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Articles 1 - 30 of 61
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
An Assessment Of The Alternative Rites Approach For Encouraging Abandonment Of Female Genital Mutilation In Kenya, Jane Chege, Ian Askew, Jennifer Liku
An Assessment Of The Alternative Rites Approach For Encouraging Abandonment Of Female Genital Mutilation In Kenya, Jane Chege, Ian Askew, Jennifer Liku
Reproductive Health
Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (MYWO), with technical assistance from the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), has been implementing an Alternative Rite of passage programme as part of its efforts to eradicate the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) in five districts in Kenya. This study addressed the factors that influence some families and individuals to adopt the Alternative Rite while others, exposed to the same messages discouraging FGM, decide not to. It also evaluated the effect of the training component of the Alternative Rite on the girls who participated.
An Assessment Of Selected Sub-Systems Of The Egyptian Norplant® Program, Fatma El-Zanaty, Laila Nawar, Ramadan Hamed
An Assessment Of Selected Sub-Systems Of The Egyptian Norplant® Program, Fatma El-Zanaty, Laila Nawar, Ramadan Hamed
Reproductive Health
The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population and FRONTIERS discussed the need for investigating service delivery aspects of the Egyptian NORPLANT® program. This study emerged from those consultations. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of the program: how services are administered and used through the ongoing Introduction Program as it approaches five years of operation. The report lists major findings with program implications and offers recommendations regarding quality of care; tracking and locating NORPLANT® users; program sustainability; and information, education, and communication strategies.
Setting Prices For Reproductive Health Services In A Public Hospital In Guatemala, John H. Bratt, Adrian Valdez, Roberto Molina, Mario Alfaro, Marco Antonio Barrientos, Carlos Brambila, Werner Figueroa
Setting Prices For Reproductive Health Services In A Public Hospital In Guatemala, John H. Bratt, Adrian Valdez, Roberto Molina, Mario Alfaro, Marco Antonio Barrientos, Carlos Brambila, Werner Figueroa
Reproductive Health
The Hospital Roosevelt is Guatemala’s largest hospital, and serves as a referral and training facility for the entire country. Within the Hospital Roosevelt, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology established a Reproductive Health Unit (RHU) to offer family planning information and services to obstetrics inpatients and OB/GYN outpatient clients, and to serve as a training site for medical residents completing their OB/GYN rotations. Hospital administrators requested assistance from the Frontiers in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) program to help establish a fee schedule for the RHU, with the goal of paying its own personnel costs after one year of operation. The FRONTIERS …
Promoting Reproductive Health Services In Rural Communities In Honduras, Irma Mendoza, Ricardo Vernon
Promoting Reproductive Health Services In Rural Communities In Honduras, Irma Mendoza, Ricardo Vernon
Reproductive Health
Using the results of a previous operations research study, the Ministry of Health of Honduras recently changed the National Women’s Health Service Delivery Guidelines to explicitly authorize nurse auxiliaries to insert IUDs, deliver Depo-Provera, and take Pap smears. These services are new to the rural communities served by rural health centers (RHCs). The objective of this project was to test whether the demand for these newly introduced services would increase if a promotional brochure was distributed in the surrounding communities by the RHC’s clients among potentially interested friends in these communities. The study found that the intervention that was tested …
An Assessment Of Youth Centres In South Africa, Annabel Erulkar, Mags Beksinska, Queen Cebekhulu
An Assessment Of Youth Centres In South Africa, Annabel Erulkar, Mags Beksinska, Queen Cebekhulu
Reproductive Health
Within South Africa there is much interest in expanding youth center programs, particularly in the nongovernmental sector, in part because of recognition that the HIV/AIDS crisis is disproportionately affecting young South Africans. This study was designed to give implementing agencies and donors a broad view of how the youth centers function, who they reach, and the quality of information and services. The assessment underscored the importance of monitoring the performance of programs and understanding who is being reached with what interventions. Youth centers that focus on providing recreational facilities attract a large number of clients, often boys who are repeat …
