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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Linking Childhood Sexual Abuse And Abusive Parenting: The Mediating Role Of Maternal Anger, David Dilillo, George C. Tremblay, Lizette Peterson
Linking Childhood Sexual Abuse And Abusive Parenting: The Mediating Role Of Maternal Anger, David Dilillo, George C. Tremblay, Lizette Peterson
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objective: This study had two primary objectives: First, to examine the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and later parenting characteristics, particularly physical abuse potential, and second, to explore maternal anger as a mediator of the relationship between CSA and adult physical abuse potential.
Method: Utilized a community sample of low SES participants that included 138 mothers classified as having experienced CSA, and a comparison group of 152 non-sexually abused mothers. Parenting variables examined included the mothers' physical abuse potential, nurturance toward their children, unrealistic developmental expectations of children, as well as frequencies of spanking and general punishment. Data was …
Gender Differences In Brazilian Street Youth’S Family Circumstances And Experiences On The Street, Marcela Raffaelli, Silvia H. Koller, Caroline T. Reppold, Mateus B. Kuschick, Fernanda M. B. Krum, Denise R. Bandeira, Carson Simões
Gender Differences In Brazilian Street Youth’S Family Circumstances And Experiences On The Street, Marcela Raffaelli, Silvia H. Koller, Caroline T. Reppold, Mateus B. Kuschick, Fernanda M. B. Krum, Denise R. Bandeira, Carson Simões
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objectives: It has been proposed that homeless street girls are more likely to be from dysfunctional families and exhibit psychological distress than homeless street boys, reflecting cultural factors that result in differential norms for male and female behavior. The current analysis examined whether male and female street youth in a mid-sized Brazilian city differed in their family circumstances and day-to-day functioning on the street.
Methods: The opportunity sample consisted of 33 male (mean age 14.3, range 10-17 years) and 33 female (mean age 14.6, range 11-18 years) street youth who participated in a sentence completion task and structured interview examining …
Nicotine Enhances Acquisition Of A T-Maze Visual Discrimination: Assessment Of Individual Differences, J. Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Nicotine Enhances Acquisition Of A T-Maze Visual Discrimination: Assessment Of Individual Differences, J. Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In the present report, rats' performance was assessed in five tasks designed to measure behavioral response to different novel stimuli under different experimental situations. Daily nicotine treatment (0, 0.3 or l.0 mg/kg) began after the conclusion of the behavioral tasks and continued throughout the experiment. Training of a T-maze visual discrimination task commenced after 11 days of nicotine pretreatment. As a group, rats treated with the higher dose of nicotine (l.0 mg/kg) made fewer errors to acquire the initial T-maze discrimination than saline-treated controls. Activity induced by an inescapable novel environment (i.e. first behavioral screen) was positively correlated with the …
Social Anxiety Scale For Adolescents: Normative Data And Further Evidence Of Construct Validity, Heidi M. Inderbitzen-Nolan, Kenneth S. Walters
Social Anxiety Scale For Adolescents: Normative Data And Further Evidence Of Construct Validity, Heidi M. Inderbitzen-Nolan, Kenneth S. Walters
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Replicates and extends prior work with the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS– A) by providing psychometric data, further evidence of construct validity, and largesample based normative data. Participants were 2,937 students (1,431 boys and 1,506 girls) in Grades 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. Students completed the SAS–A, the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Results replicated a three-factor structure for the SAS–A, with good internal consistencies for its subscales. Normative data were subdivided by sex and grade group. Construct validity included replication of prior relations with general anxiety (RCMAS) and depressive symptomatology …
One-Trial Context Fear Conditioning With Immediate Shock: The Roles Of Transport And Contextual Cues, Rick A. Bevins, Anthony S. Rauhut, Janice E. Mcphee, John J. B. Ayres
One-Trial Context Fear Conditioning With Immediate Shock: The Roles Of Transport And Contextual Cues, Rick A. Bevins, Anthony S. Rauhut, Janice E. Mcphee, John J. B. Ayres
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In three experiments, using a total of 120 albino rats, we assessed whether transportation cues might evoke some of the freezing (i.e., defensive immobility) that we see in a context on a day following a footshock given immediately after placement in that context. The results suggested that immediate shock could directly condition strong fear to both simulated and actual transport cues. Although conditioning to transport cues explains some of the freezing that is seen on the test day, it does not explain all of it. We also found evidence that some of the freezing is due to conditioning to permanent …
