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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Mutual Impacts Of Toughening On Crises And Losses, Richard A. Dienstbier
Mutual Impacts Of Toughening On Crises And Losses, Richard A. Dienstbier
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
It is usually expected that if we are overwhelmed by an episode of crisis or loss that we may temporarily cope ineffectively, whereas when weare exposed to a sequence of challenges and stressors that are managable, we learn gradually to become better able to cope with such events. The "toughness" concept relates to analogous processes at the physiological level. The concept is based upon a wide variety of research with both animals and humans that is reviewed in detail elsewhere (Dienslbier, 1989). The focus of this chapter will instead be upon how toughness influences both physiological and psychological responses to …
One-Trial Backward Excitatory Fear Conditioning Transfers Across Contexts, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
One-Trial Backward Excitatory Fear Conditioning Transfers Across Contexts, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
One path to human phobia may be one-trial backward fear conditioning. Human phobias transfer readily across contexts. However, animal studies of one-trial backward fear conditioning have yet to demonstrate such transfer. The present study sought to do so. It used a lick-suppression procedure with 84 naive male albino rats. Two conditioning contexts, designated O and V, were crossed factorially with two test contexts, O and V. Within each cell of the factorial design, rats received in the conditioning context either a single 12 sec tone backward paired with a single 4 sec 1 mA shock or the same tone explicitly …
Sibling Confl Ict In Early Adolescence, Marcela Raffaelli
Sibling Confl Ict In Early Adolescence, Marcela Raffaelli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study examined sibling conflict and relationship qualities in early adolescence. One hundred four 10- to 15-year-olds (mean age 11.7 years) completed questionnaires assessing the quality of their relationship with their closest sibling, and were interviewed about a recent, specific conflict with that sibling. Analysis suggests that sibling conflict fulfills several functions in early adolescence, including reinforcing family and relationship rules and delineating interpersonal boundaries. Few differences attributable to age or gender constellation of the sibling dyad emerged, and rivalry did not appear to be a primary impetus to conflict during this age period. Instead, sibling conflict appears to create …
Effects Of Expectancy On Assessing Covariation In Data: “Prior Belief” Versus “Meaning”, Dorritt Billman, Brian H. Bornstein, Jeffrey Richards
Effects Of Expectancy On Assessing Covariation In Data: “Prior Belief” Versus “Meaning”, Dorritt Billman, Brian H. Bornstein, Jeffrey Richards
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
A large number of researchers have addressed the question of how prior beliefs affect assessment of covariation in new data. Some have suggested that prior beliefs disrupt covariation assessment (Nisbett & Ross, 1980), while others have claimed they help (Wright & Murphy, 1984). Research in this tradition has not consistently distinguished meaningfulness of the data from expectations about the particular relationship between the variables to be assessed. We collected covariance judgments on meaningful variable pairs where subjects had a prior belief in a positive relation, had a prior belief in a negative relation, had a prior belief that the variables …
Selective Associations: A Methodological Critique, Rick A. Bevins
Selective Associations: A Methodological Critique, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
A crossover design must be used and a crossover data pattern must result if selective associations are to be inferred. In addition, three other methodological criteria must be met. (1) Only the nature of the reinforcer should be varied, (2) nonassociative explanations must be ruled out, and (3) the differences in behavior controlled by the conditioned stimuli (CSs) must be caused by a learning difference and not a performance difference. Experimental evidence typically cited as demonstrating the existence of selective associations was reviewed here and found to fall short of meeting the criteria stated herein. I conclude that interpretations invoking …
Rats’ Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Rats’ Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Freezing is often cited as the interfering behavior responsible for barpress conditioned-suppression. However, auditory cues that precede shock can evoke more freezing than can visual cues despite producing similar suppression. In two experiments, we sought to resolve this paradox by measuring rats’ location in the box in addition to recording freezing during conditioned-suppression training to tones and lights. Tone evoked more freezing than light but similar suppression. During both cues, rats left the bar and dipper areas and moved to the lower middle and rear of the box. When the bar was then removed and the dipper entry sealed, the …
The Ear’S Versus The Eye’S Potential To Assess Characteristics Of Numeric Data: Are We Too Visuocentric?, John H. Flowers, Terry A. Hauer
The Ear’S Versus The Eye’S Potential To Assess Characteristics Of Numeric Data: Are We Too Visuocentric?, John H. Flowers, Terry A. Hauer
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
A single experiment studied how effectively information about the central tendency, variability, and shape of numeric data distributions could be conveyed to statistically knowledgeable subjects. The data were summarized by visual histograms, auditory histograms that coded numeric value as pitch on the musical scale, and five-note auditory analogues of a box-whisker display that coded the minimum, quartile, and maximum scores as musical notes. Regression and multidimensional scaling analysis of judgments of dissimilarity between distributions showed that auditory depiction provides a highly effective means of conveying information about distributional characteristics. Auditory depicition may be a useful alternative to traditional visual graphics.