Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Chromosome 10q2432 Variants Associate With Brain Arterial Diameters In Diverse Populations: A Genome-Wide Association Study, Minghua Liu, Farid Khasiyev, Sanjeev Sariya, Antonio Spagnolo-Allende, Danurys L Sanchez, Howard Andrews, Qiong Yang, Alexa Beiser, Ye Qiao, Emy A Thomas, Jose Rafael Romero, Tatjana Rundek, Adam M Brickman, Jennifer J Manly, Mitchell Sv Elkind, Sudha Seshadri, Christopher Chen, Saima Hilal, Bruce A Wasserman, Giuseppe Tosto, Myriam Fornage, Jose Gutierrez

Journal Articles

BACKGROUND: Brain arterial diameters (BADs) are novel imaging biomarkers of cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, and dementia. Traditional vascular risk factors have been associated with BADs, but whether there may be genetic determinants of BADs is unknown.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors studied 4150 participants from 6 geographically diverse population-based cohorts (40% European, 14% African, 22% Hispanic, 24% Asian ancestries). Brain arterial diameters for 13 segments were measured and averaged to obtain a global measure of BADs as well as the posterior and anterior circulations. A genome-wide association study revealed 14 variants at one locus associated with global BAD at genome-wide …

Investigate The Possibility Of Using Phosphorescence In Clinical Oncology As An Early Prognostic Test In Detecting Brain Carcinogenesis., Yuriy O Vinnyk, Igor A Kryvoruchko, Valeriy V Boyko, Yulia V Ivanova, Svetlana Gramatiuk, Karine Sargsyan

Journal Articles

Phosphorescence is considered one of the non-invasive glioblastoma testing methods based on studying molecular energy and the metabolism of L-tryptophan (Trp) through KP, which provides essential information on regulating immunity and neuronal function. This study aimed to conduct a feasibility study using phosphorescence in clinical oncology as an early prognostic test in detecting Glioblastoma. This study was conducted on 1039 patients who were operated on with follow-up between January 1, 2014, and December 1, 2022, and retrospectively evaluated in participating institutions in Ukraine (the Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Oncosurgery, and Palliative Care at the Kharkiv National Medical University). Method …

Cd13 Facilitates Immune Cell Migration And Aggravates Acute Injury But Promotes Chronic Post-Stroke Recovery, Justin N Nguyen, Eric C Mohan, Gargee Pandya, Uzma Ali, Chunfeng Tan, Julia K Kofler, Linda Shapiro, Sean P Marrelli, Anjali Chauhan

Journal Articles

Introduction

Acute stroke leads to the activation of myeloid cells. These cells express adhesion molecules and transmigrate to the brain, thereby aggravating injury. Chronically after stroke, repair processes, including angiogenesis, are activated and enhance post-stroke recovery. Activated myeloid cells express CD13, which facilitates their migration into the site of injury. However, angiogenic blood vessels which play a role in recovery also express CD13. Overall, the specific contribution of CD13 to acute and chronic stroke outcomes is unknown.

Methods

CD13 expression was estimated in both mice and humans after the ischemic stroke. Young (8–12 weeks) male wild-type and global CD13 knockout …

Functional Assessment Of The Dural Lymphatic Vessels Using Dynamic Contrast Mri In Multiple Sclerosis, Refaat E Gabr, John A Lincoln, Khader M Hasan, Larry A Kramer

Journal Articles

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The discovery of glymphatic function in the human brain has generated interest in waste clearance mechanisms in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, noninvasive in vivo functional assessment is currently lacking. This work studies the feasibility of a novel intravenous dynamic contrast MRI method to assess the dural lymphatics, a purported pathway contributing to glymphatic clearance.