Community Involvement In The Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv: Insights And Recommendations, Naomi Rutenberg, Mary Lyn Field-Nguer, Laura Nyblade
Community Involvement In The Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv: Insights And Recommendations, Naomi Rutenberg, Mary Lyn Field-Nguer, Laura Nyblade
HIV and AIDS
Mother-to-child transmission is the primary route of HIV infection in children under 15 years of age. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, an estimated 5.1 million children worldwide have been infected with HIV. Clinical trials in several countries have shown that mother-to-child transmission of HIV can be greatly reduced through administering antiretroviral therapy to pregnant women. These trials culminated in a recommendation by UNAIDS and its partners in the Interagency Task Team for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission that prevention of perinatal transmission should be a part of the standard package of care for HIV-positive women and their children. …
Evidence For The Importance Of Community Involvement: Implications For Initiatives To Prevent Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv, Ann Leonard, Purnima Mane, Naomi Rutenberg
Evidence For The Importance Of Community Involvement: Implications For Initiatives To Prevent Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv, Ann Leonard, Purnima Mane, Naomi Rutenberg
HIV and AIDS
This paper offers lessons learned from a literature review of community involvement in biomedical and other technologies that can guide appropriate and effective introduction of services for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. A companion paper discusses research in Botswana and Zambia that showed gaps in community knowledge about HIV transmission, particularly from mother to child, and yielded insights into community perspectives about barriers to using voluntary counseling and testing services; stigma and fear associated with HIV; traditional norms on breastfeeding; and the role of family and community members in women’s decisions to participate in programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission …
Hiv And Partner Violence: What Are The Implications For Voluntary Counseling And Testing?, Carolyn Knapp
Hiv And Partner Violence: What Are The Implications For Voluntary Counseling And Testing?, Carolyn Knapp
HIV and AIDS
Millions of women around the world face two great threats to their health and well-being: HIV/AIDS and violence by an intimate partner. One of the strongest associations between the two is the role that violence and the threat of violence play in limiting a woman’s ability to negotiate safer sex with a partner. A similar fear of violence also discourages women who receive HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) from telling partners about test results. This study explored the links between HIV infection, serostatus disclosure, and partner violence among women attending a VCT clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Researchers …
A Case Study Of Nairobi City Council's Decentralised Syphilis Screening Programme In Antenatal Clinics, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Elizabeth Mugwe, Bilhah Hagembe, Rick Homan
A Case Study Of Nairobi City Council's Decentralised Syphilis Screening Programme In Antenatal Clinics, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Elizabeth Mugwe, Bilhah Hagembe, Rick Homan
Reproductive Health
It has long been known that syphilis is one of the more serious sexually transmitted infections (STI), especially during pregnancy when, if untreated, at least 60 percent of infected women will experience an adverse pregnancy outcome. There has been renewed interest in its control and prevention because of its proven link with HIV transmission. In 1992, the Nairobi City Council (NCC) pilot-tested a decentralized approach to syphilis screening and management in a sample of their antenatal clinics. A case study was carried out to assess the effectiveness, readiness, and cost effectiveness of the NCC’s antenatal care program, with a focus …
Ecuador: Use Commercial Marketing To Increase Sustainability, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Ecuador: Use Commercial Marketing To Increase Sustainability, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
Many nongovernmental organizations sell contraceptives through retail outlets to generate income and expand access to these products. In 1998 Centro Médico de Orientación y Planifación Familiar (CEMOPLAF) employed 25 sales agents in 14 cities throughout Ecuador. These agents sold products, including contraceptive methods and home pregnancy tests, to pharmacies, physicians, other distributors, and nontraditional outlets. Contraceptive sales were CEMOPLAF’s largest source of revenue in 1997. Sales had grown rapidly during 1996–97, but CEMOPLAF managers did not know whether product sales were profitable. With support from the Population Council and Family Health International, CEMOPLAF made a detailed analysis of product sales …