Anticipating Adulthood: Expected Timing Of Work And Family Transitions Among Rural Youth, Lisa J. Crockett, C. Raymond Bingham
Anticipating Adulthood: Expected Timing Of Work And Family Transitions Among Rural Youth, Lisa J. Crockett, C. Raymond Bingham
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study examined family and individual processes influencing the future expectancies of adolescents (N = 345) from an economically stressed rural community. The anticipated timing and sequencing of key role transitions (school completion, job entry, marriage, and parenthood) were examined for each gender. In addition, factors contributing to individual differences in expected timing were examined, and gender differences in predictors were tested. Results indicated that rural adolescents' expectancies about adult role transitions diverged somewhat from societal norms with respect to timing. Family background and relationships, adolescents' attitudes and behaviors, and educational aspirations all contributed to individual differences in expected …
Parental Monitoring And Adolescent Adjustment: An Ecological Perspective, Kristen C. Jacobson, Lisa J. Crockett
Parental Monitoring And Adolescent Adjustment: An Ecological Perspective, Kristen C. Jacobson, Lisa J. Crockett
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study uses an ecological framework to examine the associations between parental monitoring and a variety of indicators of adolescent adjustment. Specifically, investigators examined whether higher levels of parental monitoring were associated with higher adolescent grade point average, lower levels of adolescent depression, and lower levels of adolescent sexual activity and minor delinquency, and whether these relations were moderated by gender, grade level, or mothers’ work status. Participants were 424 7th to 12th graders from a single rural school district in central Pennsylvania. Bivariate correlations indicated that parental monitoring had strong associations with all indicators of adjustment for both boys …
"Preface" To Negotiating Adolescence In Times Of Social Change, Lisa J. Crockett, Rainer K. Silbereisen
"Preface" To Negotiating Adolescence In Times Of Social Change, Lisa J. Crockett, Rainer K. Silbereisen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In February 1996, a diverse group of social scientists (psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists) from Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States convened at the Pennsylvania State University to discuss the ways in which social change may affect adolescent development, the likely consequences for adolescent functioning and well-being, and the kinds of social interventions needed to support healthy development in a changing society. Entitled "Negotiating Adolescence in Times of Social Change," the conference was organized to consider the abrupt and more gradual social changes affecting Western industrialized countries. Drawing on the ecological and life course perspectives, we were especially interested …
Social Change And Adolescent Development: Issues And Challenges, Lisa J. Crockett, Rainer K. Silbereisen
Social Change And Adolescent Development: Issues And Challenges, Lisa J. Crockett, Rainer K. Silbereisen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Determining the consequences of such societal-level changes for adolescent development presents formidable challenges. Social change on one or more dimensions must be documented, the complex processes through which social change may affect adolescents must be identified, and the hypothesized causal processes must be linked empirically to adolescent outcomes. In this chapter, we discuss these challenges and the conceptual issues they raise. We begin with one example of social change and use it as a springboard for discussing four questions:
1. What kinds of contextual changes are produced by social change?
2. How (through what mediating processes) do these changes affect …
Rural Youth: Ecological And Life Course Perspectives, Lisa J. Crockett, Michael J. Shanahan, Julia Jackson-Newsom
Rural Youth: Ecological And Life Course Perspectives, Lisa J. Crockett, Michael J. Shanahan, Julia Jackson-Newsom
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Drawing on the themes of social change, ecological risk, and their implications for the life course, this chapter is intended as a point of departure for future research on rural adolescents. We begin by considering the basic but difficult issue of defining the ecology of rural youth, noting possible sources of risk and resilience. We then examine research on psychosocial adjustment among rural youth, identifying how they are advantaged and disadvantaged relative to other youth. Third, we turn to a central challenge facing contemporary rural youth: the need to reconcile attachments to family and place with a desire for educational …
Choosing A Doctor: An Exploratory Study Of Factors Influencing Patients’ Choice Of A Primary Care Doctor, Brian H. Bornstein, David Marcus, William Cassidy
Choosing A Doctor: An Exploratory Study Of Factors Influencing Patients’ Choice Of A Primary Care Doctor, Brian H. Bornstein, David Marcus, William Cassidy
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
