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Articles 1 - 30 of 42
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Immune Responses To Methamphetamine By Active Immunization With Peptide-Based, Molecular Adjuvant-Containing Vaccines, Michael J. Duryee, Rick A. Bevins, Carmela M. Reichel, Jennifer E. Murray, Yuxiang Dong, Geoffrey M. Thiele, Sam D. Sanderson
Immune Responses To Methamphetamine By Active Immunization With Peptide-Based, Molecular Adjuvant-Containing Vaccines, Michael J. Duryee, Rick A. Bevins, Carmela M. Reichel, Jennifer E. Murray, Yuxiang Dong, Geoffrey M. Thiele, Sam D. Sanderson
Rick A. Bevins
Vaccines to methamphetamine (meth) were designed by covalently attaching a meth hapten (METH) to peptide constructs that contained a conformationally biased, response-selective molecular adjuvant, YSFKPMPLaR (EP54). Rats immunized with EP54-containing meth vaccines generated serum antibody titers to authentic meth, an immune outcome that altered meth self-administration. Immunization increased meth self-administration suggesting pharmacokinetic antagonism. The ability of immune sera to bind a METH-modified target protein dramatically decreased during and shortly after the meth self-administration assay, suggesting effective sequestration of free meth. However, the binding ability of immune sera to the METH-modified target protein was recovered 34 days after meth-free clearance time.
Effects Of Chronic Caffeine Pre-Exposure On Conditioned And Unconditioned Psychomotor Activity Induced By Nicotine And Amphetamine In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, E. Y. K. Fung, Rick A. Bevins
Effects Of Chronic Caffeine Pre-Exposure On Conditioned And Unconditioned Psychomotor Activity Induced By Nicotine And Amphetamine In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, E. Y. K. Fung, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Three experiments examined the effects of chronic preexposure to caffeine on the subsequent conditioned and unconditioned locomotor activating effects of nicotine or amphetamine in rats. Rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of caffeine anhydrous (0, 10 or 30 mg/kg base) for 30 days. Conditioning (environment-drug pairings) began after the last day of caffeine pre-exposure. Preexposure to 30 mg/kg of caffeine enhanced the acute and chronic locomotor effects of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). A similar enhancement of activity was not seen with the high (0.421 mg/kg base) or low dose (0.175 mg/kg) of nicotine. In a drug-free test, the distinct environment paired …
Second-Order Conditioning Detects Unexpressed Morphine-Induced Salt Aversion, Rick A. Bevins, Timothy A. Delzer, Michael T. Bardo
Second-Order Conditioning Detects Unexpressed Morphine-Induced Salt Aversion, Rick A. Bevins, Timothy A. Delzer, Michael T. Bardo
Rick A. Bevins
Morphine failed to condition a salt taste aversion at a dose (15 mg/kg) sufficient to produce a robust aversion to a saccharin taste. Indeed, three different concentrations of salt (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) paired with the same morphine dose yielded no direct evidence for conditioned aversion. Yet, when a novel saccharin taste was paired in compound with the previously conditioned salt conditioned stimulus, we found evidence for a conditioning to the saccharin cue alone in three separate experiments. Control groups eliminated alternative accounts such as neophobia and differential exposure to morphine. Combined, these findings indicate that morphine conditioned a salt …
Nicotine Serves As A Feature-Positive Modulator Of Pavlovian Appetitive Conditioning In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, J. L. Peterson, J. L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins
Nicotine Serves As A Feature-Positive Modulator Of Pavlovian Appetitive Conditioning In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, J. L. Peterson, J. L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
The present experiments examined whether a nicotine state could set the occasion for a pairing between visual cues and a rewarding outcome in rats. Following nicotine administration, presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS; light-on) was followed by brief access to a sucrose solution. When saline was administered, the same CS was presented but was not followed by any consequence. In Experiment 1, two groups assessed whether rats could acquire this Pavlovian feature-positive discrimination via different training procedures. An anticipatory food-seeking conditioned response (CR) developed during the CS on nicotine sessions but not on saline sessions in both groups. In Experiment …
Morphine Taste Conditioning And Analgesia: Assessing Conditioned And Novelty-Induced Analgesia, Rick A. Bevins, Joanne M. Valone, Melinda C. Bradley, Michael T. Bardo
