Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Increased Risk For Vitamin D Deficiency In Obese Children With Both Celiac Disease And Type 1 Diabetes, Nithya Setty-Shah, Louise S. Maranda, Benjamin U. Nwosu

Benjamin U. Nwosu

Background. It is unknown whether the coexistence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) increases the risk for vitamin D deficiency.

Aims. To determine the vitamin D status and the risk for vitamin D deficiency in prepubertal children with both T1D and CD compared to controls, TID, and CD.

Subjects and Methods. Characteristics of 62 prepubertal children of age 2–13 y with either CD + T1D (� = 22, 9.9 ± 3.1 y), CD only (� = 18, 8.9 ± 3.3 y), or T1D only (� = 22, 10.1 ± 2.8 y) were compared to 49 controls of …

Health Professionals’ Roles In Animal Agriculture, Climate Change, And Human Health, Aysha Z. Akhtar, Michael Greger, Hope Ferdowsian, Erica Frank

Michael Greger, MD, FACLM

What we eat is rapidly becoming an issue of global concern. With food shortages, the rise in chronic disease, and global warming, the impact of our dietary choices seems more relevant today than ever. Globally, a transition is taking place toward greater consumption of foods of animal origin, in lieu of plantbased diets. With this transition comes intensification of animal agriculture that in turn is associated with the emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases, environmental degradation, and the epidemics of chronic disease and obesity. Health professionals should be aware of these trends and consider them as they promote healthier and more …

Dog Ownership During Pregnancy, Maternal Activity, And Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study, Carri Westgarth, Jihong Liu, Jon Heron, Andrew R. Ness, Peter Bundred, Rosalind M. Gaskell, Alexander J. German, Sandra Mccune, Susan Dawson

Jihong Liu

The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is an observational study of 14273 UK pregnant singleton mothers in 1990/1991. We examined outcomes of self report of strenuous activity (hours per week) at 18 and 32 weeks of gestation, hours spent in leisure-time physical activities and types, and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI); overweight status was defined as pre-pregnancy BMI$25 and obesity BMI$30. Pet ownership and activity data were reported for 11,466 mothers. Twenty-five percent of mothers owned at least one dog. There was a positive relationship between participation in activity at least once a week and dog ownership …

Physical Activity And Electronic Media Use In The Search For Diabetes In Youth Case-Control Study, Felipe Lobelo, Angela Liese, Jihong Liu, Elizabeth Mayer-Davis, Ralph D'Agostino, Jr., Russell Pate, Richard Hamman, Dana Dabelea

Jihong Liu

No abstract provided.

Acculturation, Physical Activity, And Obesity Among Hispanic Adolescents, Jihong Liu, Janice Probst, Nusrat Harun, Kevin Bennett, Myriam Torres

Jihong Liu

No abstract provided.

Reproducibility Of Subjective Appetite Ratings And Ad Libitum Test Meal Energy Intake In Overweight And Obese Males, Katy Horner, Nuala Byrne, Neil King

Nuala Byrne

Background: To determine whether changes in appetite and energy intake (EI) can be detected and play a role in the effectiveness of interventions, it is necessary to identify their variability under normal conditions. We assessed the reproducibility of subjective appetite ratings and ad libitum test meal EI after a standardised pre-load in overweight and obese males. Methods: Fifteen overweight and obese males (BMI 30.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2, aged 34.9 ± 10.6 years) completed two identical test days, 7 days apart. Participants were provided with a standardised fixed breakfast (1676kJ) and 5 h later an ad libitum pasta lunch. An electronic …

A Potential Role For Adjunctive Vitamin D Therapy In The Management Of Weight Gain And Metabolic Side Effects Of Second-Generation Antipsychotics, Benjamin U. Nwosu, Bruce Meltzer, Louise Maranda, Carol A. Ciccarelli, Daniel Reynolds, Laura A. Curtis, Jean A. King, Jean A. Frazier, Mary M. Lee

Mary M. Lee

Second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications introduced about 20 years ago are increasingly used to treat psychiatric illnesses in children and adolescents. There has been a five-fold increase in the use of these medications in U.S. children and adolescents in the past decade. However, there has also been a parallel rise in the incidence of side effects associated with these medications, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Despite the severity of these complications and their financial impact on the national healthcare budget, there is neither a clear understanding of the mechanisms contributing to these side effects nor the best …

Portrait Of Spain: Masterpices From The Prado, Katrina Bramstedt

Katrina A. Bramstedt

Extract: During 2012, the Museo Nacional del Prado (the Prado) in Madrid, Spain, loaned the Queensland Art Gallery a sampling of its masterpieces. Notably, this was the first time these works have appeared in the Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, six works in the collection (five paintings and one etching) are robust examples of medical ethics fodder. Some of these Spanish works are similar to those found in the Archduke of Austria Ferdinand II’s Chamber of Art and Curiosities Collection at Ambras Castle (Euromuse.net 2012). Specifically, four of the six items are paintings that fit under the same theme— disability—and cover the …

Treatment Of Adult Obesity With Bariatric Surgery, Robin Schroeder, Jordan Garrison, Mark Johnson

Robin S. Schroeder MD

Bariatric surgery procedures, including laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, result in an average weight loss of 50 percent of excess body weight. Remission of diabetes mellitus occurs in approximately 80 percent of patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Other obesity-related comorbidities are greatly reduced, and health-related quality of life improves. The Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Score can help identify patients with increased mortality risk from bariatric surgery. Complications and adverse effects are lowest with laparoscopic surgery, and vary by procedure and presurgical risk. The Roux-en-Y procedure carries an increased risk of malabsorption sequelae, which can …

The Relationship Between Subnormal Peak-Stimulated Growth Hormone Levels And Auxological Characteristics In Obese Children, Jefferson Barrett, Louise S. Maranda, Benjamin U. Nwosu

Benjamin U. Nwosu

Context: The hypothesis that obese children are overdiagnosed with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has not been adequately investigated in the context of adiposity-related differences in auxology.