METHODS: This prospective study included 20 patients with MS (17 women; age = 46.4 [27, 65] years; disease duration = 13.6 [2.1, 38.0] years, expanded disability status score (EDSS) = 2.0 [0, 6.5]). Patients were scanned on a 3.0T …

Bystanders Or Not? Microglia And Lymphocytes In Aging And Stroke, Justin N Nguyen, Anjali Chauhan

Journal Articles

As the average age of the world population increases, more people will face debilitating aging-associated conditions, including dementia and stroke. Not only does the incidence of these conditions increase with age, but the recovery afterward is often worse in older patients. Researchers and health professionals must unveil and understand the factors behind age-associated diseases to develop a therapy for older patients. Aging causes profound changes in the immune system including the activation of microglia in the brain. Activated microglia promote T lymphocyte transmigration leading to an increase in neuroinflammation, white matter damage, and cognitive impairment in both older humans and …

Effects Of Prenatal Pesticide Exposure On The Fetal Brain And Placenta Transcriptomes In A Rodent Model, Corina Lesseur, Kirtan Kaur, Sean D Kelly, Karen Hermetz, Randy Williams, Ke Hao, Carmen J Marsit, W Michael Caudle, Jia Chen

Journal Articles

Organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are among the most extensively used insecticides worldwide. Prenatal exposures to both classes of pesticides have been linked to a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring. The placenta is a neuroendocrine organ and the crucial regulator of the intrauterine environment; early-life toxicant exposures could impact neurobehavior by disrupting placental processes. Female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed via oral gavage to an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos (CPF) at 5 mg/kg, a pyrethroid, deltamethrin (DM), at 3 mg/kg, or vehicle only control (CTL). Exposure began two weeks before breeding and continued every three days until euthanasia at gestational …

Association Of Mitochondrial Dna Copy Number With Brain Mri Markers And Cognitive Function: A Meta-Analysis Of Community-Based Cohorts, Yuankai Zhang, Xue Liu, Kerri L Wiggins, Nuzulul Kurniansyah, Xiuqing Guo, Amanda L Rodrigue, Wei Zhao, Lisa R Yanek, Scott M Ratliff, Achilleas Pitsillides, Juan Sebastian Aguirre Patiño, Tamar Sofer, Dan E Arking, Thomas R Austin, Alexa S Beiser, John Blangero, Eric Boerwinkle, Jan Bressler, Joanne E Curran, Lifang Hou, Timothy M Hughes, Sharon L R Kardia, Lenore J Launer, Daniel Levy, Thomas H Mosley, Ilya M Nasrallah, Stephen S Rich, Jerome I Rotter, Sudha Seshadri, Wassim Tarraf, Kevin A González, Vasan Ramachandran, Kristine Yaffe, Paul A Nyquist, Bruce M Psaty, Charles S Decarli, Jennifer A Smith, David C Glahn, Hector M González, Joshua C Bis, Myriam Fornage, Susan R Heckbert, Annette L Fitzpatrick, Chunyu Liu, Claudia L Satizabal

Journal Articles

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies suggest that lower mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether mtDNA CN in whole blood is related to endophenotypes of Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD-related dementia (AD/ADRD) needs further investigation. We assessed the association of mtDNA CN with cognitive function and MRI measures in community-based samples of middle-aged to older adults.

METHODS: We included dementia-free participants from 9 diverse community-based cohorts with whole-genome sequencing in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. Circulating mtDNA CN was estimated as twice the ratio of the average coverage of mtDNA to nuclear …

Turnaround Time And Efficiency Of Pediatric Outpatient Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Multi-Institutional Cross-Sectional Study, Shireen E Hayatghaibi, Cecilia G Cazaban, Sherwin S Chan, Jonathan R Dillman, Xianglin L Du, Yu-Ting Huang, Ramesh S Iyer, Osama I Mikhail, John M Swint

Journal Articles

BACKGROUND: Aside from single-center reports, few data exist across pediatric institutions that examine overall MRI turnaround time (TAT) and the determinants of variability.