Morphine Taste Conditioning And Analgesia: Assessing Conditioned And Novelty-Induced Analgesia, Rick A. Bevins, Joanne M. Valone, Melinda C. Bradley, Michael T. Bardo
Rick A. Bevins
In previous work showing a taste-elicited decrease in pain sensitivity (J. S. Miller, K. S. Kelly, J. L. Neisewander, D. F. Mc- Coy, & M. T. Bardo, 1990), the rats (Rattus norvegicus) were always habituated to an inactive hot plate after each drug injection. The present report examined whether the analgesic response was a conditioned response to the taste or a response to the novelty of the hot plate resulting from morphine disrupting the habituation process. In 3 experiments, it was found that hot plate novelty was mainly responsible for the analgesic response. For example, increasing the number of conditioning …
Individual Differences In Responses To Nicotine: Tracking Changes From Adolescence To Adulthood, Ming Li, Alexa Mead, Rick A. Bevins
Individual Differences In Responses To Nicotine: Tracking Changes From Adolescence To Adulthood, Ming Li, Alexa Mead, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Aim: The present study determined the extent to which individual differences in responses to the psychostimulating effect of nicotine during adolescence predict similar individual differences during adulthood in rats. We also examined the possible long-term effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on adult prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, a measure of sensorimotor gating ability. Methods: During the adolescent phase, rats were administered saline, 0.10, 0.40, or 0.60 mg/kg nicotine via subcutaneous injections for 8 days, and motor activity was measured daily. During the adult phase, these rats were treated with the same nicotine dose as in adolescence for …
Nicotine As A Conditioned Stimulus: Impact Of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications, Carmela M. Reichel, Jessica D. Linkugel, Rick A. Bevins
Nicotine As A Conditioned Stimulus: Impact Of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications, Carmela M. Reichel, Jessica D. Linkugel, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
People diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at an increased risk to start smoking and have greater difficulty quitting. Nicotine, one of the principal addictive components of tobacco smoke, functioned as a conditioned stimulus (CS) for intermittent sucrose delivery in a Pavlovian drug discrimination task with rats. This study compared the ability of commonly prescribed ADHD medications (i.e., methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and bupropion) and additional dopamine reuptake inhibitors (i.e., cocaine and GBR 12909) to substitute for the CS effects of nicotine. Atomoxetine was also used to antagonize these CS effects. Rats acquired the discrimination as evidenced by increased dipper entries in …
Acquired Appetitive Responding To Intravenous Nicotine Reflects A Pavlovian Conditioned Association, Jennifer E. Murray, Rick A. Bevins
Acquired Appetitive Responding To Intravenous Nicotine Reflects A Pavlovian Conditioned Association, Jennifer E. Murray, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Recent research examining Pavlovian appetitive conditioning has extended the associative properties of nicotine from the unconditioned stimulus or reward to include the role of a conditional stimulus (CS), capable of acquiring the ability to evoke a conditioned response. To date, published research has used presession extravascular injections to examine nicotine as a contextual CS in that appetitive Pavlovian drug discrimination task. Two studies in the current research examined whether a nicotine CS can function discretely, multiple times within a session using passive iv infusions. In Experiment 1, rats readily acquired a discrimination in conditioned responding between nicotine and saline infusions …
Rats’ Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Rats’ Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Rick A. Bevins
Freezing is often cited as the interfering behavior responsible for barpress conditioned-suppression. However, auditory cues that precede shock can evoke more freezing than can visual cues despite producing similar suppression. In two experiments, we sought to resolve this paradox by measuring rats’ location in the box in addition to recording freezing during conditioned-suppression training to tones and lights. Tone evoked more freezing than light but similar suppression. During both cues, rats left the bar and dipper areas and moved to the lower middle and rear of the box. When the bar was then removed and the dipper entry sealed, the …
Extending The Role Of Associative Learning Processes In Nicotine Addiction., Rick A. Bevins, Matthew I. Palmatier
Extending The Role Of Associative Learning Processes In Nicotine Addiction., Rick A. Bevins, Matthew I. Palmatier