Honduras: Promover Nuevos Servicios De Salud Reproductiva Es Costo-Efectivo, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Honduras: Promover Nuevos Servicios De Salud Reproductiva Es Costo-Efectivo, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
En 1999, la Secretaría de Salud de Honduras (SSH) modificó las Normas de Atención Integral a la Mujer a fin de autorizar a las auxiliares de enfermería a prestar los servicios de inserción de DIU, aplicación del inyectable DMPA y toma de Papanicolaou. Este cambio en las normas aborda el problema de la baja prevalencia en el uso de anticonceptivos en áreas rurales. El cambio también refleja los hallazgos de un estudio anterior, realizado por el Population Council, que mostró que las auxiliares de enfermería pueden proporcionar estos servicios de manera segura y con buena calidad. Anteriormente, las mujeres en …
Kenia: Detectar La Sifilis Durante La Consulta Prenatal Resulta Costo-Efectivo, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Kenia: Detectar La Sifilis Durante La Consulta Prenatal Resulta Costo-Efectivo, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha estipulado que la detección y tratamiento de sífilis para todas las mujeres embarazadas resulta eficaz en función de los costos si al menos el 0.1 por ciento de ellas están infectadas. Para atender el problema de la alta tasa de sífilis entre mujeres embarazadas (6.5–7.3%), el Concejo de la Ciudad de Nairobi (CCN) introdujo en 1989 la detección y tratamiento de sífilis materna en sus clínicas de atención prenatal. Sin embargo, su enfoque centralizado—que requiere llevar las muestras de sangre recolectadas a un laboratorio central para hacer la prueba—era ineficiente. Por lo tanto, …
Indonesia: Train Journalists To Write About Reproductive Health, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Indonesia: Train Journalists To Write About Reproductive Health, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
After government control over the media was liberalized in 1998, Indonesian journalists had a new mandate to explore new issues and foster public debate. Several studies had found evidence that women’s health worsened from 1997–99, yet media coverage of this topic was limited. To increase press coverage of reproductive health (RH) topics, the Population Council conducted an 18-month media project in collaboration with the State Ministry for Women’s Empowerment and other key agencies. The project focused on improving RH knowledge and reporting skills among 22 print journalists. Project staff monitored RH coverage in 22 major newspapers, magazines, and tabloids. After …
Expansion Of Postpartum/Postabortion Contraception In Honduras, Ruth Medina, Ricardo Vernon, Irma Mendoza, Claudia Aguilar
Expansion Of Postpartum/Postabortion Contraception In Honduras, Ruth Medina, Ricardo Vernon, Irma Mendoza, Claudia Aguilar
Reproductive Health
The Honduran Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Population Council’s INOPAL III Project tested the acceptability of postpartum/postabortion contraception at the Escuela Hospital, the largest in the country. The project showed that more than 30 percent of the women seen for a delivery or a complication due to abortion, were interested in adopting a contraceptive method prior to discharge from the hospital. Given the success of the project, the MOH asked the Population Council’s FRONTIERS program for technical and financial support to extend those services to five additional hospitals in the country. Important improvements were found for the four indicators …
Special Studies Program Of The Pilot Health Project: West Bank And Gaza, Mahmoud Shaheen, Laila Nawar, Dale Huntington, Sahar Hegazi
Special Studies Program Of The Pilot Health Project: West Bank And Gaza, Mahmoud Shaheen, Laila Nawar, Dale Huntington, Sahar Hegazi
Reproductive Health
The Special Studies Program was implemented as part of the Pilot Health Project in the West Bank and Gaza to provide small grants to Palestinian researchers, research organizations, and advanced graduate students to conduct research that examines critical reproductive health topics related to maternal and child health care, including family planning. The research implemented under the Special Studies Program covered a range of topics including male involvement in reproductive health, clients' satisfaction with family planning programs, the relationship between early marriage and the delivery of premature infants, factors affecting compliance for iron supplementation, and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. The research …