We assessed the relative importance healthcare consumers attach to various factors in choosing a primary care doctor (PCD) in a cross-sectional, in-person survey. Three survey locations were used: doctors’ offices, a public shopping area, and meetings of a women’s organization. A total of 636 community residents, varying across major demographic categories, participated. Participants completed a 23-item survey, designed to assess which factors consumers perceive as most relevant in choosing a PCD. Participants perceived professionally relevant factors (e.g. whether the doctor is board certified, office appearance) and management practices (e.g. time to get an appointment, evening and weekend hours) as more …
The Suggestibility Of Older Witnesses, Brian H. Bornstein, Christy J. Witt, Katie E. Cherry, Edith Greene
The Suggestibility Of Older Witnesses, Brian H. Bornstein, Christy J. Witt, Katie E. Cherry, Edith Greene
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The present study compares younger and older adult witnesses’ susceptibility to misinformation. Previous research on the misinformation effect has not measured the relationship between the effect and individuals’ perceptions of their own memory abilities. Such perceptions, and general knowledge of one’s own memory processes, are referred to as “metamemory.” In order to examine the relationship between metamemory and the misinformation effect in the present study, participants also completed a questionnaire that assessed their perception of their memory functioning. Although older persons tend to perceive their memories as being faulty, the correlation between self-assessment of memory abilities and actual memory performance …
The Differential Relations Of Parent And Peer Attachment To Adolescent Adjustment, Deborah J. Laible, Gustavo Carlo, Marcela Raffaelli
The Differential Relations Of Parent And Peer Attachment To Adolescent Adjustment, Deborah J. Laible, Gustavo Carlo, Marcela Raffaelli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Whether or not close emotional relationships with parents and peers serve similar functions for adolescent adjustment is an issue of increasing interest. The present study was designed to examine the relations between parent and peer attachment and adolescent adjustment. Eighty-nine adolescents (M age = 16.1 years, SD = 1.8 years) completed self-report measures of parent and peer attachment, sympathy, academic efficacy, aggression, anxiety, and depression. Adolescents were divided into four groups on the basis of their parent and peer attachment scores: those high on both, those low on both, those high on peer but low on parent attachment, and those …
Conditioned Place Preference: What Does It Add To Our Preclinical Understanding Of Drug Reward?, M. T. Bardo, Rick A. Bevins
Conditioned Place Preference: What Does It Add To Our Preclinical Understanding Of Drug Reward?, M. T. Bardo, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Rationale: Among the various experimental protocols that have been used to measure drug reward in laboratory animals, conditioned place preference (CPP) has been one of the most popular. However, a number of controversial issues have surrounded the use of this experimental protocol.
Objective: The present review provides a theoretical overview of some critical issues relevant to CPP. The advantages and limitations of CPP are also covered.
Results: Based on modern and traditional theoretical formulations of Pavlovian conditioning, CPP appears to reflect a preference for a context due to the contiguous association between the context and a drug stimulus. Within this …
Understanding The Dynamics Of Child Maltreatment: Child Harm, Family Healing, And Public Policy (Discussant's Commentary), Ross A. Thompson
Understanding The Dynamics Of Child Maltreatment: Child Harm, Family Healing, And Public Policy (Discussant's Commentary), Ross A. Thompson
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
For almost a half-century, the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation has profiled many of the evolving themes and issues at the heart of psychology. It has also documented, less directly, changes in society. When the symposium was inaugurated in 1951, child maltreatment was a sad reality of life for many children, but it was not a topic of considerable professional attention. With the identification of the "battered child syndrome" (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, & Silver, 1962) in the early 1960s, however, professional concern with the plight of abused and neglected children quickly grew. National attention to child maltreatment also increased as …
Versatility From A Single Song: The Case Of The Nightingale Wren, Daniel Leger, Katherine E. Brooks, Judith E. O'Brien
Versatility From A Single Song: The Case Of The Nightingale Wren, Daniel Leger, Katherine E. Brooks, Judith E. O'Brien
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Versatility in song production of birds has drawn considerable attention since its description by Hartshorne (1956), who suggested that birds vary their vocal output to avoid habituation in listeners, especially if singing is extensive. The best-known route to song versatility involves creating permutations and combinations of song elements learned from neighbors or relatives, combined with improvisations (Nowicki et al. 1999). Birds may learn whole songs or individual song elements, which then may be arranged in novel ways.
