Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Personality And Life Events In A Personality Disorder Sample, Linden R. Timoney, Zach Walsh, M. Tracie Shea, Shirley Yen, Emily B. Ansell, Carlos M. Grilo, Thomas H. Mcglashan, Robert L. Stout, Andrew E. Skodol, Donna S. Bender, Charles A. Sanislow, Leslie C. Morey, John G. Gunderson

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

Personality Affects Learning And Trade-Offs Between Private And Social Information In Guppies, Poecilia Reticulate, Larissa Trompf, Culum Brown

Culum Brown, PhD

The acquisition of information such as the location and quality of food, mates or shelter is a key survival requirement for animals. Individuals can acquire information through personal experience (private information) or through observing and interacting with others (social information). Environmental spatial and temporal heterogeneity can mean that sometimes social information conflicts with private knowledge. We tested how personality affected the importance placed on public versus private information in wild female guppies when these two information sources came into conflict. We found that boldness and sociality affected decisions to use conflicting social and private information. Bolder females used social information …

Laterality Is Linked To Personality In The Black-Lined Rainbowfish, Melanotaenia Nigrans, Culum Brown, Anne-Laurence Bibost

Culum Brown, PhD

Emotions such as fear in vertebrates are often strongly lateralised, that is, a single cerebral hemisphere tends to be dominant when processing emotive stimuli. Boldness is a measure of an individual’s propensity to take risks and it has obvious connections with fear responses. Given the emotive nature of this well-studied personality trait, there is good reason to suspect that it is also likely to be expressed in a single hemisphere. Here, we examined the link between laterality and boldness in wild and captive-reared rainbowfish, Melanotaenia nigrans. We found that fish from the wild were bolder than those from captivity, which …

Cognitive Ability, Personality, And Academic Performance In Adolescence, Patrick Heaven, Joseph Ciarrochi, Peter Leeson

joseph Ciarrochi

No abstract provided.

Importance, Pressure, And Success: Dimensions Of Values And Their Links To Personality, Patrick Heaven, Stephanie Veage, Joseph Ciarrochi

joseph Ciarrochi

A total of 246 students (mean age = 18 years) completed measures assessing the Big-Five personality domains, psychoticism, and three dimensions of values (importance, pressure, and success). Results showed that participants high in neuroticism did not differ in what they valued, but felt more value pressure and less value success. Extraverts valued sensation-seeking, but did not necessarily value other people, and generally felt more successful than others at their values. People high in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and low in psychoticism were similar in endorsing pro-social values, but differed in their perceived success at those values. The results are discussed with reference …

Personality And Religious Values Among Adolescents: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Analysis., Patrick C. Heaven, Joseph V. Ciarrochi

joseph Ciarrochi

Using three waves of data, we assessed the relationships between endorsement of religious values, some of the major personality dimensions, and social and emotional well-being amongst teenagers. Participants were 784 high school students at Time 1 (382 manles and 394 females; 8 did not indicate their gender) and 563 provided data at each of Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3.

Interactions Of Borderline Personality Disorder And Anxiety Disorders Over Ten Years, Alex S. Keuroghlian,, John G. Gunderson, Maria E. Pagano, John C. Markowitz, Emily B. Ansell, M. Tracie Shea, Leslie C. Morey, Charles A. Sanislow, Carlos M. Grilo, Robert L. Stout, Mary C. Zanarini, Thomas H. Mcglashan, Andrew E. Skodol

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

Five Personality Factors And Sex: Preliminary Findings, Patrick Heaven, Jean Fitzpatrick, Fiona Craig, Peter Kelly, Gareth Sebar

Peter Kelly

This study assessed the relationships between the Big Five personality domains, attitudes to sex, and three specific sexual behaviours. Respondents were 123 undergraduate students (51 males; 72 females). Men were found to score significantly higher than women on measures of sexual curiosity and sexual excitement, while women were higher on sexual satisfaction. Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E) appeared to be the most important predictors of attitudes to sex, although Conscientiousness (C) and Openness to experience (O) were also implicated. N, C, and Agreeableness (A) were implicated in sexual behaviours. Some suggestions for future research are made.

Serotonin Transporter And Gaba(A) Alpha 6 Receptor Variants Are Associated With Neuroticism, Srijan Sen, Sandra Villafuerte, Randolph Nesse, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Jeffrey Hopcian, Lillian Gleiberman, Alan Weder, Margit Burmeister

Scott F. Stoltenberg

Background: A tendency to experience negative affect, as measured by the neuroticism component of the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), is a trait marker for major depression. Epidemiologic studies indicate a strong genetic component, but to date few specific genetic variants have been definitively implicated. A serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) has been extensively studied in neuroticism and several psychiatric disorders, with inconclusive results. A GABA(A) receptor α6 subunit variant (Pro385Ser) has been associated with alcohol-related traits but has not been studied in neuroticism or depression. Methods: A total of 384 subjects who completed the NEO-PI were genotyped …