An Assessment Of The Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's Community Based Distribution Programme, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Ronika Nyakauru, Barbara Janowitz
An Assessment Of The Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's Community Based Distribution Programme, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Ronika Nyakauru, Barbara Janowitz
Reproductive Health
Since its inception, the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council’s (ZNFPC) community-based distribution (CBD) program has made significant and well-documented contributions to the demand for and use of family planning in Zimbabwe. Data from several studies have shown, however, a steady decline in this contribution and that the CBD agents spend more time resupplying existing clients than recruiting new acceptors. Moreover, the CBD program urgently needs to be able to address the AIDS crisis in the country. ZNFPC has undertaken this review to guide it in making appropriate decisions about the future direction of the program, allowing CBDs to have a …
Whose Education Counts? The Impact Of Grown Children's Education On The Physical Functioning Of Their Parents In Taiwan, Zachary Zimmer, Albert I. Hermalin, Hui-Sheng Lin
Whose Education Counts? The Impact Of Grown Children's Education On The Physical Functioning Of Their Parents In Taiwan, Zachary Zimmer, Albert I. Hermalin, Hui-Sheng Lin
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Research has identified education as an important predictor of physical functioning in old age. Older adults in Taiwan tend to experience close ties to family members and high rates of adult child coresidence, much more so than is typical in Western cultures. These circumstances might imply additional health-related benefits stemming from the education of grown children. This association could arise in a number of ways, for instance through the sharing of health-related information between child and parent, the quality of caregiving efforts, monetary assistance for medical and other services, or through other psychosocial avenues. In this study, a nationally representative …
Determinants Of Educational Attainment Among Adolescents In Egypt: Does School Quality Make A Difference? [Arabic], Cynthia B. Lloyd, Sahar El Tawila, Wesley H. Clark, Barbara Mensch
Determinants Of Educational Attainment Among Adolescents In Egypt: Does School Quality Make A Difference? [Arabic], Cynthia B. Lloyd, Sahar El Tawila, Wesley H. Clark, Barbara Mensch
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
The paper explores empirically the relationship between school quality in Egyptian preparatory (middle) schools and the likelihood of school dropout either during preparatory school or before the completion of secondary school. Despite strong empirical evidence for the many positive social and economic returns associated with more years of schooling, there has been little research exploring how the quality of particular schools might influence grade levels attained. The authors address this research gap using detailed data on Egyptian preparatory schools (grades 6-8, the last three years of the eight years of basic schooling) that are linked with a national survey of …
Living Arrangements Of Older Adults In The Developing World: An Analysis Of Dhs Household Surveys, John Bongaarts, Zachary Zimmer
Living Arrangements Of Older Adults In The Developing World: An Analysis Of Dhs Household Surveys, John Bongaarts, Zachary Zimmer
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, this study examines living arrangements of older adults in 43 developing countries and compares patterns by gender, world regions, and macro-level measures of socioeconomic development. Indicators include household size, headship, relationship to head, and coresidence with spouse, children, and others. Unweighted regional averages and OLS regressions determine whether variations exist. Average household sizes are large, but a substantially higher proportion of elderly adults live alone than do individuals in other age groups. Females are more likely than males to live alone and are less likely to live with a spouse or to head …
Living Arrangements Of Older Adults In The Developing World: An Analysis Of Dhs Household Surveys [Arabic], John Bongaarts, Zachary Zimmer
Living Arrangements Of Older Adults In The Developing World: An Analysis Of Dhs Household Surveys [Arabic], John Bongaarts, Zachary Zimmer
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, this study examines living arrangements of older adults in 43 developing countries and compares patterns by gender, world regions, and macro-level measures of socioeconomic development. Indicators include household size, headship, relationship to head, and coresidence with spouse, children, and others. Unweighted regional averages and OLS regressions determine whether variations exist. Average household sizes are large, but a substantially higher proportion of elderly adults live alone than do individuals in other age groups. Females are more likely than males to live alone and are less likely to live with a spouse or to head …