Versatility might be achieved in other ways besides acquiring numerous song types. For example, individuals could shift the tempo of their songs by …
Precious Little Guidance: Jury Instruction On Damage Awards, Edith Greene, Brian H. Bornstein
Precious Little Guidance: Jury Instruction On Damage Awards, Edith Greene, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Jury instructions on damage awards are notoriously vague and ambiguous. As a result, awards are sometimes unexpected and seemingly illogical. In this article, the authors argue that jury instructions regarding damages are vague because the law of damages itself is purposefully ambiguous—allowing particularized justice across a variety of different circumstances. The authors review research on comprehension and application of substantive jury instructions related to damages and on procedural variations at trial (e.g., use of preinstruction, bifurcation, blindfolding jurors to various issues, special verdict forms, caps on damages, and instruction revision) that impact the substantive instructions that jurors receive from the …
Striving To Do Well What Comes Naturally: Social Support, Developmental Psychopathology, And Social Policy, Ross A. Thompson, Lenna Ontai
Striving To Do Well What Comes Naturally: Social Support, Developmental Psychopathology, And Social Policy, Ross A. Thompson, Lenna Ontai
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Social support can have significant stress-preventive and stress-buffering benefits for troubled individuals in everyday circumstances. Consequently, it is not surprising that many therapeutic and preventive programs enlist social support to address problems of child and family psychopathology, especially in the context of “two-generation interventions” that seek to improve child well-being by strengthening parental functioning and parent–child relationships. Home visitation programs are the best known of these two-generation strategies and have become the focus of state-level and national efforts to support families and prevent harm to children. The conclusions of basic research studies on social support converge significantly with the findings …
Introduction Of Motivation And Child Maltreatment: Volume 46 Of The Nebraska Symposium On Motivation, David J. Hansen
Introduction Of Motivation And Child Maltreatment: Volume 46 Of The Nebraska Symposium On Motivation, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
There are at least two great luxuries associated with being coordinator of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. One is choosing the topic or major theme of the prestigious and influential conference. The second is selecting the speakers. It is great to sit back and think about all of the leading scholars in the field and decide who you would like to hear speak and have contribute a chapter to the volume. This 46th Annual Nebraska Symposium on Motivation brought together a distinguished panel of scholars who explored issues related to motivation and child maltreatment.
Gender Differences In The Development Of Substance- Related Problems: The Impact Of Family History Of Alcoholism, Family History Of Violence And Childhood Conduct Problems, Stephen T. Chermack, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Bret E. Fuller, Frederic C. Blow
Gender Differences In The Development Of Substance- Related Problems: The Impact Of Family History Of Alcoholism, Family History Of Violence And Childhood Conduct Problems, Stephen T. Chermack, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Bret E. Fuller, Frederic C. Blow
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objective: This study examined gender differences regarding the relative influence of family history of alcoholism (FHA) and family history of violence (FHV) on reported childhood conduct problems (CCP) and adult problems with alcohol, drugs and violence. Method: The participants were 110 men and 103 women with alcohol-related problems recruited within 30 days of enrolling in treatment for substance abuse or dependence. Participants completed self-report measures of pretreatment violence, FHV, CCP, substance use and consequences, and demographics; a semi-structured interview was used to assess FHA. Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses revealed gender differences with regard to the influence of FHA …
Antipredator Vigilance Of Juvenile And Adult Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels And The Role Of Nutritional Need, Cody Arenz, Daniel Leger
Antipredator Vigilance Of Juvenile And Adult Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels And The Role Of Nutritional Need, Cody Arenz, Daniel Leger
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Juvenile thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, are less vigilant (i.e. they spend less time visually scanning the environment) than adults. To determine whether nutritional need was a potential cause of this difference, we supplemented two groups of free-ranging juveniles during the predispersal stage, while juveniles were still near and around the natal burrows. The high-energy food group (HEF: 11 squirrels) received peanut butter and oats while the low-energy food group (LEF: seven squirrels) received lettuce. Adults (14 squirrels) were also supplemented, but due to their greater home range sizes, it was not feasible to classify them as either HEF …
Decomposition Can Harm The Accuracy Of Behavioral Frequency Reports, Robert Belli, Norbert Schwarz, Eleanor Singer, Jennifer Talarico
Decomposition Can Harm The Accuracy Of Behavioral Frequency Reports, Robert Belli, Norbert Schwarz, Eleanor Singer, Jennifer Talarico
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In survey research, the use of decomposition can lead to pronounced reporting errors as seen by overreporting and overall reporting error. A total of 87 subjects answered either decomposed or undecomposed questions concerning telephone calls made by them while at work. The questionnaire conditions varied the length of the reference period (1 week or 6 months), and the type of call (local or long-distance). Decomposition conditions introduced either spatial or temporal cues. In all comparisons, decomposed questions increased over- reporting bias relative to undecomposed questions. In addition, undecomposed questions with a 1-week reference period led to increased overreporting bias in …