Rick A. Bevins
Compulsive smoking is a worldwide public health problem. Although research has confirmed the importance of associative learning processes in nicotine addiction, therapies targeting nicotine-associated cues still have a high relapse rate. Most theories conceptualize nicotine as an 'outcome' that reinforces behaviors and/or changes the affective value of stimuli. Albeit important, this view does not capture the complexity of associative processes involved in nicotine addiction. For example, nicotine serves as a conditional stimulus acquiring new appetitive/affective properties when paired with a non-drug reward. Also, nicotine functions as an occasion setter that participates in higher-order associative processes that likely permit a more …
Lnteroceptive Pavlovian Conditioning With Nicotine As The Conditional Stimulus Varies As A Function Of The Number Of Conditioning Trials And Unpaired Sucrose Deliveries, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Jennifer E. Murray, Chia Li, Steven M. Wiltgen, Rachel D. Penrod, Sarah A. Berg, Rick A. Bevins
Lnteroceptive Pavlovian Conditioning With Nicotine As The Conditional Stimulus Varies As A Function Of The Number Of Conditioning Trials And Unpaired Sucrose Deliveries, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Jennifer E. Murray, Chia Li, Steven M. Wiltgen, Rachel D. Penrod, Sarah A. Berg, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
In rats, the pharmacological (interoceptive) effects of nicotine can serve as a signal (conditional stimulus) in a Pavlovian (classical) conditioning task. In this task, nicotine administration (0.4 mg base/kg, subcutaneous) is typically paired with intermittent access to a liquid sucrose unconditional stimulus; sucrose is withheld on saline sessions. An increase in sucrose receptacle entries (goal tracking) on nicotine sessions indicates conditioning. Given our limited understanding of the functional relationships controlling conditioned responding to a nicotine conditional stimulus, the present research examined nicotine's sensitivity to several manipulations shown to affect the conditioned responding in more widely studied Pavlovian conditioning tasks that …
Role Of Affective Associations In The Planning And Habit Systems Of Decision-Making Related To Addiction, Marc T. Kiviniemi, Rick A. Bevins
Role Of Affective Associations In The Planning And Habit Systems Of Decision-Making Related To Addiction, Marc T. Kiviniemi, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
The model proposed by Redish et al. considers vulnerabilities within decision systems based on expectancy-value assumptions. Further understanding of processes leading to addiction can be gained by considering other inputs to decision-making, particularly affective associations with behaviors. This consideration suggests additional decision-making vulnerabilities that might explain addictive behaviors.
Rats’ Novel Object Interaction As A Measure Of Environmental Familiarity, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Laura Herrman, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins
Rats’ Novel Object Interaction As A Measure Of Environmental Familiarity, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Laura Herrman, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Environmental familiarization is a learning phenomenon embedded within most tasks used to study learning and motivation. Given its prevalence there is surprisingly little systematic behavioral research on factors affecting familiarization. The six experiments reported in the present report used rats’ tendency to interact more with a novel object in a familiar than in a novel environment as a measure of environmental familiarization. We found that 3 min of exposure to the environment was sufficient to increase object interaction above unfamiliar controls even when testing occurred up to 48 h after initial exposure to the environment; 1 or 1.5 min of …
Novelty Reward As A Measure Of Anhedonia, Rick A. Bevins, Joyce Besheer
Novelty Reward As A Measure Of Anhedonia, Rick A. Bevins, Joyce Besheer
Rick A. Bevins
A decrease in sensitivity to pleasurable stimuli, anhedonia, is a major symptom of depression in humans. Several animal models have been developed to simulate this symptom (e.g. drug withdrawal, learned helplessness) using reward-sensitive procedures such as intracranial self-stimulation and progressive ratio responding as a measure of reward function. Recently, we introduced the use of another procedure, novel-object place conditioning in rats, to measure reward function in an associative learning situation. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine blocked a place preference conditioned by access to novel objects. This blockade was not due to impairment of object interaction, general activity, novelty detection, environmental familiarization, …