Aim: To investigate the differences in auxological parameters between short, prepubertal, obese children, and normal-weight peers who underwent growth hormone stimulation testing (GHST).

Hypothesis: Over-weight/obese children with GHD [peak growth hormone (GH) < 10 μg/L] will have higher values for growth velocity (GV) standard deviation score (SDS), bone age minus chronological age (BA − CA), and child height SDS minus mid-parental height (MPTH) SDS when compared to normal-weight GHD peers.

Subjects and Methods: A retrospective review of anthropometric and provocative GHST data of 67 prepubertal, GH-naïve children of age 10.21 ± 2.56 years (male n = 45, age 10.8 ± 2.60 years; female n = 22, age 8.94 ± 2.10). Inclusion …

Effect Of The Planet Health Intervention On Eating Disorder Symptoms In Massachusetts Middle Schools, 2005-2008, S. Bryn Austin, Jennifer L. Spadano-Gasbarro, Mary L. Greaney, Emily A. Blood, Anne T. Hunt, Tracy K. Richmond, Monica L. Wang, Solomon Mezgebu, Stavroula K. Osganian, Karen E. Peterson

Monica L. Wang

INTRODUCTION: The Planet Health obesity prevention curriculum has prevented purging and abuse of diet pills (disordered weight control behavior [DWCB]) in middle-school girls in randomized trials, but the effects of Planet Health on DWCB when implemented by schools under dissemination conditions are not known. METHODS: Massachusetts Department of Public Health and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts disseminated Planet Health as part of the 3-year, Healthy Choices obesity prevention program in middle schools. We conducted an evaluation in 45 schools from fall 2005 to spring 2008. We gathered data from school staff to quantify intervention activities, and we gathered anonymous …

Birth Weight And Obesity Risk At First Grade In A Cohort Of Chilean Children, S. Loaiza, Alberto Coustasse, X. Urrutia-Rojas, E. Atalah

Alberto Coustasse

The purpose of the study was to determine the association of birth weight as a risk factor for obesity at first grade in a cohort of elementary school Chilean children. Height and weight at birth and follow up measurements at first grade were analyzed from a national cohort of 119,070 new borns. Subjects were classified by anthropometric characteristics: new born weight in kilograms, Ponderal Index, (birth weight/height³ x 100), and gestational age (physical maturity) categories at birth. The study tested the hypothesis that a macrocosomic newborn (4,000 g or > 8.8 pounds) or Large for Gestational Age , would be …

Reproducibility Of Gastric Emptying In Overweight And Obesee Males, Katy Byrne, Nuala Byrne, Geoffrey Cleghorn, Neil King

Nuala Byrne

Background & aim: To understand whether any change in gastric emptying (GE) is physiologically relevant, it is important to identify its variability. Information regarding the variability of GE in overweight and obese individuals is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of GE in overweight and obese males. Methods: Fifteen overweight and obese males [body mass index 30.3 (4.9)kg/m2] completed two identical GE tests 7 days apart. GE of a standard pancake breakfast was assessed by 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Data are presented as mean (±SD). Results: There were no significant differences in GE between test …

Body Weight Perception And Weight Loss Practices Among Sri Lankan Adults, Ranil Ayawardena, Nuala Byrne, Mario Soares, Prasad Katulanda, Andrew Hills

Nuala Byrne

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between self-perception of body weight, weight loss approaches and measured body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among Sri Lankan adults. Methods A nationally representative sample of 600 adults aged ≥18 years was selected using a multi-stage random cluster sampling technique. An interviewer-administrated questionnaire was used to assess demographic characteristics, body weight perception, abdominal obesity perception and details of weight losing practices. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured and Asian anthropometric cut-offs for BMI and WC were applied. Results Body weight mis-perception was common among …

“A Little On The Heavy Side”: A Qualitative Analysis Of Parents' And Grandparents' Perceptions Of Preschoolers' Body Weights, Karin Eli, Kyndal Howell, Philip Fisher, Paulina Nowicka

Karin Eli

Objectives: Parents’ difficulties in perceiving children's weight status accurately pose a barrier for family-based obesity interventions; however, the factors underlying weight misinterpretation still need to be identified. This study's objective was to examine parents and grandparents’ perceptions of preschoolers’ body sizes. Interview questions also explored perceptions of parental responsibility for childhood obesity and appropriate contexts in which to discuss preschoolers’ weights. Design: Semistructured interviews, which were videotaped, transcribed and analysed qualitatively. Setting: Eugene and the Springfield metropolitan area, Oregon, USA Participants: Families of children aged 3–5 years were recruited in February—May 2011 through advertisements about the study, published in the …

History Of Fructose Use In Food Products, Jody L. Vogelzang Phd, Rdn, Fand, Ches

Jody L Vogelzang PhD, RDN, FAND, CHES

Food can be classified in ways other than by the nutrients they contain. In today’s fast moving culture, foods are characterized as having “magical” qualities that can turn consumers “superstars”, or reduce them to a less than optimal state of health and wellness. Sugars appear to be one of those vulnerable foodstuffs that can be enjoyed in moderation, but also contribute to the development of Type 2 Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, impaired cognitive function, obesity, and tooth decay .