Cliffside Inn, Box 786, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, March 10-12, 1982, for the purpose of assessing the current status of research, extension, and industry programs relating to the problem of vole damage to fruit trees. The meeting was intended to create a problem solving atmosphere in which growers; various governmental agencies such as EPA, USDA, USDI; the chemical industry; and university personnel could ob¬serve the current thrusts of research and extension programs and their potential …
The Relationship Of Nutritional Factors To Apple Tree Root Damage By Pine Voles, F. A. Servello, J. J. Hasbrouck, R. L. Kirkpatrick, K. E. Webb
The Relationship Of Nutritional Factors To Apple Tree Root Damage By Pine Voles, F. A. Servello, J. J. Hasbrouck, R. L. Kirkpatrick, K. E. Webb
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Damage to apple tree roots by pine voles is believed to occur primarily during the winter months. Cengel et a1. (1978) found that the stomachs of pine voles contained significant amounts of root material only during January and March sampling periods. In addition, the diet of pine voles at that time consisted primarily of less preferred grass species because preferred forb species were unavailable. Therefore, apple tree roots may serve as a food source in the winter when preferred forages are unavailable. If, in fact, pine voles are consuming roots in response to reduced food supplies, then one would expect …
Effects Of Known Densities Of Pine Voles On Apple Trees, Milo Richmond, Pamela N. Miller
Effects Of Known Densities Of Pine Voles On Apple Trees, Milo Richmond, Pamela N. Miller
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Damage to fruit trees, tree seedlings and a wide array of ornamental shrubs by microtine rodents remains a widespread problem in both Europe and North America. Careful studies that quantify the levels of damage caused by a known density of rodent pests are not available. For this reason the orchard manager. Pest Control Specialist, and the researcher have a difficult time making wise decisions that are based on solid economic data.
There are several reasons for this lack of knowledge. The damage done to apple trees is not easily observed, described, or measured. There is probably not a simple linear …
Rodenticide Evaluation In The Hudson Valley During 1980 And 1981, Paul F. Steblein, Milo E. Richmond
Rodenticide Evaluation In The Hudson Valley During 1980 And 1981, Paul F. Steblein, Milo E. Richmond
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The objective of Cornell University's research program is to develop a successful integrated system to control pine and meadow vole damage in the apple orchards of the Hudson Valley. This is being accomplished by determining the effect of habitat manipulation and rodenticides on vole populations. We are also doing research to quantify the amount of damage apple trees sustain from various densities of pine voles. By coupling the results of these two avenues of research, we hope to provide growers with a cost-effective pest management plan. Efficacy of Chlorophacinone (Chempar, Inc.) and Brodificoum (ICI Americas, Inc.) in various populations and …
Orchard Rodent Baits: Toxicant Evaluations And Vole Pellet Size Preferences, Mark H. Merson, Ross E. Byers
Orchard Rodent Baits: Toxicant Evaluations And Vole Pellet Size Preferences, Mark H. Merson, Ross E. Byers
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Residues of the anticoagulant rodenticide Brodifacoum in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) sampled from an orchard popula¬tion after broadcast treatment with the commercial bait VOLID decreased as the orchard rate of application and concentration of Brodifacoum in the bait decreased. Oral LD— determinations for the experimental rodenticide EL-614 were 8.8 mg/kg for meadow voles and 24.0 mg/kg for pine voles (M. pinetorum) . No size preference by meadow and pine voles for bait pellets from 2.38 to 4.76 mm in diameter was observed in lab¬oratory tests.
Radiotelemetric Evaluation Of The Effect Of Horticultural Practices On Pine And Meadow Voles In Apple Orchards: Ii. Herbicide Application, Dale M. Madison, Ralph E. Pagano, Randall W. Fitzgerald
Radiotelemetric Evaluation Of The Effect Of Horticultural Practices On Pine And Meadow Voles In Apple Orchards: Ii. Herbicide Application, Dale M. Madison, Ralph E. Pagano, Randall W. Fitzgerald
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were studied in a commercial apple orchard in the Hudson Valley of New York during April and May 1981. Selected voles were given miniature radio transmitters and then tracked before and after herbicide application. A total of eight pine and meadow voles were tracked throughout the experimental period. Home range size decreased on the day following herbicide application but showed an increase from day 1 to day 5 & 7 after application. Movements away from the tree line into the aisles did not change significantly after herbicide …
Habitat Utilization And Spacing Patterns Of Pine And Meadow Voles, J. A. Cranford, T. L. Derting
Habitat Utilization And Spacing Patterns Of Pine And Meadow Voles, J. A. Cranford, T. L. Derting
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) and meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus) co-occur in orchards but may exhibit mutual avoidance through temporal or spatial isolation. Though pine and meadow voles have exhibited overlapping home ranges, individuals of the two species seldom occupy the same 2m area at the same time (Pagano & Madison, 1981). Differences in habitat use by pine and meadow voles may contribute to their spatial separation in orchards. McAnich (1979) found a weak relationship between meadow vole numbers and soil compaction, soil moisture, thatch depth, and light intensity and no relationship between meadow vole occurrence and …
Selected Habitat Characteristics And Pine Vole Abundance In Pennsylvania Apple Orchards, J. R. Parker, G. M. Kelly, W. M. Tzilkowski
Selected Habitat Characteristics And Pine Vole Abundance In Pennsylvania Apple Orchards, J. R. Parker, G. M. Kelly, W. M. Tzilkowski
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
In the past, researchers from The Pennsylvania State University have Investigated specific aspects of the pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) and its biology (Fisher 1976, Gettle 1975, Simpson 1978). In our current research, we are Investigating many factors of the pine vole's orchard habitat and examining these factors collectively. Our objectives are:
1) To determine what combinations of habitat characteristics relate best to abundance of pine voles in Pennsylvania apple orchards.
2) To recommend strategies on how to consider or modify those habitat characteristics to maintain the lowest possible numbers of pine voles.