Nicotine As A Signal For The Presence Or Absence Of Sucrose Reward: Pavlovian Drug Appetitive Conditioning Preparation In Rats, Joyce Besheer, Matthew I. Palmatier, Dawn M. Metschke, Rick A. Bevins
Nicotine As A Signal For The Presence Or Absence Of Sucrose Reward: Pavlovian Drug Appetitive Conditioning Preparation In Rats, Joyce Besheer, Matthew I. Palmatier, Dawn M. Metschke, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Rationale: In Pavlovian conditioning research, nicotine is typically conceptualized as the unconditioned stimulus (US) that becomes associated with an exteroceptive conditioned stimulus (CS). This research has not explored the possibility that nicotine can also function as a CS. Objectives: The present research examined whether nicotine served as a CS for the presence (CS+) or absence (CS–) of sucrose and started defining its specificity. Methods and results: Rats trained in the CS+ condition had nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) paired intermittently with brief access to sucrose. Intermixed were saline sessions without sucrose. Nicotine acquired the ability to evoke goal tracking. This conditioned …
Intravenous Nicotine Conditions A Place Preference In Rats Using An Unbiased Design, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins
Intravenous Nicotine Conditions A Place Preference In Rats Using An Unbiased Design, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
The rewarding effects of nicotine contribute to the chronic use of tobacco products. The place conditioning task, a widely used pre-clinical model to study drug reward, has lead to mixed results in rats when nicotine was administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally; intravenously administered nicotine has not been examined. Further, much of the research demonstrating a nicotine-conditioned place preference in rats has used a biased design making these results susceptible to nonreward interpretations. The present study assessed whether intravenous (IV) nicotine would condition a place preference in an unbiased design and evaluated important behavioral parameters: nicotine dose, number of conditioning trials, and …
Conditioned Place Preference: What Does It Add To Our Preclinical Understanding Of Drug Reward?, M. T. Bardo, Rick A. Bevins
Conditioned Place Preference: What Does It Add To Our Preclinical Understanding Of Drug Reward?, M. T. Bardo, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Rationale: Among the various experimental protocols that have been used to measure drug reward in laboratory animals, conditioned place preference (CPP) has been one of the most popular. However, a number of controversial issues have surrounded the use of this experimental protocol. Objective: The present review provides a theoretical overview of some critical issues relevant to CPP. The advantages and limitations of CPP are also covered. Results: Based on modern and traditional theoretical formulations of Pavlovian conditioning, CPP appears to reflect a preference for a context due to the contiguous association between the context and a drug stimulus. Within this …
One-Trial Backward Excitatory Fear Conditioning Transfers Across Contexts, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
One-Trial Backward Excitatory Fear Conditioning Transfers Across Contexts, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Rick A. Bevins
One path to human phobia may be one-trial backward fear conditioning. Human phobias transfer readily across contexts. However, animal studies of one-trial backward fear conditioning have yet to demonstrate such transfer. The present study sought to do so. It used a lick-suppression procedure with 84 naive male albino rats. Two conditioning contexts, designated O and V, were crossed factorially with two test contexts, O and V. Within each cell of the factorial design, rats received in the conditioning context either a single 12 sec tone backward paired with a single 4 sec 1 mA shock or the same tone explicitly …
Should We Essentially Ignore The Role Of Stimuli In A General Account Of Operant Selection?, Rick A. Bevins
Should We Essentially Ignore The Role Of Stimuli In A General Account Of Operant Selection?, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
An "Open Peer Commentary" on the article "A general account of selection: Biology, immunology, and behavior," by David L. Hull, Rodney E. Langman, and Sigrid S. Glenn. The selectionist account of behavior is actually a focused discussion of operant selection. To this end, the authors essentially exclude stimuli from their analysis. This exclusion is inconsistent with the importance placed on environmental interaction in their general account. Further, this exclusion limits the generality of their account by missing important sources of stimulus-elicited behavior (e.g., classical conditioning).