OBJECTIVE: to determine average duration and determinants of a brain MRI examination at academic pediatric institutions and compare the duration to those used in practice expense relative value units (RVUs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multi-institutional cross-sectional investigation comprised four academic pediatric hospitals. We included children ages 0 to < 18 years who underwent an outpatient MRI of the brain without contrast agent in 2019. Our outcome of interest was the overall MRI TAT derived by time stamps. We estimated determinants of overall TAT using an adjusted log-transformed multivariable linear regression model with robust standard errors.

RESULTS: The average overall TAT significantly varied among the four hospitals. A sedated brain MRI ranged from 158 min to 224 min, a non-sedated MRI from 70 min to …

Small-Vessel Disease In The Brain, Amita Singh, Gabriel Bonnell, Justin De Prey, Natalie Buchwald, Kyrillos Eskander, Keith J Kincaid, Christina A Wilson

Journal Articles

Cerebral small-vessels are generally located in the brain at branch points from major cerebral blood vessels and perfuse subcortical structures such as the white matter tracts, basal ganglia, thalamus, and pons. Cerebral small-vessel disease (CSVD) can lead to several different clinical manifestations including ischemic lacunar stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and vascular dementia. Risk factors for CSVD overlap with conventional vascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia, as well as genetic causes. As in cardiovascular disease, treatment of CSVD involves both primary and secondary prevention. Aspirin has not been established as a primary prevention strategy for CSVD among the general …

The Gastrointestinal-Brain-Microbiota Axis: A Promising Therapeutic Target For Ischemic Stroke, Yan-Hao Wei, Ren-Tang Bi, Yan-Mei Qiu, Chun-Lin Zhang, Jian-Zhuang Li, Ya-Nan Li, Bo Hu

Journal Articles

Ischemic stroke is a highly complex systemic disease characterized by intricate interactions between the brain and gastrointestinal tract. While our current understanding of these interactions primarily stems from experimental models, their relevance to human stroke outcomes is of considerable interest. After stroke, bidirectional communication between the brain and gastrointestinal tract initiates changes in the gastrointestinal microenvironment. These changes involve the activation of gastrointestinal immunity, disruption of the gastrointestinal barrier, and alterations in gastrointestinal microbiota. Importantly, experimental evidence suggests that these alterations facilitate the migration of gastrointestinal immune cells and cytokines across the damaged blood-brain barrier, ultimately infiltrating the ischemic brain. …

Tale Of Two Cities: Narrative Review Of Oxygen, Pranathi Gullapalli, Nicoletta Fossati, Dusica Stamenkovic, Muhammad Haque, Davide Cattano

Journal Articles

The human brain contributes 2% of the body weight yet receives 15% of cardiac output and demands a constant supply of oxygen (O 2) and nutrients to meet its metabolic needs. Cerebral autoregulation is responsible for maintaining a constant cerebral blood flow that provides the supply of oxygen and maintains the energy storage capacity. We selected oxygen administration-related studies published between 1975-2021 that included meta-analysis, original research, commentaries, editorial, and review articles. In the present narrative review, several important aspects of the oxygen effects on brain tissues and cerebral autoregulation are discussed, as well the role of exogenous O 2 …

Live Imaging Of Microglia During Sleeping Sickness Reveals Early And Heterogeneous Inflammatory Responses, Nestor L Uzcategui, Sena Güçer, Cris Richter, Annika Speidel, Elizabeta Zirdum, Michael Duszenko, Olga Garaschuk, Katherine Figarella

Journal Articles

INTRODUCTION: Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most serious consequence of

METHODS: To further address this issue, we implanted a cranial window on the cortex of B6.129P2(Cg)-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We uncovered an early involvement of microglia that precedes invasion of the CNS by the parasite. We accomplished a detailed characterization of the progressive sequence of events that correlates with microglial morphological changes and microgliosis. Our findings unveiled a heterogeneous microglial response in places of initial homeostatic disruption near brain barriers and pointed out an exceptional capability of microglia to hamper parasite proliferation inside the brain. We …