Introducing Emergency Contraception In Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study, M.E. Khan, Sharif M.I. Hossain
Introducing Emergency Contraception In Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study, M.E. Khan, Sharif M.I. Hossain
Reproductive Health
Approximately 28,000 maternal deaths occur every year in Bangladesh due to pregnancy and delivery-related complications, while many more women suffer major physical and psychological injuries. Available statistics indicate an increase in menstrual regulation (MR) and abortions, most performed by untrained practitioners under unhygienic conditions. Introducing emergency contraception (EC) in the national family planning (FP) program in Bangladesh could substantially reduce unwanted pregnancies and as result MR/abortions should also decrease. Because MR/abortions in Bangladesh significantly contribute to high maternal morbidity/mortality, introducing EC could be an important reproductive health intervention to provide couples with a back-up support to prevent unwanted pregnancy. EC …
Reproductive Tract Infections: A Guide For Programme Managers, Sarah Hawkes, Anjali Nayyar, Johannes Van Dam, Kevin R. O'Reilly, Bidia Deperthes, Dinesh Agarwal
Reproductive Tract Infections: A Guide For Programme Managers, Sarah Hawkes, Anjali Nayyar, Johannes Van Dam, Kevin R. O'Reilly, Bidia Deperthes, Dinesh Agarwal
Reproductive Health
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) including sexually transmitted infections represent a silent worldwide pandemic that adversely impacts the reproductive health (RH) of women and men. Various community- and hospital-based studies in India have provided insights into the magnitude of the problem. The International Conference on Population and Development (1994) emphasized integration of RH services to meet the needs of men and women especially with prevention and management of RTIs/STIs. The emergence of HIV and the identification of STIs as a risk factor for the spread of HIV have further lent a sense of urgency for a programmatic response to address this …
South Africa: Providers Should Encourage Sexually Active Youth To Use Condoms, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
South Africa: Providers Should Encourage Sexually Active Youth To Use Condoms, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
To assess the effectiveness of youth centers in reaching adolescents with reproductive health information, life skills, and services, the Reproductive Health Research Unit in KwaZulu Natal and the Population Council conducted an assessment of 12 youth centers and their affiliated peer education programs. The centers were run by the KwaZulu Natal Department of Health, the loveLife program, and the Youth and Adolescent Reproductive Health Program. Researchers also examined young people’s use of condoms as protection against pregnancy and HIV/AIDS. Data sources for this study, conducted in 2000, were an inventory of youth center services, interviews with center staff and clients, …
Operations Research In Reproductive Health And Family Planning At The Cairo Demographic Center, Magdi A. Ibrahim, James R. Foreit, M.E. Khan
Operations Research In Reproductive Health And Family Planning At The Cairo Demographic Center, Magdi A. Ibrahim, James R. Foreit, M.E. Khan
Reproductive Health
This report evaluates the effectiveness of a two-year training program at the Cairo Demographic Center to increase the number of researchers using operations research (OR), and to help institutionalize the ability of the Center to offer training in operations research in reproductive health. It also provides feedback for OR curriculum development. The project trained researchers with program and policymaking responsibilities and provided participants with the experience of designing an OR project, and built participants’ skills in communicating research results to managers. Participant evaluations showed that, overall, the course met its objectives. The training that the students received in OR has …
Benin: Diríjase A Los Hombres Para Aumentar El Uso De Los Servicios De Salud, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Benin: Diríjase A Los Hombres Para Aumentar El Uso De Los Servicios De Salud, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
Después del inicio de las reformas del sector salud en 1994, el gobierno de Benin creó el Proyecto de Salud Familiar Integral, conocido localmente como PROSAF. Este proyecto opera en la región de Borgou, bajo el patrocinio de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional. Dicha región es en su mayoría rural y en ella se observan los problemas de salud más severos del país. Los gerentes de PROSAF deseaban entender por qué la gente no estaba utilizando los servicios a pesar de tener una salud deficiente, por lo que solicitaron al Centro Africano de Investigación en …