Selective Associations: A Methodological Critique, Rick A. Bevins
Selective Associations: A Methodological Critique, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
A crossover design must be used and a crossover data pattern must result if selective associations are to be inferred. In addition, three other methodological criteria must be met. (1) Only the nature of the reinforcer should be varied, (2) nonassociative explanations must be ruled out, and (3) the differences in behavior controlled by the conditioned stimuli (CSs) must be caused by a learning difference and not a performance difference. Experimental evidence typically cited as demonstrating the existence of selective associations was reviewed here and found to fall short of meeting the criteria stated herein. I conclude that interpretations invoking …
Individual Differences In Rat Locomotor Activity Are Diminished By Nicotine Through Stimulation Of Central Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Rick A. Bevins, Joyce Besheer
Individual Differences In Rat Locomotor Activity Are Diminished By Nicotine Through Stimulation Of Central Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Rick A. Bevins, Joyce Besheer
Rick A. Bevins
An increasing body of research has focused on isolating factors that predict or alter individual differences in the behavioral and neural processes mediating the effects of abused drugs. Within this framework, the current report assessed individual differences and the locomotor effect of nicotine. Rats were screened for activity induced by a novel environment. Rats, which were more active to initial environment exposure, remained more active even after seven additional 30-min exposures to the same environment. Treatment with nicotine-di-D tartrate (1 mg/kg, sc) disrupted this effect. This nicotine disruption of individual differences occurred whether nicotine suppressed locomotor activity (initial administration) or …
Taste Quality And Extinction Of A Conditioned Taste Aversion In Rats, Rick A. Bevins, Heather C. Jensen, Todd S. Hinze, Joyce Besheer
Taste Quality And Extinction Of A Conditioned Taste Aversion In Rats, Rick A. Bevins, Heather C. Jensen, Todd S. Hinze, Joyce Besheer
Rick A. Bevins
Rats (Rattus norvegicus) that received a taste cue (saccharin, saline, quinine, or sucrose) paired with a lithium chloride (LiCl) injection displayed a robust decrease in consumption of that taste, relative to controls that had the taste unpaired with LiCl. Consumption of the paired taste increased with each nonreinforced presentation (i.e., extinction). After asymptotic extinction, rats that had had a 0.1% saccharin cue paired with LiCl consumed less of the saccharin solution than did controls. A similar data pattern was observed with a 10% sucrose solution. These results are consistent with the view that some aspect of the excitatory CS–US association …
Nicotine Does Not Produce State-Dependent Effects On Learning In A Pavlovian Appetitive Goal-Tracking Task With Rats, Rick A. Bevins, Rachel D. Penrod, Carmela Reichel
Nicotine Does Not Produce State-Dependent Effects On Learning In A Pavlovian Appetitive Goal-Tracking Task With Rats, Rick A. Bevins, Rachel D. Penrod, Carmela Reichel
Rick A. Bevins
Past research has shown that when rats received 0.4 mg base/kg nicotine paired reliably with intermittent sucrose delivery that anticipatory sucrose-seeking behavior (i.e., goal tracking) was differentially displayed in the nicotine state relative to intermixed saline sessions in which no sucrose was delivered. The present research extended this observation to a lower dose of nicotine (i.e., 0.2 mg base/kg) and tested a state-dependent learning account of differential conditioned responding. According to this account, the increase in goal tracking on nicotine sessions reflects a chambersucrose association that is only recalled when in the nicotine state. We used a 2 × 2 …
The Reference-Dose Place Conditioning Procedure Yields A Graded Dose-Effect Function, Rick A. Bevins
The Reference-Dose Place Conditioning Procedure Yields A Graded Dose-Effect Function, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
A major criticism of the place conditioning procedure for studying conditioned drug reward is that it is relatively insensitive to large quantitative shifts in drug dose (i.e., dose effects are all or none). Experiment 1 demonstrated this lack of sensitivity using a wide range of intravenous (IV) cocaine doses (O.1, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 mg/kg). Rats had cocaine repeatedly paired with one distinct end compartment of a 3 compartment apparatus; vehicle was administered in the other end compartment. In a subsequent drug-free choice test, the 0.45 to 1.2 mg/kg doses of cocaine conditioned a place preference. The magnitude …
Impact Of Nicotine Withdrawal On Novelty Reward And Related Behaviors, Joyce Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Impact Of Nicotine Withdrawal On Novelty Reward And Related Behaviors, Joyce Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
The authors tested the decreased reward function hypothesis of nicotine withdrawal using a novel-object place conditioning task. A conditioned place preference was evident in controls and in rats that had experienced 4 nicotine withdrawal days, but not in rats that had experienced 1–3 withdrawal days. This implies that the rewarding properties of interacting with novel objects were not readily associated with the environment in which they were paired. Follow-up experiments eliminated other explanations based on withdrawal-induced failures to process object or environment information. Also, expression of conditioning was not affected, indicating that withdrawal likely altered acquisition. Further investigation into the …
Place Conditioning: What Does It Add To Our Understanding Of Ethanol Reward ?, Fred O. Risinger, Christopher L. Cunningham, Rick A. Bevins, Frank A. Holloway
Place Conditioning: What Does It Add To Our Understanding Of Ethanol Reward ?, Fred O. Risinger, Christopher L. Cunningham, Rick A. Bevins, Frank A. Holloway
Rick A. Bevins
This article describes the proceedings of a symposium at the 2001 RSA annual meeting in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The cochairs were Fred O. Risinger and Christopher L. Cunningham. Presentations were as follows: (1) Place conditioning: understanding the motivational impact of stimuli, by Rick A. Bevins; (2) Role of historical factors in ethanol place conditioning, by Frank A. Holloway; (3) Ethanol place conditioning in mice: genetic and environmental infl uences, by Christopher L. Cunningham; and (4) Utilization of place conditioning for understanding the neuropharmacology of the rewarding effects of ethanol, by Fred O. Risinger.