A Bdnf Coding Variant Is Associated With The Neo Personality Inventory Domain Neuroticism, A Risk Factor For Depression, Srijan Sen, Randolph M. Nesse, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Sheng Li, Lillian Gleiberman, Aravinda Chakravarti, Alan B. Weber, Margit Burmeister

Scott F. Stoltenberg

Genetic factors influence vulnerability to depression (Sullivan et al, 2000), but no specific genes have been definitively implicated. One promising approach is to determine whether variations in specific (candidate) genes are associated not with disease per se, but with traits, such as personality factors, that are themselves associated with risk for the disorder (Lander and Schork, 1994; Stoltenberg and Burmeister, 2000). Often such traits have a higher heritability than the disease status (Almasy and Blangero, 2001). Neuroticism, as measured by the NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI) (Costa and McCrae, 1997), a psychometrically sound and widely used instrument, is one such trait. …

Book Review: Pathological Altruism, Katrina Bramstedt

Katrina A. Bramstedt

In my work as a transplant ethicist I have always been interested in the topic of altruism. Thus, when a book appeared with the title, Pathological Altruism, I was very intrigued to read it. An exceedingly heavy book, however, arrived in my mailbox, and I admit I was taken aback. But upon reading Pathological Altruism, edited by Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, GuruprasadMadhavan, and David SloanWilson, I was not disappointed. In fact, chapter 1 baited me with the line, “Altruism can be the back door to hell.”

Basic Science And Drug Abuse Prevention: Neuroscience, Learning And Personality Perspectives, Michael Bardo, Thomas Kelly, Donald Lynam, Richard Milich

donald r lynam

No abstract provided.

The Relations Among Personality, Symptoms Of Alcohol And Marijuana Abuse, And Symptoms Of Comorbid Psychopathology: Results From A Community Sample, Kate Flory, Donald Lynam, Richard Milich, Carl Leukefeld, Richard Clayton

donald r lynam

This study examined the relation of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality to symptoms of alcohol and marijuana abuse before and after controlling for symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and internalizing psychopathology. The 481 participants completed a well-validated measure of the FFM and a structured diagnostic interview at age 21 years. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that unique constellations of personality characteristics were associated with symptoms of alcohol abuse, marijuana abuse, APD, and internalizing disorders. For example, symptoms of alcohol abuse were associated with high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness, whereas symptoms of marijuana abuse were characterized by low Extraversion and …

Personality And Cannabis Use, Emma Barkus

Emma Barkus

Cannabis is one of the most widely used illegal substances in the world. Its use has been reported to be over-represented in many psychiatric conditions and has frequently been found to predate the onset of psychiatric symptoms. However, cannabis may also have detrimental effects on the general population. Factors that predict the onset of use are receiving increased attention to aid in identifying groups of young people who may be more prone to consume cannabis. Personality traits may be one such factor as they are readily identifiable and offer information that can be used for improved targeting of educational material …

An Examination Of Role Strain For University Nurse Faculty And Its Relation To Socialization Experiences And Personal Characteristics, Paula Mobily

Paula Mobily

The purpose of this study is to describe the degree of perceived role strain and the major sources of role strain in nurse faculty employed in major universities; and to explore the relationship between selected socialization experiences and personal characteristics and the degree of role strain experienced. The sample (N = 102) was comprised of full-time tenure track nurse faculty employed in major universities that offered National League for Nursing-accredited undergraduate and graduate programs in nursing, and were located in institutions classified as Research Universities I by the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education (1987). The majority of …

The Effect Of Medical Students' International Experiences On Attitudes Toward Serving Underserved Multicultural Populations, Michael A. Godkin, Judith A. Savageau

Judith A. Savageau

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effect of international electives on the attitudes of preclinical and clinical-year medical students with respect to serving underserved multicultural populations. METHODS: A self-assessment instrument was used to measure attitudes of 146 students before and after participating in international electives. The same attitudinal items were also analyzed at two time intervals for 18 students who completed international electives as preclinical students and 76 class cohorts who did not. RESULTS: Analyses show that the effect of international experiences is different for preclinical students and clinical students. For both groups, however, these experiences can develop and support perceptions and …

A Behavior Genetic Investigation Of The Relationship Between Leadership And Personality, Andrew Johnson, Philip Vernon, Julie Harris, Kerry Jang

Andrew M. Johnson

Phenotypic research on leadership style has long considered the importance of individual differences in personality when identifying the behaviors associated with good leaders. Although leadership and many personality traits have been separately shown to be heritable, these constructs have not been examined with genetically informative data to identify common sources of heritability in the two domains. A logical extension to current research, therefore, is to examine the extent to which factors of personality are predictive of leadership dimensions and the extent to which unique genetic contributions to the relationship between personality and leadership style may be identified. Adult twin pairs …