Prevention Of Trafficking And The Care And Support Of Trafficked Persons In The Context Of An Emerging Hiv/Aids Epidemic In Nepal, Celine Daly
HIV and AIDS
This study is a collaborative effort between the Asia Foundation (Kathmandu) and the Horizons project of the Population Council (New Delhi) to document the current intervention models and community-based study of human trafficking in the context of an emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nepal. To address the human rights component of trafficking, the three components of this study focus on the rights and needs of trafficked persons as well as those who are vulnerable to trafficking. An analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of laws, policies, and interventions in the apprehension, prosecution, and conviction of alleged traffickers is not included in …
The Case For Microbicides: A Global Priority, Kathy Attawell
The Case For Microbicides: A Global Priority, Kathy Attawell
HIV and AIDS
The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to spread, undermining development, reversing health gains, and exacerbating poverty. It will be some time before a vaccine is available and accessible, thus there is an urgent need to identify additional prevention options, in particular a method that women control, which could save millions of lives. This report from the Population Council and International Family Health presents the case for microbicides—products used vaginally to prevent infection from HIV and other STIs in women and their sexual partners—and discusses recent progress and developments, outstanding challenges, and the action required to ensure that products will be made available …
Extending Operations Research To Social Marketing Programs, Teresa De Vargas
Extending Operations Research To Social Marketing Programs, Teresa De Vargas
Reproductive Health
CEMOPLAF of Quito, Ecuador sells reproductive health products to pharmacies and other outlets to contribute to its sustainability. However, the nonprofit agency lacked basic information regarding the program’s profitability, niche, and quality. Operations research was conducted to provide this information, including a financial analysis of the marketing program and two market research studies. Each study included a capacity-building component so that CEMOPLAF could conduct similar research in the future without technical assistance. A regional conference attended by nongovernmental organizations provided an opportunity to share sustainability tools and lessons learned.
Increasing Coverage Of Reproductive Health Issues In The Indonesian Print Media, Wanda Firmansyah, Sahar Hegazi, Siti Rokhmawati Darwisyah, Lila Amaliah
Increasing Coverage Of Reproductive Health Issues In The Indonesian Print Media, Wanda Firmansyah, Sahar Hegazi, Siti Rokhmawati Darwisyah, Lila Amaliah
Reproductive Health
With the reform movement in Indonesia, the FRONTIERS project recognized the new opportunities for influencing public debate and informing public opinion on reproductive health issues and undertook a project for disseminating the results of contemporary research on reproductive health. The project had three main objectives: 1) to increase print media coverage of critical reproductive health issues by enhancing journalists’ role as responsible communication agents; 2) to contribute to public debate on emerging reproductive health issues in order to influence policy development and guide program management; and 3) to increase public awareness of key health issues, with a particular focus on …
Influencing Reproductive Health Policy And Programs In The Philippines: Implementing An Advocacy Model For Utilization Of Operations Research, Saniata Masulit, Marilou P. Costello, Sahar Hegazi
Influencing Reproductive Health Policy And Programs In The Philippines: Implementing An Advocacy Model For Utilization Of Operations Research, Saniata Masulit, Marilou P. Costello, Sahar Hegazi
Reproductive Health
This project tested a model of operations research (OR) dissemination and utilization targeting program managers in Mindanao, the second largest island of the Philippines. The model combines capacity-building with the use of innovative advocacy approaches to disseminate OR results, by creating a network of policy champions who will advocate the use of OR findings through a variety of strategies after they have been provided with information on the advocacy issue and their presentation skills enhanced. The project demonstrated that this type of network could lead to significant program changes, but also revealed that there is no single strategy or approach …