Serial Conditioning As A Function Of Stimulus, Response, And Temporal Dependencies, William L. Palya, Rick A. Bevins
Serial Conditioning As A Function Of Stimulus, Response, And Temporal Dependencies, William L. Palya, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
Six experiments were used to examine the effects of explicit response, stimulus, and temporal dependencies on responding in an interfood interval. The first two experiments demonstrated that 10- segment 60-s interfood clocks controlled similar distributions of key pecking in pigeons regardless of whether response-reinforcement contiguity was required, allowed, or precluded. The third and fourth experiments found that in the absence of an explicit response-reinforcement dependency, systematic explicit stimuli in an interfood interval were sufficient to establish and maintain the characteristic distribution of key pecking and that an interval without an explicit clock failed to establish or maintain key pecking. The …
The P System: A Scheme For Organizing Pavlovian Procedures, Jose E. Burgos, Rick A. Bevins
The P System: A Scheme For Organizing Pavlovian Procedures, Jose E. Burgos, Rick A. Bevins
Rick A. Bevins
The present paper introduces the P system as a scheme for organizing Pavlovian procedures in an orderly and comprehensive manner. The system is defined by three temporal variables and three restrictions on their possible values. It can be used to define all standard temporal variables—namely, stimulus duration, interstimulus interval, trace interval, and intertrial interval—as well as variables C and T of scalar expectancy theory. The system also permits the definition of new independent variables through combinations of the basic temporal parameters. We exemplify this possibility by defining two ratios of temporal intervals. These ratios lead to a space where traditional …
Factors Affecting Rats' Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Factors Affecting Rats' Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres
Rick A. Bevins
If freezing underlies barpress conditioned suppression, then it seems odd that auditory cues paired with shock evoke more freezing than do visual cues, yet evoke similar suppression. Bevins and Ayres (1992) found that auditory and visual cues also evoked similar withdrawal from the bar and dipper areas and suggested that such withdrawal could explain the similar suppression. Seeking to understand that withdrawal, we found evidence in the present study that it was due either to adventitious punishment or to place-aversion learning. The cue for shock seemed to set the occasion for such learning. For example, we found that, as training …
Characterization Of Nicotine’S Ability To Serve As A Negative Feature In A Pavlovian Appetitive Conditioning Task In Rats, Rick A. Bevins, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Matthew I. Palmatier, Hannah L. Siebert, Steven M. Wiltgen
Characterization Of Nicotine’S Ability To Serve As A Negative Feature In A Pavlovian Appetitive Conditioning Task In Rats, Rick A. Bevins, Jamie L. Wilkinson, Matthew I. Palmatier, Hannah L. Siebert, Steven M. Wiltgen
Rick A. Bevins
Rationale Pavlovian feature negative discriminations have been widely used to understand inhibitory conditioning processes using exteroceptive stimuli. Comparatively little is known about inhibitory conditioning processes using a drug state as a negative feature. A negative feature signals that presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS) will not be paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Objectives: The present research examined whether nicotine served as a negative feature and started characterizing its properties. Methods and results: In acquisition, rats received intermixed saline and nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) sessions. On saline sessions, a 15-s light CS was paired with 4-s access to sucrose; the CS …